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第2讲动词的时态与语态和主谓一致,专题一语法知识,真题诊断,考点突破,专项训练,内容索引,真题诊断,1.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan _ in the past two years.(2018江苏,30) A.had been carried outB.would be carried out C.is being carried outD.has been carried out,解析,解析句意为:上个月我被派到那个村子里去看了看在过去的两年里这个发展计划实施得怎么样了。根据in the past two years可知应用完成时,先排除B、C两项;再根据carry out发生在was sent之前,即“过去的过去”,应用过去完成时的被动语态,故选A。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,2.Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other,for we _ more convenient electronic munication tools by then.(2018江苏,31) A.have developed B.had developed C.will have developed D.developed,解析,解析句意为:在2025年我们有望不用再互相发电子邮件了,因为到那时我们将已经研制出更便捷的电子交流工具了。根据句中的in 2025以及by then可知,后面应用将来完成时,故选C项。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,3.Hi,Im Peter.Are you new here?I havent seen you around. Hello,Peter.Im Bob.I just _ on Monday.(2018北京,1) A.start B.have started C.started D.had started,解析,解析句意为:你好,我是彼得。你是这儿新来的吗?我没有见过你。你好,彼得。我是鲍勃。我周一才开始(started)(上班)的。根据句意和时间状语on Monday可知,应该用一般过去时表示过去发生的动作。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,4.Susan had quit her well-paid job and _ as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.(2018北京,4) A.is working B.was working C.has worked D.had worked,解析,解析when引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时,由此可将A、C两项排除(它们是现在时态)。本题应该选B项,表示去年“我”去看望她时她正在进行的动作。句意为:去年我去看望苏珊的时候,她已经辞去了高薪工作,正在社区做志愿工作。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,5.Chinas high-speed railways _ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.(2018北京,7) A.are growing B.have grown C.will grow D.had grown,解析,解析时间状语in the past few years与现在完成时连用,由此可知应该选B项。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,6.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _ in the mountains for two days.(2018北京,9) A.are trapping B.have been trapped C.were trapping D.had been trapped,解析,解析根据risked可知,主句用了一般过去时,表示冒险救人的动作发生在过去,因此游客被困在山里也应该是过去的事情,排除A、B两项; 过去进行时不与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,因此C项应排除; 由此可知,应该选D项,表示游客在被救之前已经被困在山里两天了。 句意为:一位救援人员冒着生命危险救了两名被困在山里两天的游客。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,7.My washing machine _ this week,so I have to wash my clothes by hand.(2018天津,13) A.was repaired B.is repaired C.is being repaired D.has been repaired,解析,解析句意为:我的洗衣机本周正在被修理,因此我只好用手洗我的衣服。根据后面的“我只好用手洗衣服”可知洗衣机正在被修理,需用现在进行时的被动语态。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,8.Hes been informed that he _ for the scholarship because of his academic background.(2017江苏,31) A.hasnt qualified B.hadnt qualified C.doesnt qualify D.wasnt qualifying,解析,解析句意为:他被告知,因为其教育背景,他没资格获得这笔奖学金。本空的谓语动词qualify在这里用作不及物动词,表示“有资格,有权利”,此处并不表示延续性的动作,而是说明“他不合格”这一实际情况,因此用一般现在时的否定式doesnt qualify。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,9. _that pany to see how they think of our product yesterday? Yes.They are happy with it.(2017北京,24) A.Did you call B.Have you called C.Will you call D.Were you calling,解析,解析句意为:昨天你给那家公司打电话询问他们对我们的产品印象如何了吗?打过了,他们对我们的产品很满意。由yesterday(昨天)可知,句子用一般过去时。D项是过去进行时,与语境不符。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,10.Nowadays,cycling,along with jogging and swimming,_ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.(2017天津,6) A.regard B.is regarded C.are regarded D.regards,解析,解析句意为:如今,骑行与慢跑、游泳一起被认为是最全面的运动方式之一。当主语后面接由along with引起的短语时,谓语动词应和主语(cycling)保持一致,排除A、C两项; cycling与regard之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,排除D项,故选B项。