现代大学英语 Unit 13 Book 3

现代大学英语 Unit 13 Book 3 Unit 13 The Needs That Drive Us All 威廉格拉瑟WilliamGlasser1925简介I. A Brief Introduction to The Author and His worksW.格拉瑟威廉格拉瑟 William Glasser 1925，美国心理治疗学家，现实治疗法的创始人。他出生于美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰。早年在美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰受教育，后进入凯斯西储大学，1945 年获临床心理学学士学位，1948 年获临床心理学硕士学位，1953 年获加州大学洛杉矶分校医学博士学位。19541957 年任实习医生，1957年，他在洛杉矶的退伍兵管理中心洛杉矶加州大学参与精神病治疗训练，1961年取得检验合格证书。受训期间，他感到其所接受的传统的精神分析治疗有很大局限性，这是他创造现实治疗法的种子。他对学习精神分析感到有挫折，他把这个不满向他的老师和在第三年开始做他的临床督导的 Harrington 说了。在以后的 7 年里，Harrington 一直是他的督导。1956 年，他曾在凡图拉（Ventura）女子学校担任精神治疗咨询师，该校是加州处理少年犯的公立机构，他在一个州产医院里为违法的少女做咨询。一开始他的同事反对他的改变纪律和教学实践的建议，但是后来他们发现他的方法有用。他以友谊和责任影响一个一开始拒绝改变的群体，他的方法包括个体和群体治疗，以及工作人员训练。他在凡图拉中学创造了一种针对吸毒少女的特定的方法。在格拉瑟对州立医院里违法的少女的咨询成功被人们所了解后，他成为加州学校系统的顾问。之后，在加利福尼亚系统地阐述了现实治疗法，并在洛杉矶建立现实疗法研究所。以洛杉矶为基地，格拉瑟在美国、加拿大和其他国家举行研讨会，并利用研究所的分支机构 - 教师培训中心，把现实治疗法运用到学校情境之中，培训了 10 万名教师，影响较大。格拉瑟以其现实治疗法而闻名。1961 年，他出版的第一本著作心理健康还是心理疾病？一书中首次谈到现实治疗法的一些基本思想和实践尝试。1965 年他的现实疗法一书问世，标志着现实治疗法的正式推出。1967 年在洛杉矶建立了现实治疗法协会（1996 年更名为威廉格拉瑟协会），1968 年成立了对教师做现实治疗法训练的分支 - 教育训练中心。1973 年现实治疗法协会（现在是控制论、现实理论和有效管理协会）开始进行现实治疗家的资格认定。现实疗法的基础是控制理论（Control Theory），1996 年开始他将其更名为选择理论（Choice Theory） 1。他对精神分析不满，认为精神分析不是教人对自己负责，而是固守过去并因过去而总是指责别人。他热认为人都有爱与被爱两种基本需要。如果它们不能得到满足，人就会产生焦虑、怨恨、自暴自弃等消极情绪反应，并可能产生逃避现实、不负责任的欲望。现实疗法强调当事人的责任和力量；重视当前的行为，协助当事人拟定明确的行为改变计划并切实执行；以关怀和尊重为基础建立彼此的信任关系；强调当事人自身优点和潜能，帮助他发展成功认同经验。它的基础是选择理论，重点放在改善现在的关系也就是帮助当事人去讨论他现在生活中的一些关系，并且他愿意透过什么样的努力来为已经遭到破坏的关系做努力。“选择理论”就是要挑战那些所谓古老的正确传统我知道什么是对你最好的。一、现实治疗法的人格理论人性观。他认为：人格或特质，乃是整个自我运作的总和。包括理智性的功能、情感性的功能、以及每个自我独特的反应模式。而自我乃是个体心理功能的总和知最理想代表，他深信人格发展的历程正是一个人学习如何去满足需要的功能所展现出来的，需要获得满足的程度或状况，将影响个人人格的特质，因为满足需求的程度或状况长可决定个人是否能适当的采取行动。基本人性需求及满足方式。他将基本的人类需求分为五级：玩乐与乐趣的需求、权力与影响力的需求、自由与作选择的需求、归属感的需求、生存的需求。认为基本心理需求是超越时空，对人是十分重要的，但却需要经过学习才能有效满足。这样的学习从幼年时期开始直至生命终结，是个人一生的发展问题。认为个体欲满足其需求，必须在共融的关系（involvement）中，以负责（responsibility）、正确（right）、及符合现实（reality）的行为为之。二、控制理论虽然格拉瑟创立现实治疗法不是得益于控制理论，但他对现实治疗法的解释是控制论的。控制理论的理念是：人类行为是有目的的，且这些行为源自于个人的内在、而非外在环境的力量。虽然外在环境的力量会影响我们的决定，但我们的行为并非这些外在环境的力量造成的。我们的行为是为了满足我们基本的人性需求。现实治疗法的主要目标是教导人们一些较佳且更有效的方法，去从生活中得到我们所要的。控制理论反对决定论的人性哲学。此理论认为如果每个人愿意努力为着某一目标而行动，他必能改变，并可过更好的生活。但当个人的选择侵犯别人的自由时，其行为便是不负责任的。通过现实治疗法法的演练，一方面可学到如何获得自由，另一方面又能避免伤害别人。三、现实治疗法的特征反对医疗模式。现实治疗法否定心理疾病的观念，假定行为失常的种种形式，都是不负责任或需求未能达成的结果。此一方法不用心理诊断，并视心理疾病等于不负责任行为，而心理健康等于负责行为。成功认同与积极的嗜好。成功认同的概念对理解现实治疗法具有重要作用，持有“成功认同”（success identity）的人，视自己是个能够给予爱与接受爱的人，感觉到自己有力量，具有自我价值感，格拉瑟另发展出“积极的嗜好”（positive addction）观念，作为在生活中培养心理力量的主要来源。常见的做法是跑步与冥想。强调现在而不重视过去。主张应视当事人为一“具有广泛潜能的常人，而不应视其只是具有问题的病人”，因此他不赞成浪费时间去追究问题与失败，并建议治疗者去探索当事人的长处。更须在会谈中，强化这种长处，至于重述历史与探查过去，他均视为无用。强调价值判断。它重视当事人所扮演的角色，判断自身行为的本质以决定到底什么因素造成他们生活上的失败。除非当事人能断定他们的行为具有建设性或破坏性，否则就不能产生任何改变。反对移情。现实治疗法拒绝采用移情作用。格拉瑟认为，传统的治疗者通过移情作用，将自己的想法灌输给当事人。现实治疗法法要求治疗者以本来的面目出现，不要将自己的角色想成是对方的父亲或母亲。格拉瑟自创立现实疗法之后，即强调当事人在治疗中不会想要去探索过去不成功的生活，只想与一个真实存在的人愉快地相处。强调人格的意识层面而非潜意识层面。按精神分析的理论：对于潜意识有所了解与洞察，是人格改变的先决条件。现实治疗法主张：强调潜意识，即是避开当事人不负责任的中心问题，并且给他一个逃避真实的借口。领悟固然极富意义，但现实治疗法并不认为这是产生改变的重要因素。强调责任。现实治疗法一直都强调责任的重要性。格拉瑟将负责界定为：凡为满足个人需求，但不妨碍他人满足其需求的行为谓之负责。负责的人具有自发性，知道自己从生活中需要什么，并会拟定计划来满足需求与目标。简言之，负责指个人已学会有效地控制其生活。格拉瑟强调，不论治疗者或普通人，均应避免批评，因为如果我们学会过负责的生活，就不会苛求自己，寻找自己的缺点并加以批评对我们并无帮助。四、现实治疗法八大步骤建立共融关系；探讨目前的行为而非情绪；对当前的行为做评价；订定计划；对计划的承诺；没有借口；没有惩罚；永不放弃。