高考英语语法 过去分词 详解

高考英语语法过去分词详解总述：-ED分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是被动的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。第一节-ED分词的用法一、-ED分词作表语Theglassisbroken./Hewasamused./Sheseemedquitedisappointed./Heisgreatlydiscouragedbyherrefusalofinvitinghertotheparty./Thewindowremainslocked.已经形容词化了的-ED分词大都作表语,常见的有:accomplished,amazed,amused,astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicated,confused,crowded,deserted,devoted,disappointed,discouraged,dressed,drunk,exhausted,excited,experienced,faded,fascinated,frightened,hurt,inexperienced,interested,known,learned,lost,married,pleased,puzzled,qualified,satisfied,surprised,tired,unprepared,unqualified,unknown,upset,worried,wounded等。二、作定语的-ED分词-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句1)Commercialbanksmakemostoftheirincomefrominterestonloansandinvestmentsinstocksandbonds.AearnBearnedCtoearnDwasearned2)Onhisreturnfromhiscollege,hefoundthehouse.AdesertingBdesertedCdesertDtobedeserted3)TheageAofageologicalsamplecanbeestimatedBfromtheratioofradioactivetononradioactivecarbonpresentCintheobjectisexaminedD.三、用作状语的-ED分词。这样的-ED分词通常来自及物动词。-ED分词用作状语时,跟-ING分词作状语时一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间,条件,原因,伴随状况等。-ED分词结构作状语,前边往往可以加when,while,if,asif,though这时,我们可以把-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句,即省去了主语和be的变化形式。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。1.表示时间4)InauguratedasecondtimeonMarch4,1901,focusedondomesticratherthanforeignpolicies.AWilliamMcKinleysnewtermlookedforwardtoandBthenewtermlookedforwardtoWilliamMcKinleyandClookingforwardtoanewtermwasWilliamMcKinleyDWilliamMcKinleylookedforwardtoanewterm2.表示条件5)underamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesixpointedshape.ASeenBSeesCSeeingDTosee铬)6)tosteel,chromium(increasesthemetalshardness.AAddedBInadditionCAddingDAdds7)enoughfoodandwater,theycouldhavebeatentheenemy.ABeinggivenBGivenCGiveDTogive3.表示原因8)Encouragedbyhismother,.AartwasstudiedinFlorencebyJohnSingerSargentBFlorencewaswhereJohnSingerSargentstudiedartCthestudyofartinFlorencebyJohnSingerSargentDJohnSingerSargentstudiedartinFlorence.9)bythedecision,thelawyerquicklyleftthecourtroom.AAngeringBHavingangeredCBeingangryDAngered10)Writteningreathaste,.AJimmadealotofmistakesinthereportBthereareplentyoferrorsinthereportCwefoundseveralmistakesinhisreportDthebooksisfulloferrors.4.表示伴随状况:-ED分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时,没有适当的分句可替换11)wasnotincorporatedasacityuntilalmosttwocenturieslater,in1834.ASettlingBrooklyn,theDutchBTheDutchsettledBrooklynCBrooklynwassettledbytheDutchDSettledbytheDutch,Brooklyn12)Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelytotheoutsideworld.AbeinglostBhavinglostClosingDlost5.表示让步13)FrancisPrestonBlair,Jr.,borninKentucky,livedandpracticedlawinMissouri.AwasBhewasCalthoughDwhohewas6.表示结果14)inallpartsofthestate,pinesarethemostcommontreesinGeorgia.AFoundBFindingthemCTofindthemDTheyarefound7.表示目的15)Theyshouldbekeptherethismatter.AinformingaboutBbeinformedCbeinformedofDinformedof8.表示背景和衬托16)Knownforhercaricatures(漫画)oftheUnitedStatessociety,.APeggyBrownwroteandillustratedbooksforchildrenBthewritingandillustratingofbooksforchildrenbyPeggyBrownCchildrensbookswerewrittenandillustratedbyPeggyBrownDPeggyBrownswritingandillustratingofchildrensbooks17)WellknownasasplendidpianistinBoston,.AweallarepleasedtohearMr.Andersonsconcerto(小协奏曲)BaconcertowascomposedbyMr.AndersonCMr.AndersoncomposedaconcertoDMr.Andersonsconcertowascomposed四、-ED分词在复合结构中Dontgetyourschedulechanged;staywithusinthisclass.Peterhadhisgasandelectricityturnedonwhenhemovedintohisnewapartmentlastmonth.Hekepthismouthshutandstayedwherehewas.(他闭口不言,呆在原地不动。)Theyaretalkingabouttheexperimentmadeinthenewlab.