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,11.More efforts,as reported,_ in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.(2016江苏,22) A.are made B.will be made C.are being made D.have been made,解析,解析句意为:正如报道的那样,要加快供给侧结构改革,今后几年要付出更多的努力。根据时间状语in the years ahead可知,此处要用一般将来时,故选B。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,12.I _ half of the English novel,and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.(2016北京,25) A.read B.have read C.am reading D.will read,解析,解析句意为:我已经读完这本英文小说的一半了,我会争取在周末读完。前一分句表示到现在已经完成的动作,并且这个动作的结果对现在的情况仍有影响,故用现在完成时。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,13.The real reason why prices _,and still are,too high is plex,and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.(2015江苏,30) A.were B.will be C.have been D.had been,解析,解析句意为:物价过去很高,现在依然居高不下,其真正原因是复杂的,不是两三句话能圆满解释的。根据空格后面的and still are(而且现在仍然是)判断,前面是指物价过去的情况,应用一般过去时,故选A项。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,14.In the last few years,China _ great achievements in environmental protection.(2015北京,26) A.has made B.had made C.was making D.is making,解析,解析句意为:在过去的几年里,中国在环保方面已经取得了巨大的成就。根据in the last few years可知,该句用现在完成时态,所以选A。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,15.Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment. All right.I _ him later.(2015北京,30) A.will call B.have called C.call D.will be calling,解析,解析句意为:杰克逊医生现在不在办公室里。好吧。我晚些时候再给他打电话。由时间副词later可知,call是将来要发生的动作,此处应用一般将来时态,所以答案为A。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,16.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she _ a class at that time.(2015天津,6) A.will teach B.would teach C.has taught D.will be teaching,解析,解析句意为:简不能参加今天下午3点钟的会议,因为她那个时候正在给一个班上课。时间状语at that time指代at 3 oclock this afternoon,表示在将来的某一时刻正在做某事,故用将来进行时。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,诊断报告,解题方法,第一招:慧眼识别“时态标志词” 做时态题时首先要在题干中寻找时态标志词,不同的时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段的不同。 常见的时态标志词有: 1.一般现在时:always,every time,now and then,occasionally,seldom,sometimes,often,usually等。 2.现在完成时:up to now,so far,recently,already,yet,in the past few years,for时间段,since时间点以及since引导的从句等。,3.过去完成时:by过去时间,by the end of过去时间,by the time.等。 4.将来进行时:at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow,from 130 to 430 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。 5.将来完成时:by将来时间,by the end of将来时间,before.等。,第二招: “固定结构”定答案 对含有固定结构的时态题,要迅速定位,根据该句型选用正确的时态。 常见的固定结构有: 1.had done sth. when.刚做完某事,这时 2.be doing sth. when.正在做某事,这时 3.在“It/This is the best (worst,most interesting等)名词从句”中,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。,4.在“It/This/That is the first/second/third.timethat从句”中,that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。在“It/This/That was the first/second/third.timethat从句”中,that从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。 5.在hardly/scarcely.when.,no sooner.than.句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意思为“一就”。 6.在“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构中,陈述句通常用一般将来时。,第三招:“语境暗示”找线索 近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。考生要捕捉有效信息,充分理解情境,综合运用所学知识,灵活答题。 第四招:先语态后时态 这一招很有效,在解决这类问题时,我们应首先考虑语态问题,即动词与主语之间是主动还是被动关系。利用这一原则可以直接得出某些试题的答案,或者可以有效地缩小选择范围,提高解题的准确度。,考点突破,考点1时态,1.People _ better access to health care than they used to,and theyre living longer as a result.(2017北京,33) A.will have B.have C.had D.had had,解析,解析句意为:人们有了比过去更便捷的医疗服务,结果,人们更长寿了。句子说的是现在的情况,故用一般现在时,选B项。have access to有权使用,有机会接近。,答案,一般时,2.Is Peter ing? No,he_ his mind after a phone call at the last minute. A.changes B.changed C.was changing D.had changed,解析,解析句意为:彼得会来吗?