五、现实治疗法的采用的技术共融关系。现实治疗法强调治疗者要以真诚的关心帮助当事人面对困难，寻求解决的途 径，满足基本需求。因此治疗者要以第一人称的“我”来表明自己的看法与关怀，而不用含混的字眼。在治疗的初期，当事人可以谈论任何有兴趣的主题，而不必局限于述说自己的苦难与困惑等问题。设限（set limits）。治疗者必须设定计划中所能给予的时间与关怀，他只能在约定时间内与当事人建立正常的共融关系，而不允许约定时间之外过度的相处与交往。面质（confrontation）。面质事治疗者以一种对立的，不接受任何解释的态度，帮助当事人面对自己不负责任的行为，看清阻碍成功的不当防卫与借口。示范（modeling）。社会技能可以从观察与仿真中习得，自我控制有时也能从观察别人的反应中而有所增进。教师的角色（teachers role）。当事人表现出负责的行为，常期望治疗者给予奖励。否则，应具有不同的表示，不能只是唯唯否否。治疗者并需教导当事人，应从日常生活当中采取较佳的途经以达满足需求。幽默（humer）。治疗者使用幽默可以使关系轻松自在，也使当事人学习健康的方式来面对自己的失败与弱点。矛盾法（paradox）。现实治疗法以不同传统的谘商方式来面对当事人的问题，使当事人未有防范的接受这种说法，而能不同的角度真正看清问题，使治疗重于行为而非感觉。主要著作：心理健康还是心理疾病？：Mental Health or Mental Illness?，1961现实治疗法：Reality Therapy，1965没有失败的学校：Schools Without Failure，1969认同的社会：The Identity Society，1975正向沉溺：Positive Addiction，1976心理的运作：Station of The Mind，1981控制理论：Control Theory，1985教室中的控制理论：Control Theory in the Classroom，1986有品质的学校：The Quality School，1990你在做什么？：What Are You Doing？，1996注:他本来把选择理论认定为控制理论，因为他认为我们生命中唯一可掌控的人就是我们自己。愈早了解这项事实的人愈好。但不幸的是、控制理论乍看之下似乎在本质上较属于行为主义派、而非人类/人道学派。这真是一大谬误。因此，他后来将控制理论重新命名为选择理论。 II. Teaching Tips: 1. Make sure that the students are aware of the differences of the concepts between psychology and ethics; 2. The teacher should rouse the studentsinterests in the subject, and help them see how important it is for the students, teachers, parents,business people, government officials to understand human psychology and strive to satisfy human needs oe desires. The teacher should ask the students to give examples (preferably from their personal experience) which show what serious consequences it can result in if these human needs are not satisfied. III. The Background Information About the Text: In this text, the author attempts to define the word “human” . He is concerned with human psychology rather than ethics. According to him, human beings are driven by five basic needs, some of which are shared by other animals, but others are uniquely human. The article is obviously addressed to young students and its purpose is to increase their self-awareness of their humanness so as to better deal with their problems. The authors analysis of the need for power is particularly interesting. First he points out that the desire for power is a genuine human motivation. It is written in our genes. He has reached this conclusion mainly through his observation of human behavior. Then he stresses the importance of this need in social and economic development as well as the development of ourselves as individuals although he does not elaborate on how some people use the power to do good things and others use it for evil purposes, because that is an ethical question. Another interesting point he has made is the reason why so many people traditionally reject the idea of power and favor the idea of humbleness or modesty. According to the author, one reason is that those who have power would like the powerless to be content without power so that they can continue to enjoy their power. The authors view about fun as a human need is also interesting. It reminds us of the view that learning is a natural pleasure and good teaching should satisfy studentsneed for fun. The problem of human