资源描述
RevisionPart I Basic information (For blank filling and true or false statement judgment)1. What is the British state made up of? Its full name? p10British is made up of Great British (England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland.Its full name is the United Kingdom of Great British and Northern Ireland (the UK).2. Some famous people and places they are from. P12Famous people : Walter Scott(from Edinburgh) Wordsworth(from Lake District) The Beatles(from Liverpool) Shakespeare(from stratford) Dylan Thomas(form Laugharne) Dickens(from London) Francis Bacon(from London)3. “the square mile” p13the square mile” means the City of London ,the oldest part of the capital ,situated on the north bank of the River Thames between Tower Bridge and London Bridge, is a world financial centre . 4. Suffragette movement p20, p26Definition:A movement very active in the early part of the 20th century, agitated for womens political right to vote.The suffragette movement in the early part of the 20th century undoubtedly raised awareness about gender equality issues, but it is often argued by historians and sociologists that a substantial change in the position women resulted from a recognition of the essential work that they performed in a wide variety of fields during the two world wars.Representation:Mrs.Thatcher was Britishs first female Prime Minister.5. swinging sixties p20, p26Definition:The 1960s are often referred to in this way to swing meaning to have a good time, the 1960s were a time of young people questioning authority and seeking alternative lifestyles.6. youth cults (1st time of appearance, characteristics; name three of the youth cults) p341st time of appearance is 1950s.Its name is Teddy boys,whose characteristics is rocknroll music.Young cult: Teddy boys, Beatniks, Rockers, Mods: Hippies, Skinheads, Punks, Rastas, Acid House.7. rite of passage p37, p53Definition: ritual signifying a change of status or life-style.8. Who wears the trousers? p62 (Decision Making)Who wears the trousers? is a common way of asking who actually makes the decisions in a household. The phrase itself implies that it should normally be the man-in that trousers are traditionally a male garment in British.9. bingo p70, p78 Definition: a game where the players are given cards with numbers on and a callercalls out numbers which are drawn out of a bag at random. The first person whose numbers on the card match those drawn shouts bingo and wins(either a prize or money).10. council house p75, p78Definition: houses built by local government . Rents are lower than those in the private sector. There used to be many council-owned houses, but during the 1980s the government policy was to encourage home-ownership and council tenants were given the opportunity to buy the houses they lived in at prices below the market value.11. Length of education at each stage p84a、 nursery school(3-4 years old )b、 primary school (5-11years old) ，including infant school(5-6years old) and junior school(7-11 years old )c、 secondary school (12-16years old)d、 school sixth form /sixth form college /college of further education /youth traing ,programmes (17-18years old )e、 university or colleges of higher education (19-22years old )f、 postgraduate (22-23years old) 12. GCE A level p88, p106General Certificate of Education, Advanced level. It is the examination required for entrance to university.( Advanced level examination taken at 18years or older. Usually between one and four subjects are taken after a two-year course of study. It is the examination required for entrance to university.)13. Is a public school public? P88The older foundations were originally established by rich individuals in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and known as public schools.14. What is university admission based on? P90Admission is by selection on the basis of A level results, school references and an interview.15. shop steward p117The shop steward is the grass roots union representative-the link between the worker and management, and the worker and union-and is elected by the workers.16. political lobbying p118, p133They offer a range of services, including personal matters, legal advice, training, protection against unfair dismissal, accident and sickness benefits and can attempt to influence government policy by political lobbying, particularly through the TUC.The process of persuading central or local government that a particular thing should be done.17. secret ballot p 118, p133Union elections are undemocratic. In order to overcome this charge unions now have to elect their leaders by secret ballot.A vote in which those voting are not required to state publicly how they voted. The participants vote in secret by marking their choice on a voting slip(piece of paper) which is then put in a ballot box. The votes are then counted and the result made public.18. “Whose round is it?”P145It is customary for friends who go out to the pub together to take it in turns to buy drinks for each other to buy a round of drinks 19. Bobby p195The common nickname for a British policeman20. Is there a trade union for members of the police? P195-196Members of the police service are not allowed to join a trade union, nor are they allowed to go on strike.21. Two roles of the police p196-Maintenance of order-where the police provides a service to the community.-Law enforcement-where the police are considered as a force with a primary function of enforcing the criminal law.22. joy-ride p187, p213The activity of driving around for pleasure in a stolen car.23. The basic principles of English law? Whats the principle governing natural law? p217the basic principles of English law are the “rule of law” , ”natural law” and “natural justice”.An immoral rule can never be made into a real law simply by being passed through a national legislature.24. common law, statute law, case law. P218a. Common law is law as decided by judges, their decisions in cases being arrived at after considering the customs and practices of the people involved .This kind of law evolved long before Parliament became the main law-making body.b. Statute law is law made by Parliament.c. Case law is law that has evolved through decisions in actual trials.25. Will the lower court always follow decisions of the higher court? P219The House of Lords/Supreme Court , Court of Appeal and High Court are in London. The Crown Courts and County Courts will