中英文翻译与文献

MonolithicintegratedcircuithistoryThemonolithicintegratedcircuitwasborninthelate-1970s,hasexperieneedSCM,MCU,theSOCthreebigstages.SCMnamelymonolithicmicrocomputer(SingleChipMicrocomputer)thestage,mainlyseeksthebestmonolithicshapeembeddedsystemsbestarchitecture.“theinnovationpattern”btainssuccessfully,hasestablishedSCMandthegeneral-purposecalculatorcompletelydifferentdevelopmentpath.Infoundsontheembeddedsystemindependentdevelopmentpath,IntelCorporationhaslastingachievements.MCUnamelymicrocontroller(MicroControllerUnit)thestage,themaintechnologicaldevelopmentdirectionis:Expandsunceasinglywhensatisfiestheembeddedapplication,theobjectsystemrequestseachkindofperipheralcircuitandtheinterfacecircuit,underlineitsobjectintellectualizationcontrol.ItinvoIvesthedomainisrelatedwiththeobjectsystem,therefore,developstheMCUheavyresponsibilitytofallinevitablyonelectrical,theelectronictechnologyfactory.Lookingfromthisangle,IntelfadesouttheMCUdevelopmentalsotohaveitsobjectivefactorgradually.IsdevelopingtheMCUaspect,themostfamousfactoryfamilybelongingscountPhilipsCorporation.PhilipsCorporationbyitinembeddedapplicationaspecthugesuperiority,MCS-51frommonolithicmicrocomputerrapidlyexpandtomicrocontroller.Therefore,whenwereviewtheembeddedsystemdevelopmentpath,donotforgetIntelandthePhilipshistoricalmerit.Monolithicintegratedcircuitistheembeddedsystemsroadofindependentdevelopment,totheMCUstagedevelopmentsimportantattribute,seeksapplicationsystemsonchipmaximizedsolution;Therefore,thespecial-purposemonolithicintegratedcircuitsdevelopmenthasformedtheSOCtendencynaturally.Alongwiththemicroelectronictechnology,theICdesign,theEDAtoolsdevelopment,canhavethebigdevelopmentbasedontheSOCmonolithicintegratedcircuitapplicationsystemdesign.Therefore,tothemonolithicintegratedcircuittheunderstandingmayfromthemonolithicmicrocomputer,themonolithicmicrocontrollerextendtothemonolithicapplicationsystem.Atpresentthemonolithicintegratedcircuitseepseachdomainwhichlivestous,whichdomainwasnearlyverydifficulttofindnottohavemonolithicintegratedcircuitstrail.Missilesnavigationequipment,ontheairplaneeachkindofmeasuringapplianeescontrol,computersnetworkcommunicationandthedatatransmission,theindustrialautomationprocesssreal-timecontrolandthedataprocessing,thewidespreaduseseachkindofintelligentICcard,thecivilluxurycarssafetysystem,thevideocorder,thecamera,thecompletelyautomaticwasherscontrol,aswellasprogramcontroltoy,electronicpetandsoon,thesecannotleavethemonolithicintegratedcircuit.Saynothingofautomaticcontroldomainrobot,intelligentmeasuringapplianee,medicalinstrument.Therefore,monolithicintegratedcircuitsstudy,thedevelopmentandtheapplicationwillaccomplishonebatchofcomputerapplicationandtheintellectualizedcontrolscientist,engineer.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitwidelyappliesintheinstrumentsandmeters,thedomesticelectricappliances,themedicalequipment,domainsandsoonaerospace,specialpurposeequipmentsintellectualizedmanagementandprocesscontrol,approximatelyseparablefollowingseveralcategories.Monolithicintegratedcircuithasthevolumeonsmartinstrumentmeasuringapplianeesapplicationthetobesmall,thepowerlossislow,thecontrolfunctionisstrong,theexpansionisflexible,meritsandsoonmicrominiaturizationandeasytooperate,widelyapplyintheinstrumentsandmeters,theuniondifferenttypessensor,mayrealizesuchasphysicalquantityandsoonvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,currentcapacity,speed,thickness,angle,length,degreeofhardness,element,pressuresurveys.Usesthemonolithicintegratedcircuitcontroltocausetheinstrumentsandmetersdigitization,theintellectualization,themicrominiaturization,andthefunctioncomparesusestheelectronorthedigitalcircuitismoreformidable.Forexampleprecisemeasurementequipment(dynamometer,oscilloscope,eachkindofanalyzer).Mayconstitutevariouscontrolsystem,thedataacquisitionsysteminindustrialcontrolsapplicationwiththemonolithicintegratedcircuit.Forexamplefactoryassemblylineintellectualizedmanagement,elevatorintellectualizationcontrol,eachkindofalarmsystem,withcomputernetworkingconstitutiontwo-stagecontrolsystemandsoon.Maysaylikethisindomesticelectricappliancesapplication,presentsdomesticelectricappliancesbasicallyhaveusedthemonolithicintegratedcircuitcontrol,praises,thewasher,theelectricrefrigerator,theairconditioner,thecolortelevision,otheracousticvideofrequencyequipmentfromtheelectricityfood,toarriveattheelectronicweightingequipmentagain,allkindsofgate,omnipresent.Modernofmonolithicintegratedcircuithasthecorrespondenceconnectiongenerallyinthecomputernetworkandcorrespondencedomainsapplicationthe,maycarryonthedatacommunicationveryconvenientlywiththecomputer,forprovidedtheextremelygoodphysicalconditionsapplicationbetweenthecomputernetworkandcommunicationfacilitys,presentscommunicationfacilityhasbasicallyrealizedthemonolithicintegratedcircuitintelligentcontrol,fromthehandset,thetelephone,thesmallprogramcontrolledswitch,thebuildingautomaticcorrespondenceringingsystem,thetrainwirelesscommunication,arrivedatthemobilephonewhichagainintheroutineworkfoundateverywhere,thecolonymobilecommunication,radiointercomandsoon.Monolithicintegratedcircuitsmonolithicintegratedcircuitsisalsoquitewidespreadinmedicalequipmentdomainapplicationtheinmedicalequipmentuse,forexamplemedicallife-supportmachine,eachkindofanalyzer,guardianshipmeter,ultrasounddiagnosisequipmentandhospitalbedringingsystemandsoon.Certainspecial-purposemonolithicintegratedcircuitdesignusesineachkindoflarge-scaleelectricapplianeesmodulationusingtherealizingthespecificfunction,thuscarriesonthemodularapplicationineachkindofelectriccircuit,butdoesnotrequesttousethepersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegrationmonolithicintegratedcircuit,lookedthatresemblesthesimplefunction,microshrinksinthepureelectronicchip(isdifferentwithmagnetictapeunitsprinciple),needscomplexbeingsimilarincomputersprinciple.Forexample:Musicsignalsavesbythedigitalforminthememory(issimilartoROM),readsoutbythemicrocontroller,transforms(issimilarforthesimulationmusicelectricalsignaltosoundcard).inthelarge-scaleelectriccircuit,thiskindofmodularapplicationreducedthevolumeenormously,simplifiedtheelectriccircuit,reducedthedamage,theerrorrate,alsofacilitatesinthereplacement.inaddition,themonolithicintegratedcircuitintheindustryandcommerce,thefinance,thescientificresearch,theeducation,domainsandsoonnationaldefenseaerospacehastheverywidespreaduse.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitfoundedthemodernelectronsystemtime.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitandembeddedsystemtheembeddedsystemstemsfromcomputersembeddedapplication,theearlyembeddedsystemforthegeneral-purposecalculatorafterthere-equippinginsertstotheobjectsystemsineachkindofelectronicsystem,likeshipsautopilot,turbineobservationsystemandsoon.Theembeddedsystemfirstisacomputersystem,nextitisinsertedtotheobjectsystem,realizesintheobjectsystemobjectfunctionsandsoonrequestdataacquisition,processing,conditiondemonstration,outputcontrol,becauseinsertsintheobjectsystem,embeddedsystemscomputerdoesnothavecomputersabsoluteformandthefunction.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitiscompletelydeferstotheembeddedsystemrequestdesign,thereforethemonolithicintegratedcircuitisthemosttypicalembeddedsystem.Theearlymonolithicintegratedcircuitisonlyaccordingtotheembeddedappliedtechnologyrequestdesigncomputersinglechipintegration,thereforefamousmonolithicintegratedcircuit.Afterward,themonolithicintegratedcircuittosatisfyembeddedstrengthensitscontrolfunctionandtheperipheryinterfacefunctionunceasinglyusingtherequest,particularlyprominentcontrolfunction,thereforeinternationallyrectifiednamesthemonolithicintegratedcircuitforthemicrocontroller(MCU,MicrocontrollerUnit).Monolithicintegratedcircuitconstitutesthemodernelectronsystemwillbecomemainstreamelectronsystemthemonolithicintegratedcircuitwillbethecomponentlevelcomputersystem,itmayinserttoanyobjectsystem,realizestheintellectualizedcontrol.Slightlytominiaturemachinery,likewristwatch,hearingaid.Theintegrateddevicelevelslowend,lowerstoseveralYuan,severalYuan,causesthemonolithicintegratedcircuittopopularizesufficientlytomanycivilelectricalappliances,theelectronictoy.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitconstitutesthemodernelectronsystempenetratedintovariouseachhousehold,ischangingourlife,likeinfamilysound,television,washer,microwaveoven,telephone,burglaryprotectionsystem,airconditionerandsoon.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitinnovatedtheoriginalelectronicsystem,afterlikethemicrowaveovenusesthemonolithicintegratedcircuitcontrol,butcarriesontheclockestablishment,theprocedurememory,thepowercontrolconveniently;Aftertheairconditionerusesthemonolithicintegratedcircuit,notonlytheremotecontrolparameterestablishmentisconvenient,therunningstatustransformsautomatically,butmayalsorealizethefrequencyconversioncontrol.AfteratpresentmanydomesticelectricapplianceslikeVCD,DVDonlythenthemonolithicintegratedcircuitappears,onlythenpossiblyrealizesitsfunction.Theembeddedsystemhasledentireelectronicindustrythepresentelectronprimarydeviceindustrybesidesthemicroprocessor,theembeddedsystemcomponent,mostlyisrevolvesthemodernelectronsystemsassemblytheprimarydeviceindustry,forexamplesatisfiesthepressedkeywhichtheman-machineinteractionuses,LED/LCDdemonstratedthattheactuation,theLED/LCDdisplayunit,thepronunciationintegrateddeviceandsoon,satisfiesthedataacquisitionchannelrequestthedigitalsensor,ADC,thedataacquisitionmodule,thesignalrecuperationmoduleandsoon,satisfiestheservotoactuatethecontrolDAC,thesolidrelay,tostep-by-stepelectricalmachinerycontroller,thefrequencyconversioncontrolunitandsoon,satisfiesthecorrespondencerequesteachkindofmainlinedriver,thelevelswitchandsoon.worldelectronprimarydeviceundertheembeddedsystemleads,alongsatisfiestheembeddedapplicationfullythemodernelectronsystemrequestdevelopment.Thiscausestheoriginalclassicalelectronsystemsworldtobegettingmoreandmoresmall.Intheelectronicsystemseachkindofjobholdersshouldchangethemodernelectronsystemsbroadroadassoonaspossible.