needs has fascinated many scientists, and over the years, scholars have come up with many interesting theories. Abraham Maslow( 1908-1970), a well-known American psychologist, put all basic human needs in a pyramid-shaped chart with physological needs at the bottom and safelty needs, social needs, esteemneeds in ascending order and finally self-actualization at the top. According to him people try to satify the lower-order needs before they move on to the next level higher up.IV. The Detailed Discussion of Text A 1. All living creatures are driven so that the species will continue. 1) stay alive : continue to be in a living state 维持某种状况 e.g. stay awake/ stay single/stay sober 不睡觉/ 不结婚/ 保持清醒 They stayed friends for years. 他们的友谊维持了多年。 2）species (n.) : group of animals or plants within a genus differing only in minor details from the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups 物种 e.g. the human species (ie mankind) 人类 a species of antilope 一种羚羊 2. As creatures have evolved from simple to complex, Paraphrase: According to Darwins theory of evolution, plants and animals develop gradually from simple to complicated forms by natural selection. This is the process by which only plants and animals are naturally suitable for life nin their environment will continue to live, while all others will die. In this theory Darwin suggested that human developed from a type of ape. 3. Humans not only need (1) to survive and reproduce,(5) to have fun. 1) belong (v.) : to be a member to; to be related or concerned to 是 中的一员；与有关联或姻亲 e.g. A child belongs with its mother. (ie should live with and be cared for by its mother) 孩子应该和母亲在一起。 He has no sense of belonging here. 他在这里没有归属感（他觉得自己是外人。） 4. All five needs are built into our genetic structureif we are to fulfil our biological destiny. Paraphrase: All five needs are inborn as part of our nature and direct us as we go through our lives. 1）build in/into : to make (sth )inherent; to make (sth )a fixed and permanent part of sth larger 使（某物）成为固有的；使（某物）成为某个较大事物中固定的，永久的部分 e.g. The difficulties seem to be built in in this process. 这些困难似乎是这一过程中固有的东西。 The rate of pay was built into her contract. 支付比例是她的合同中固定的一部分。 2) our biological destiny : what we have to ecperience as human- to go through childhood,adolescence, adulthood and old age, to produce offspring and die. 5. I italicize the need for power because, unlike the other four needsin every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human. 1) I italicize the need for power : I emphasize the need for power by using italicized words. 2) unlike the other four needs that shared to some extent by many higher animals, in every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human. Paraphrase: unlike the other four needs which many higher animals also have, the needs for power seems exclusively a human need, which is shown as we eagerly seek power in every aspect of our lives. Here is a list of common collocations with the noun”power”: 3) abolish power; abuse power; come into power; consolidate power; decentralize power; deprive sb of power; establish power; exercise power; hand over power; hold on to power; misuse power; reduce power; return to power; seize power 6. We are also born with no choice but to feel the more pleasure we experience. 