hold trials in the main towns or cities of the regions. In this hierarchy of court , the lower court will always follow decisions of the higher court.26. Do magistrates or jurors have professional training? p220Judges must have been practising in the legal profession as a barrister or solicitor for a certain number of years before being appointed a judge.Magistrates and the public serving on a jury have no professional training in the law .27. In what courts should all criminal trials be held before a judge and jury? P222The public is involved in the process of justice and all criminal trials in the Crown Courts and the Old Bailey (High Court) are held before a judge and jury.28. Is there death penalty in Britain today? P222There is no death penalty in Britain today , although it was only abolished in 1965.29. The Church of England (When? By whom? For what reason? A coincidence with the Reformation spreading throughout Europe) p240The Church of England was established in 1534.King Henry wanted to obtain permission from the Pope to divorce his queen.At the same time as the King Henry established the Anglican Church , there was a religious movement spreading throughout Europe ,known as the Reformation. Many of the Protestant churches were founded as a result of the Reformation .The leader of this movement in Germany was Martin Luther. He sought to make the church less concerned with ritual and ceremony and to find ways of making the doctrines of the church more accessible and understandable to the ordinary people .One such way was to translate the Holy Bible from Latin into German.30. Three main areas of welfare provision p266 The three main areas of welfare provision in Britain are health , housing and social security.31. NHS？How does it work? The central philosophy of the service? p267-268 The National Health Service.80% of the costs of the NHS are paid for out of general taxation ,the remainder out of national insurance contributions.Comprehensive and free medical treatment for all ,based upon need rather than the ability to pay . 32. the economic pattern in Britain? P293mixed economy :single proprietorships ,co-operatives , partnerships , joint-stock companies 33. the structure of Central Government? P317monarch : non-politicallegislature : parliament politicalexecutive : politicaljudiciary : non-politicalcivil service : non-political34. the divided functions of the government, and the principles behind the division. P318-government devises the laws , the legislature approves ,amends or rejects them ,and the judiciary interprets the laws in practice .-the separation of powers 35. frequency of general elections for the House of Commons p318at least once every 5 years36. constituency p318, p322, p337 MP p318-constituency : each constituency will elect one person who will become their Member of Parliament - MP : Member of Parliament37. frontbenches, backbenches, shadow cabinet p319Frontbenches : the team chosen by the Prime MinisterBackbenches : the other MPsshadow cabinet : responsible for criticizing government ministers and formulating opposition policies38. the State Opening of Parliament p319This takes place usually each November ,the Queen and members of the House of Lords are dressed in their ceremonial robes .The Queen reads a speech which outlines the polices and main bills that the government intends to introduce during the Parliament Session 39. the role of the sovereign? P319as head of stategive the Royal Assent of agreement to any law that is passed by parliament a weekly meeting with the Prime Minister Buckingham Palace40. the meaning of democracy in Greek? P331people power41. three main parties in Britain p341 representative democracy and parliamentary democracy p318the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, the Social & Liberal Democratic Party (Liberal Democrats)Representative democracy means that the people dont rule themselves directly but elect representatives to rule for them.Parliamentary democracy means civil liberties, including the freedom to organize politically, the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press and the equality of all people under the law.42. How laws are made? P332-3331) One answer:a Green Paper (set out proposals and ask interested individuals or groups outside Parliament to give their comments and suggestions)Preliminary White Paper (draft in legal language)go through House of Commonsgo through House of Lordsgo through Monarch for Royal Assent and signatureact of Parliament to enter on the statute-book as law2) The other answer:a draft law written by civil servants and presented to Parliament as a “bill”The bill has to go through several stages, involving both Houses of Parliament. At each stage it is debated, discussed in detail in committees and amended.It has to get the monarchs approval.43. Electoral system in Britain in comparison with PR p335The Electoral system in Britain is unfair as it produces a result which isnt truly representative of the wishes of the electorate. It would lead to unstable, coalition governments in which no party would have a majority of MPs in Parliament and also lead to a proliferation of smaller parties, which seems that PR would be “fairer” though PR might lead to some members breaking away from the “mother” party to form their own groupings.44. In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives gained a plurality of seats (相对多数票席位) in a hung (势均力敌的，没有多数党的) parliament and Cameron was appointed PM on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. The Prime Minister: David Cameron题意不明45. general beliefs held by the Labour Party and the Conservative Party p342-3431) Conservative Beliefs:Human nature is imperfect. Man therefore needs to be constrained.Central control and a strong legal system are necessary for there to be an area of freedom in which individuals can realize their potential.Society is a complex interdependent structure in which each different part has a role to play, though some parts are more important than others, as far as their contribution to society is concerned. Any change should be gradual and cautious.Individuals achieve simply on their own.A simple free-market theory of economics2) Labour Party Beliefs:Individuals do best within a strong and cohesive society, that individuals are essentially social beings and that, unless you have both the economic and social means of collective action to back up the individual, the individual is left powerless and less able to develop their potential.46. the ownership of broadcasting (p356), and of newspapers (p383)？