不来了,他打完电话之后的最后一刻改变了主意。根据句子的时间状语“after a phone call at the last minute”可知,彼得改变主意是过去发生的动作,因此应该用一般过去时。,答案,3.What time is it? I have no idea.But just a minute,I _ it for you. A.check B.checked C.will check D.would check,解析,解析句意为:几点了?我不知道。稍等,我帮你看一下。由just a minute可知,下文表示临时的决定,应用一般将来时,故选C项。,答案,考点归纳,1.一般现在时 (1)表示现在的状态或经常、反复、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态。 (2)表示客观事实或普遍真理。 (3)如果主句是一般将来时,那么在由when,while,before,after,until,as soon as,if等引导的表示将来行为的时间或条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时态代替一般将来时态,表示将来的动作或状态。,2.一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去,与现在没有联系,常与表示过去的时间状语连用。不强调动作的延续性。 (1)After Jack had sent some e-mails,he started working on his project. 杰克发了一些电子邮件后,就开始做起他的项目。 (2)James has just arrived,but I didnt know he was ing until yesterday. 詹姆斯刚刚已经到了,但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。,3.一般将来时 be going to表示按计划或安排将要发生的事情;而will不强调行为的计划性,多指临时的决定或安排。 Mary is ill.I am going to visit her. Sorry,I didnt know.I will go with you. 玛丽病了,我打算去看她。 抱歉,我不知道,我和你一起去。,1.How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing? Well,the media _ it in a variety of forms. A.cover B.will cover C.have covered D.covered,解析,解析句意为:你对即将在南京举行的青奥会了解多少?嗯,媒体已经以各种各样的形式对它进行了报道。由句意可知cover的动作已经发生,故用现在完成时,强调对现在造成的影响或结果。,答案,完成时,2.When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I _ for years. A.didnt see B.havent seen C.hadnt seen D.wouldnt see,解析,解析句意为:沿街走路时,我偶然遇到了戴维,我们已有好几年没见了。“没见”表示的动作在came across之前,且for years是完成时的标志,所以应选表示过去完成时的hadnt seen。,答案,考点归纳,现在完成时表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或情况,常与一段时间连用或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与already,ever,never,yet,just等词连用。 辨析一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的状态;现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作到现在已完成,但这个动作的结果对现在仍有影响。 The manager has just left.If only you had e a moment earlier. 经理刚走,你要是能早来一会就好了。,1.Hi,lets go skating. Sorry,Im busy right now.I _ in an application form for a new job. A.fill B.have filled C.am filling D.will fill,解析,解析句意为:嗨,我们去滑冰吧。抱歉,我现在很忙。我正在填一份新工作的申请表。根据时间状语right now的提示可知,空格处应为一直在进行的动作,故用进行时。,答案,进行时,2.I_ down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.(2017天津,8) A.was driving B.have driven C.would drive D.drove,解析,解析句意为:我正开车(was driving)去伦敦,这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing.when.是固定句式,表示“正在做这时”。,答案,3.Dashan,who _ crosstalk,the Chinese edic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition. A.will be learning B.is learning C.had been learning D.has been learning,解析,解析句意为:大山已经学习相声中国传统喜剧形式数十年了,他想把中国相声与西方单口相声融合起来。根据时间状语for decades和主句谓语动词wants可知,此处表示从过去到现在(有可能延续到将来)的动作,故此处要用现在完成进行时。,答案,考点归纳,1.现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行的动作(说话时未必正在做)。另外,在时间或条件状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来;go,e,leave,start,arrive,take,meet等表示趋向的动词的现在进行时也可表示将来。 (1)Teenagers are damaging their health because they play puter games too much. 青少年正在损害自己的健康,因为他们玩电脑游戏时间太长了。 (2)Hurry up! Mark and Carl are expecting us. 快点!马克和卡尔正在等我们。,2.过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。另外,正如现在进行时有时可表示将来一样,过去进行时也可表示过去的将来。 3.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到现在已经完成,侧重于结果或影响;而现在完成进行时则表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到现在,并且还在进行或刚刚完成,强调动作的延续性。,考点2被动语态,1.To my delight,I _ from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. A.was chosen B.was being chosen C.would choose D.had chosen,解析,解析句意为:令我高兴的是,我从几百位申请者中被选出来参加开幕式。