1) (sb has )no choice but to do sth: the only thing sb could do is to do sth 某人别无选择只有做某事 e.g. Because of the scandal, he had no choice but to resign. 因为这一丑闻，他除了辞职别无他途。 He failed TEM4 last year; he has no choice but to work harder this year. 去年他没有通过英语专业四级考试，今年他别无选择只有更加刻苦学习。 2）frustrate(vt.) : make (efforts, etc)useless; defeat 使得（努力等）无效；失败 e.g. Bad weather has frustrated plans to launch the spaceship today. 今日发射宇宙飞船的计划，因天气恶劣而落空。7. Simple survival needs like hunger, thirst,the denial of these basic needs. Paraphrase: It is relatively easy to define simple survival needs that satisfy hunger, thirst and sexual desire and we can easily find particular discomfort we feel when these basic needs are denied. 1) attach to sb/ sth: to be connected with sb/sth 与（某人/某事）相关联；归因于某人/某事 e.g. No blame attaches to you in this affair. 这件事不怪你。 No fault is attached to the bus driver for the terrible accident at the railway crossing. 在铁路交叉口发生的可怕的交通事故汽车司机没有过错。2）clear-cut (a.) : not vague; definite 不含混的；明确的 e.g. clear-cut plans, proposals, distinctions 明确的计划，提议，区分8. When we attempt to satisfy the non-essential psychological needs,we run into more difficulty. Paraphrase: The higher,or psychological, needs are not so clear-cut and not so easy to satisfy. 1) run into: to begin to experience (difficulty); to get into (a difficult or unpleasant situation) 开始遭遇 （困难或令人不快的局面） e.g. The project is running into financial difficulties. 这一项目遇到了财务困难。 Taking risks like that might run the firm into debts. 冒着像那样的风险有可能使公司债台高筑。 9. The need for power is particularly difficult to satisfywho openly strive for it. 1) in many cultures the mores of the cultureopenly strive for it. Paraphrase: in many cultures openly trying to gain power is regarded as running counter to the code of conduct of the culture, and those who do so are strongly disapproved of. 2) strive for(sth): to try very hard to obtain or achieve( sth ) (获得或实现某事物而) 努力，奋斗 e.g. to strive for success 力争获得成功 The mayor are striving for improvements in public housing. 这位市长正努力改善公共住房问题。 Not striving for success when it is available is considered a crime against the state in the US. 在美国，当有可能成功的时候不去力争获得成功被视为是对国家的犯罪。3）humble (n.): having or showing a low or modest opinionof ones own importance; not proud；low in rank; not large or elaborate; poor 谦卑的；卑微的；简陋的 e.g my humble apologies 鄙人的道歉 in my humble opinion 依鄙人的拙见 humble occupation, home, income, meal 低贱的职业，简陋的家，微薄的收入，简单的饭菜 10. Even politicians try to appear humble, and how little they want to tell us what to do. Paraphrase: Even politicians try to cover up their desires for power by saying that they are running for an office because they want to do things for their community and that they really hate to govern people. 11. But regardless of cultural prejudice, power itself is neither good nor bad. Paraphrase: When we dont take into account the prejudice against power in certain cultures, power is really not a bad thing. Power itself is neutral, neither good nor bad. 1) regardless of : without worrying about or taking account of 不理会或不顾（某人/某物） e.g. The law says that all citizens have the right to education regardless of age, sex, and religious belief. 