The ownership of broadcasting is public (BBC) or private (ITV).The ownership of newspapers is private.47. When was BBC established? Its full name? Does it get any of its revenue through advertising?in 1926; the British Broadcasting Corporation;No, it is funded by license fees paid by viewers.48. “monopoly” and “duopoly” p372Monopoly: the old monopoly of the BBC was described as having developed into a copy “duopoly” of the BBC and ITVboth organizations being content to supply similar programmes and maintain their shares of the viewing public. Duopoly: where two organizations dominate a market; contrast with a monopoly (domination by one)49. Three circles p406in Europe, in the Empire and in the “special relationship” with the USA50. Indian independence, Suez crisis. When? Their consequences to Britain? P406, p409, p424Indian independence: 1948 September It was realized that soon the British Empire would be no more.Suez crisis: 1956SR was a watershed marking Britains declining position.Part II Short answer question1. What could people criticize trade union for? P118a、 trade unions make excessive wage claims that are primarily responsible for inflation and for pricing workers out of jobs b、 union elections are undemocratic .In order to overcome this charge unions now have to elect their leader by select ballot .c 、unions have become too powerful and should have their “wings clippied ”d、they undermine the competitiveness of British industry because of restrictive practices and opposition to technological progress .2. Why is the game of cricket considered to demonstrate Englishness mostly? P152-153a、 cricket reminds the English of this idyllic rural scene and leisurely pace of life b、 international cricket also provides a memory of imperial glory .c、 playing cricket is also meant to be synonymous with gentlemanly behavior 3. Whats the principle of precedence? What is its purpose? p218principle :the idea is that there should be as much certainty in the law as possible purpose :the only people who can change the law are the judges who sit in the house of lords ,the highest court ,and parliament.however parliament can overrule the house of lords. 4. Whats the significant difference between barristers and solicitors? How important is the difference? P223A significant difference between these two professions is that members of the public can call at a solicitor s office and seek advice in a personal interview .whereas a barrister can only be contacted indirectly through a solicitor.Lawyers are one of the highest paid professions in Britain ,they are self-employed and self-regulating ,each branch having its own governing body .strict regulations govern the entry to either branch of the profession.A barrister must remain isolated in order to retain objectivity in his work .5. What were the two compromises about the Church of England? P251the first one :many of the religious leaders who set up the church of England had a genuine concern to establish a national church based on the protestant understanding of the bible as the source ogden true doctrine while also maintaining traditions inherited from Catholicism which were familiar to the people .It was a theological compromise .the second one :Its position as the “state church ”was likely to lead to further compromise .With the king at its head and its role of maintaining national unity ,there would be a tendency for it to be to be a conservative rather than critical force in society. It would often be left to the nonconformist churches to question the social order and stand up for the rights of the disadvantaged 6. What is a welfare state p263 It can be defined as “a state with a government which assumes responsibility for the being of its citizens throughout life ,through a range ogden interventions in the market economy ”.The welfare state would aim to offer its citizens : a life wihe certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all and protection against the unexpected hazards life (for example ,losing a job, becoming sick ,having an accident )7. the Beveridge Report p264, p283It is a document produced by a government committee under the chairmanship of labour minister William Beveridge in 1942,setting out a system for social security .-to create a system where housing, health services and social security (payments for unemployment, old age, sickness, disability, children) would be provided for all, as an egalitarian safety-net below which nobody would be able to fall -to establish a National Health Service (1947) for all to receive free diagnosis, treatment and hospitalisation when necessary 8. the range of proposals held by the New Labour to combat social exclusion? P279The range of proposals to combat exclusion revolve around developing activeemployment strategragies that assist unemployed and insecutely unemployed people to cope with rapidly changing forms of work,rather than simply responding to misfortune through the passive strategy of expecting claimants to sit and wait for their weekly benefit entitlement; the emphasis on lifelong learning to prepare people for the fourth sector informational economy; and the recognition of the barriers posed by discrimination in the labour maket.9. Whats the dilemma concerning welfare provision for Britain and other EU countries?a. reliance on people of higher rank (人身依附) reliance on objective laws (economic rules or market rules ) justification of progress: exploitation of natural and human resources, distribution of capital in a wider and varied rangeb. government tangled in maintaining the structure of the country subject to the laws in intervening its destructive power10. the Big Bang p292In 1986 membership was opened to overseas companies, and commissions (payment paid to stockbrokers for their dealing services) become negotiable, rather than fixed. Later that year it also become possible for stockbrokers to deal in shares through telephones and computers instead of face-to-face on the floor of the Exchange. These exchange were known as the Big Bang11. Give at least 4 factors that contribute to the international role of the City of London. (P304-305, and also the video programme youve watched in class.) It has one of the worlds biggest international insurance marketsthe world;s largest f
展开阅读全文