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitwillaccomplishthenewgenerationelectronoutstandingperson.lfthe50s,theradioworldhasaccomplishedseveralgenerationofoutstandingpeople,thenthenowmonolithicintegratedcircuitworldwillaccomplishthenewgenerationelectronoutstandingperson.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitleadsyoutoenterintellectualizedelectrondomain,iftreatsastheclassicalelectronsystemadeathlystiffelectronicsystem,thentheintellectualizedmodernelectronsystemhas“thelife”heelectronicsystem.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitapplicationsystemshardwarearchitecturegivestheelectronicsystem“thestaturethemonolithicintegratedcircuitapplicationsystemsapplicationprocedureentrustswithit“thdife”Forexample,whendesignintellectualizationinstrumentmonitorsdemonstrationfunction,maywhenstartingdisplaysystemself-checkingresult,notwhencomeonthelinedemonstratedeachkindofreadinessforaction,theinstrumentmoveswhendemonstratedthemovementprocess,afterendofjob,mightdemonstratethecurrentresult,theself-checkingresult,theprimarydata,eachkindofprocessingreportformandsoon.Whenunattended,mayassigneachkindofautomaticmovementfunction.Theelectronsystemsintelligencechangesintothewithoutlimitsboundary,doesnotneedthehardwaresourcetheadditiontobeablefrequentlytorealizeeachkindtorenovatethefunction.Thisisalsooneofcurrentmanydomesticelectricappliancesfunctionmassiveadditionfactors.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitleadsyoutoentercalculatesthemechanictocontroldomaininthe21stcenturyistheuniverseentersComputerAgethecentury,manypeoplearenotaremakingthecomputerareusingthecomputer.Inusesincomputerspeople,isengagedintheembeddedsystemapplicationthetalentedpersonenterstrulytocomputersystemsinternalsoftwareandhardwaresystem,cancomprehendcomputersintellectualizedessencetrulyandgrasptheintellectualizeddesigntheknowledge.Obtainsfromthestudymonolithicintegratedcircuitappliedtechnologyraisesoneofnowcomputerapplicationsoftwareandhardwaretechnologytalentedpersonsbestpaths.Themonolithicintegratedcircuitleadsyoutoentermostcharmingelectronicworldthealonecharmthemonolithicfunctiontocauseyoutorealizecomputerstruemeaning,youmayusethemonolithicintegratedcircuittobegintodesigntheintelligenttoypersonally,maydesignthedifferentapplicationproceduretorealizethedifferentfunction.Bothhasthehardwaretomanufactureandhasthesoftwaredesign,alsomovesthebrain,tobegin.Theprimarylevelpotentialintelligencetoy,programswiththemacroinstruction.Intermediatelevelpotentialsomeintelligencecontroller,likecomputermouse,intelligentvehicle,eachkindofremote-controlmodel.Thehigh-levellevelpotentialrobot,liketherobotsoccergame,thedevelopindustrycontrolunit,thenetworkserviceandsoon,andusestheassemblyIanguageorthehigherorderIanguagedesignapplicationprocedure.Electronicindustryfuturewhichformregardingthemonolithicintegratedcircuitandtheembeddedsystem,willprovidethebroadworldfortheelectronicamateur,wasradiotheworldthesameyeartobebroaderthan,tobericher,ismorelasting,hasthecharmtheelectronicworld.Joinsinthemonolithicintegratedcircuitworldtocome,willcauseyourlifetoprofit.