首先,句子主语I和choose之间是被动关系,故应用被动语态;其次,本句是对过去所发生的事情的客观描述,所以用一般过去时。故答案为A项。,答案,2.In the 1950s in the USA,most families had just one phone at home,and wireless phones _ yet.(2017北京,29) A.havent inventedB.havent been invented C.hadnt inventedD.hadnt been invented,解析,解析句意为:在20世纪50年代的美国,大多数家庭家里仅有一部电话,无线电话还没有被发明出来。由in the 1950s可知句子说的是过去发生的事情,又由yet可知,要用完成时,故空格处用过去完成时;又因phones与invent之间是被动关系,所以用被动语态。综合可知,选D项。,答案,3.He hurried home,never once looking back to see if he_.(2017江苏,27) A.was being followed B.was following C.had been followed D.followed,解析,解析句意为:他匆忙回家了,一次也不曾回头看看有没有人在跟踪他。这里if引导的宾语从句用过去进行时表示过去某一时刻(hurried home)正在进行的动作。又因he与follow之间是被动关系,故用被动语态。综合可知选A项。,答案,考点归纳,1.只有及物动词或短语才有被动语态;不及物动词或短语无被动语态。 (1)Many stars appear in the sky at night. 晚上天空会出现很多星星。 (2)Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the reform and opening. 改革开放以来,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。,2.被动语态的构成为“be过去分词”,只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态;除be外被动语态的构成形式还有:get/bee过去分词。 (1)Her car got stolen at the weekend.她的车在周末被人偷了。 (2)Tigers bee endangered.老虎濒临灭绝。 3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to,但变为被动语态时,须加上to。如:let,have,see,notice,watch,listen to,hear,observe,feel等。 The boss makes them work twelve hours every day. They are made to work twelve hours every day. 老板让他们每天工作十二小时。,4.主动形式表示被动含义: 系动词feel,look,seem,appear,taste,sound,smell,prove,remain等用主动形式表示被动意义,主语通常是事物。 (1)The water feels warm.水摸起来很暖和。 (2)The dish smells good.这道菜闻起来很香。 表示开始、结束、运动的词如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,shut等。 (1)When does the concert begin? 音乐会什么时候开始?,(2)The windows wouldnt open. 窗子打不开了。 表示主语的某种属性的词:read,write,act,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,look,shut等。 (1)The cloth washes well.这种布料好洗。 (2)The book sells quickly.这书销售得快。 (3)Cheese cuts easily.奶酪很好切。,考点3主谓一致,The publication of Great Expectations,which_both widely reviewed and highly praised,strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.(2017江苏,24) A.is B.are C.was D.were,解析句意为:远大前程这部小说的出版发行受到广泛评论和高度赞扬,这巩固了狄更斯作为顶尖小说家的地位。空格处与后面的reviewed和praised一起构成定语从句的谓语,根据主句谓语strengthened判断这里用一般过去时;定语从句的关系词which指代主句的“the publication of Great Expectations”,主语核心词是publication,故be动词用was。因此选C。,解析,答案,考点归纳,(一)意义一致原则 1.由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体),谓语动词用单数。 (1)A needle and thread was given to her,but she could not sew the button on. 针线给了她,但她不会把纽扣缝起来。 (2)War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史上一个永恒的主题。 2.no,each,every等限定的名词由and连接作主语时,谓语动词用单数。,3.非谓语动词作主语,谓语动词用单数。 4.含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况 (1)many a/more than one单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数。 Many a large and big business has been built up from small ones. 很多大企业都是从小规模发展起来的。 (2)the rest,the remaining/part .主语,谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。 (3)分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时,谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。,(二)就近一致原则 1.由or,nor,either .or,neither .nor,not only .but (also).连接的并列主语,通常根据就近一致原则,谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它邻近的主语的数保持一致。 (1)Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. 要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。 (2)Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生而且老师也喜欢这部电影。 2.there be句型中,谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。,(三)语法一致原则 1.主语和谓语通常遵循语法一致的原则,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。 All the scientific evidence shows that increasing use of chemicals in farming is damaging our health. 所有的科学证据表明,农业上越来越多地使用化工产品正在损害我们的健康。,2.a quantity of接名词时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。quantities of后接复数名词、不可数名词,后面的谓语动词都用复数形式。 With more and more forests being destroyed,a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year. With more and more forests being destroyed,quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 随着越来越多的森林被砍伐,每年有大量的沃土被冲走。,3.由“kind(form,type,sort,species,portion,series) of”等修饰的主语,其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。 4.主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,like,but,except,along with,rather than,including,in addition to等附属成分时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。,专项训练,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,1.By the end of last year,another new hospital _ in our city. (2018和平区一模) A.would plete B.would be pleted C.was pleted D.had been pleted,解析,解析根据句首的时间状语By the end of last year可知,主句应该使用过去完成时,表示截止到去年年底之前已经完成的动作,为过去的过去,而主语another new hospital和plete之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用被动结构。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,2.Got your driving license? No.I _ too busy to have enough practice,so I didnt take the driving test last week.(2018河东区一模) A.was B.am C.have been D.had been,解析,解析本题中didnt take是过去,be busy发生在didnt take之前,所以是“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,3.Will you have a second child? Havent decided yet.We _ about it the whole year. (2018天津一中3月考) A.have thought B.had thought C.thought D.have been thinking,解析,解析前面句子的时态为现在完成时,而根据后面的时间状语the whole year可知,这个动作从过去开始一直在持续,所以使用现在完成进行时更为准确,更能体现对这个问题的重视程度。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,4.Generally,students inner motivation with high expectations from others _ essential to their development.(2017河北区一模) A.is B.are C.was D.were,解析,解析题干中主语是motivation,谓语动词要用单数;句意表达的是客观事实,要用一般现在时态,故选A。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,5.Dad,where on earth did you put my raincoat? Oh,Jim.I forgot to tell you.It _ behind your bedroom door. (2018南开区二模) A.would hang B.has hung C.is hanging D.hung,解析,解析根据语境可知,雨衣正挂在门后面,要用现在进行时态。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,6.How are you today? Oh,I _ as ill as I do now for a very long time. (2017河东区一模) A.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.havent felt D.dont feel,解析,解析答句句意为:噢,我已经很长时间没有像现在这么难受了。根据句中的时间状语“for a very long time”可知,此处表示过去的状态“没这么难受”长时间地持续到了现在,故用现在完成时,故选C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,7.Hello,I _ to ask if I can book a flight ticket to Hainan tomorrow? Sorry,weve already sold out.(2018天津部分区县一模) A.phone B.will phone C.am phoning D.have phoned,解析,解析句意为:你好,我打电话是想问一下我是否能订一张明天去海南的机票。对不起,我们已经卖完了。本句的语境是我现在正在打的电话是要干某事,所以用现在进行时。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,8.I know something about Charlie,for he _ in my brothers pany for three months last year.(2018南开区三模) A.had worked B.had been working C.worked D.would work,解析,解析根据时间状语three months last year可知使用一般过去时。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,9.Do you know when your mother _ to pick you up? At 1140 am.(2017北京海淀区二模) A.had e B.is ing C.has e D.would e,解析,解析句意为:你知道你妈妈什么时候来接你吗?上午1140。此处用现在进行时表示将来,故选B。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,10.What the children in the mountain village need _ good books. A.is B.are C.have D.has,解析,解析句意为:山区的孩子们需要的是好书。what引导的句子作主语时,谓语动词要和后面的宾语保持一致,good books为复数名词,故谓语动词要复数,A项和D项是第三人称单数形式,不符合; 谓语动词要用are不用have,故选B。,答案,
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