五、独立结构如果-ED分词短语与-ING短语带有与句子主语不同的主语,即本短语自己本身带有主语,这就构成了独立结构(也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构),这种结构也可作状语表示时间,原因等。有时在独立结构前还可加介词with或without。Hereyesfilledwithtears,shedidnotnoticehiscoming.18)This,wewentouttoplay.AwasdoneBdidCwasdongDdone19)allhisfollowersdead,thecommanderwastakenbyhisenemy.AForBAsCBecauseofDWith六、例题解析1)B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子,在没有连词的情况下,不能填充A和D;根据题意,利息是通过(被)挣来的,有被动之意,所以选B。2)B为正确答案。此句的意思是房子被遗弃,没人住,是被动的意义,而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式,一般表示将来或具体动作,所以D也不对。3)D错。应去掉多余的is,使-ED分词examined作后置定语修饰object。C处并没有错。present是形容词,它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的theratiocarbon。4)D为正确答案。这句话前半句的-ED分词相当于一个时间状语从句Whenhewasinauguratedasecondtime,主句的主语应当是人,所以A和D为可能选项,但A中的lookforwardto后应跟名词,那么只有D为正确选项。5)A为正确答案。本句的意思是在显微镜下看,雪花,显然这里的看是被观察之义。B、C、D都表示主动,A为正确选项。6)A为正确答案。(同上)7)B为正确答案。(同上)8)D为正确答案。四个选项中,只有D的主语为JohnSingerSargent(人名),而只有人才能被encouraged(鼓舞),也就是说,只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语。9)D为正确答案。空白处只能用-ED分词才可和后面的by短语发生联系,并且其逻辑主语和主句主语一致。10)D为正确答案。本句的意思是由于(被)写得急,所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语plentyoferrors与written逻辑上可以呼应,但与inthegreathaste不一致。Writteningreathaste的逻辑主语还是thebooks。所以D正确。11)D为正确答案。从上下文看,空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词(asacity),那么A不对;B和C都是一分句,而空档后是谓语部分,它们不作为正确选项。12)D为正确答案。13)C为正确答案。14)A对。本句的主语为pines(松树),这样就排除了B选项,因为-ING分词表主动,而松树不可能是找(find)这个动作的逻辑主语,即动作发出者。故只有Afound(被发现)的逻辑主语与pines一致,应选A。15)D为正确答案。16)A为正确答案。空档前是-ED分词短语,空档处应是主谓俱全句,排除B和D。从-ED分词短语中(Knownforher)可知,主句的主语是人而不是物,所以C也不对。17)C为正确答案。(同上)18)D为正确答案。A是不对的,如果we前加上and,才能选A。19)D为正确答案。不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别1.作宾语时,-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作,而不定式则表示某次具体动作,特别是将来的动作Ilikeplayingfootball.Iwouldliketoplayfootballthisafternoon.1)Theschoolcannottolerateonexams.AcheatingBtocheatCbecheatedDbeingcheated2)Newsofsuccesskeepsin.ApouringBtopourCpouredDtobepouring3)LongAbeforethedawnBofrecordedChistory,humanscelebratedtoharvestDtheircrops.2.作定语时,-ING表示正在进行的动作,用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成;不定式表示未来发生4)WewereoverjoyedatthenewsofChinaanotherman-madesatellite.AhavinglaunchedBtohavelaunchedCtolaunchDlaunched5)TheapplicantsinterviewingAarerequiredtoBbringallthenecessarypapersCtwodayslaterD.6)Sorghum(高梁)leavesAoccasionallycontainBenoughhydrocyanicacidkillingClivestock(牲畜)D.3.当谓语动词是进行时的时候,用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语Itsbeginningtosnowyou.Itstartsraining.Imconsideringhowtogo(wheretogo,whattodo).IconsideredemployingMr.WangbutIdecidedthatMr.Chenwasmoresuitedtothejob.4.在remember,forget等词后,如果跟-ING分词,表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前;如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后Iremembertellingherthatlastnight.(告诉发生在记得之前)Herememberedtotellherthatwhenshecameback.(记得发生在告诉之前)ImsorryIforgottogiveyouthemessage.(主语动词表示的动作忘记发生在不定式表示的动作给带口信之前)Why!Ihavesuchabadmemory.Iforgotgivingthemessagelastnight.(-ING分词表示的动作给带口信发生在谓语动词表示的动作忘记之前)5.stop,goon和leaveoff之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同Theystopped(talking)towork.停下(其他动作)来工作Theystoppedworking.停下工作(来干其他动作)Workerswentondiscussingtheproblem.工人继续讨论这一问题Workerswentontodiscusstheproblem.工人们停下来其他事,继续讨论这一问题Heleftoffwriting.他停下写作(去干其他事)Heleftofftowrite.他停下(其他事)来写作6.usedto后跟不定式和-ING分词,后跟不定式有两种情况:一种是usedto是固定用法表示过去经常干;另外一种情况是use的被动词态beused后跟不定式;后跟-ING分词的情况有一种,那就是当usedto中的used是形容词时,to后跟名词或-ING分词7)Whenhewasintheplasticplant,hetogetherwiththeworkers.AhasworkedBhadworkedChadbeenworkedDusedtowork8)Youwillsoonthisclimateandthenthechangesintemperaturewillnotaffectyou.AgetusedtoBgettoCgetoverDgetonwith9)Mr.AndersonusedtojoggingAinthecrispmorningBairduringCthewintermonthsD,butnowhehasstopped.7.