单片机历史单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。SCM即单片微型计算机(SingleChipMicrocomputer)阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。在开创嵌入式系统独立发展道路上，Intel公司功不可没。MCU即微控制器(MicroControllerUnit)阶段，主要的技术发展方向是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突显其对象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的领域都与对象系统相关，因此，发展MCU的重任不可避免地落在电气、电子技术厂家。从这一角度来看，Intel逐渐淡出MCU的发展也有其客观因素。在发展MCU方面，最著名的厂家当数Philips公司。Philips公司以其在嵌入式应用方面的巨大优势，将MCS-51从单片微型计算机迅速发展到微控制器。因此，当我们回顾嵌入式系统发展道路时，不要忘记Intel和Philips的历史功绩。单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素，就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SOC的单片机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。因此，对单片机的理解可以从单片微型计算机、单片微控制器延伸到单片应用系统。目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置，飞机上各种仪表的控制，计算机的网络通讯与数据传输，工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡,民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统，录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此，单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域。单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备（功率计，示波器，各种分析仪）。用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制，从手机，电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪，监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能，从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用，而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机，看似简单的功能，微缩在纯电子芯片中（有别于磁带机的原理），就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如：音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中（类似于ROM），由微控制器读出，转化为模拟音乐电信号（类似于声卡）。在大型电路中，这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积，简化了电路，降低了损坏、错误率，也方便于更换。此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。嵌入式系统源于计算机的嵌入式应用，早期嵌入式系统为通用计算机经改装后嵌入到对象体系中的各种电子系统，如舰船的自动驾驶仪，轮机监测系统等。嵌入式系统首先是一个计算机系统，其次它被嵌入到对象体系中、在对象体系中实现对象要求的数据采集、处理、状态显示、输出控制等功能，由于嵌入在对象体系中，嵌入式系统的计算机没有计算机的独立形式及功能。单片机完全是按照嵌入式系统要求设计的，因此单片机是最典型的嵌入式系统。早期的单片机只是按嵌入式应用技术要求设计的计算机单芯片集成，故名单片机。随后，单片机为满足嵌入式应用要求不断增强其控制功能与外围接口功能，尤其是突出控制功能，因此国际上已将单片机正名为微控制器(MCU，MicrocontrollerUnit)。单片机是器件级计算机系统，它可以嵌入到任何对象体系中去，实现智能化控制。小到微型机械，如手表、助听器。集成器件级的低价位，低到几元、十几元，足以使单片机普及到许多民用家电、电子玩具中去。单片机构成的现代电子系统已深入到各家各户，正改变我们的生活，如家庭中的音响、电视机、洗衣机、微波炉、电话、防盗系统、空调机等。单片机革新了原有电子系统，如微波炉采用单片机控制后，可方便地进行时钟设置、程序记忆、功率控制；空调机采用单片机后不但遥控参数设置方便，运行状态自动变换，还可实现变频控制。目前许多家用电器如VCD、DVD只有单片机出现后才可能实现其功能。目前电子元器件产业除了微处理器、嵌入式系统器件外，大多是围绕现代电子系统配套的元器件产业，例如满足人机交互用的按键，LED/LCD显示驱动、LED/LCD显示单元、语音集成器件等，满足数据采集通道要求的数字传感器、ADC、数据采集模块、信号调理模块等，满足伺服驱动控制的DAC、固体继电器、步进电机控制器、变频控制单元等，满足通信要求的各种总线驱动器、电平转换器等。世界电子元器件在嵌入式系统带动下，沿着充分满足嵌入式应用的现代电子系统要求发展。这就使原来经典电子系统的天地愈来愈小。电子系统中的各类从业人员应尽早转向现代电子系统的康庄大道。如果说五十年代起，无线电世界造就了几代精英，那么当今的单片机世界将会造就出新一代电子精英。若将经典电子系统当作一个僵死的电子系统，那么智能化的现代电子系统则是一个具有生命”的电子系统。单片机应用系统的硬件结构给予电子系统身躯”单片机应用系统的应用程序赋予其生命”例如，在设计智能化仪器显示器的显示功能时，可在开机时显示系统自检结果，未进入工作时显示各种待机状态，仪器运行时显示运行过程，工作结束后可显示当前结果、自检结果、原始数据、各种处理报表等。在无人值守时，可给定各种自动运行功能。电子系统的智能化为无止境境界，常常不需硬件资源的增添就能实现各种翻新功能。这也是当前许多家用电器功能大量增设的因素之一。21世纪是全人类进入计算机时代的世纪，许多人不是在制造计算机便是在使用计算机。在使用计算机的人们中，只有从事嵌入式系统应用的人才真正地进入到计算机系统的内部软、硬件体系中，才能真正领会计算机的智能化本质并掌握智能化设计的知识。从学习单片机应用技术入手是当今培养计算机应用软、硬件技术人才的最佳道路之一。独具魅力的单片机能使你体会到电脑的真谛，你可以用单片机亲自动手设计智能玩具，可以设计不同的应用程序实现不同的功能。既有硬件制作又有软件设计，既动脑、又动手。初级水平可开发智能玩具，用宏指令编程。中级水平可开发一些智能控制器，如电脑鼠、智能车、各种遥控模型。高级水平可开发机器人，如机器人足球赛，开发工业控制单元，网络通信等，并用汇编语言或高级语言设计应用程序。围绕单片机及嵌入式系统形成的电子产业的未来，将会为电子爱好者提供广阔的天地，一个比当年无线电世界更广阔、更丰富、更持久、更具魅力的电子世界。投身到单片机世界来，将使你一生受益。