一般情况下,for后边跟接theretobe,而of后边则跟接therebeing10)ItisfairlycommoninAfricaforthereanensembleofexpertmusicianssurroundedbyotherswhojoininbyclapping,singing,orsomehowaddingtothetotalityofmusicalsound.AtobeBbeingCtohavebeenDhavingbeen8.be+形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语,而不用-INGItisverydifficulttomanagethecompany.二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别虽然在语法功能上,-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,但在意义上两者有差别:-ING分词表示主动的意义,而-ED分词则表示被动的意义;-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作,而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上,-ING分词有一般式和完成式与主动式和被动式之分;而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。1.作表语时,-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态Thebookisquiteinteresting.Iaminterestedinthebookverymuch.TheplayismoreexcitingthananyIhaveeverseen.Thatpieceoflandlaydeserted.2.作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况11)Inhismovies,W.C.Fieldswasalwaysatwarwiththeworld,.AbattlingbothpeopleandobjectsBbothpeopleandobjectswerebattledChewasbattlingbothpeopleandobjectsDbothpeopleandobjectsthatwerebattled13)Havingbeenservedlunch,.AtheproblemwasdiscussedbythemembersofthecommitteeBthecommitteemembersdiscussedtheproblemCitwasdiscussedbythecommitteememberstheproblemDadiscussionoftheproblemwasmadebythemembersofthecommittee12)forheranthropologicalresearch,MargaretMeadalsowasinvolvedwiththeWorldFederationforMentalHealth.ASheisnotedprimarilyBNotedprimarilyCPrimarilyisnotedDSheprimarilynoted14)ConsideredoneoftheleadingpoetsinAmericatoday,.AanumberofbooksandplayshavealsobeenwrittenbySoniaSanchezBSoniaSanchezhasalsowrittenanumberofbooksandplaysCanumberofSoniaSanchezsbooksandplayshavebeenwrittenDtherehavebeenanumberofbooksandplayswrittenbySoniaSanchez3.作定语时,-ING分词表示正在进行的动作,而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前;-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态,而-ED分词则没有时间性;-ING分词表示主动,而-ED分词表示被动15)TheboiledApointofanyliquidBisdeterminedCbythepressureDofthesurroundinggases.16)High-gradeAwrittenBpaperisfrequentlyCobtainedDfromcottonrags.17)ScientistsAstillcannotfindBanyconvincedClinkbetweenintelligenceDandthequantityorqualityofbraincells.4.但少数几个动词的-ED分词,有两种形式而且在意义上有差别,如:bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分,前者只用于出生的意义,而后者用于负担,负荷,承担和传送之意Iwasbornin1966.Hisborneresponsibilitytothewholeworkersofthefactoryisreallygreat.再如:hang的-ED分词也有两种,一是hung,另一形式是hanged,前者表示悬挂,后者表示吊死,绞死。strike的-ED分词也有两种:struck和striken,前者有打击冲击感动等义,而striken只用作形容词,表示受折磨之意。来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义;来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义:fallenleaves(落叶),afull-blownrose(盛开的玫瑰),escapedprisoner(逃犯),theexplodedbomb,herdeceasedhusband,theretiredworkers,thevanishedjewels,thenewlyarrivedvisitors,thereturnedstudents,therisensun.三、例题解析1)A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)2)A为正确答案。(连续的动作。)()3)D错。改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。4)A为正确答案。已完成的动作。5)C错。改为tobeinterviewed(将要发生的动作)。6)C错。改为tokill(不定或未来动作)。7)D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干)8)A为正确答案。(习惯于used是形容词)(9)A错。改为jog。表示过去经常或总是干)10)A为正确答案。11)A为正确答案。12)B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词noted引导的-ED结构,在句中说明主句谓语的背景。13)B为正确答案。14)B为正确答案。-ED分词considered的逻辑主语应为人,除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。15)A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思,-ING分词则表示主动、进行,也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如:boilingwater(waterwhichisboiling.)意思是开水,意即正在开着的水,而boiledwater(waterwhichhasbeenboiled.)虽也可译为开水,但表示已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。本句A处应改为boiling,boilingpoint意思是沸点。16)B错。改用writing,writingpaper意为写字的纸,信纸,-ING分词writing表用途。与此类似的还有swimmingpool(游泳池),sleepingcar(卧铺)。written含有完成和被动意味,不合上下文。17)C错。改为convincing。令人信服的联系应为convincinglink,con