这一法律规定所有公民无论年龄，性别和宗教信仰如何，都有接受教育的权利。 The couple decided to send their son to an elite high school regardless of whether they could afford it. 不顾自己是否能承受得起，这对夫妇仍决定将他们的儿子送到精英学校。 12. In fact, if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would crumble, is for the sake of power. Paraphrase: Actually if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would collapse because almost all the articles that can be bought and sold are for the sake of power except for those daily necessities. 1) crumble (v.) : gradually deteriorate or come to an end 渐渐垮掉；走向末路 e.g. the hopes that crumbled to dust 破灭的希望 The great empire began to crumble. 这个强大的帝国开始衰落了。 2）bare necessities: daily necessities 日用必需品 3）for the sake of sth/doing sth : in order to get or keep sth 为了获得或保持某事物 e.g. We made concessions for the sake of peace. 为了和平我们作出了让步。 Lets not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds. 咱们不要为了几个英镑而把工作弄糟。 13. When someone uses his power to help this use of power is humane. 1) downtrodden (a.) : kept down and badly treated; oppresseed 受蹂躏的；受欺压的；受压迫的 2）Notice the diference between “humane” and “human” humane (a.) : having or showing sympathy, kindness and understanding 富于同情心的；仁慈的；能体谅人的 e.g. humane person 富于同情心的人 (in) humane treatment of POWs (非)人道地对待战俘 humane killing 动物无痛屠宰法 human(a.) : having or showing the better qualities of man; kind; good 有良好品性的；有人情的；好心肠的 e.g. Its human nature to want to love and be loved. 希望去爱别人并被人所爱是人性所致。 The tough policeman is really quite human at heart. 这位强硬的警察在内心里真的很通人情。 14. They preach the virtues of humility because and add to the power that they have. Paraphrase: They advocate humility praising it as an admirable quality because they know the more people they make humble, the more easily they can keep and strengthen the power they have seized. 1) humility (n.) : humble attitude of mind; modesty 谦虚的态度；谦逊 e.g. I say this in all humility (ie without wishing to appear boastful) ) 我说的决不过分（无意夸张）。 2）add to (sth) : to increase (sth) 增加（某事物） e.g. The bad weather added to our difficulties. 这种坏天气更加增加了我们的困难。 Their excellent performance added much to the success of the English evening. 他们的精彩的表演为英语晚会的成功增光添彩。 15. While it is easy to understand thatthis need is written in our genes. Paraphrase: Though people admit that those who strive for power are likely to gain advantages over others, most of us cant willingly accept the view that power is a human need, and that it is something we have inherited from our ancestors, rathe than something we acquire later on. (In other words, most people refuse to admit that, in one way or another, they have the desire for power, bacause they think power is bad.) 16. That their teaching have been largely accepted whenin getting their message across. Paraphrase: It is surprising that what they propagate should be accepted by many, for obviously their propoganda serves their own interests, helping to maintain their power. This clearly shows how effective their propoganda machine is. (Notice the sarcastic tone of the author.) 1) self-serving: interested only in gaining an advantage for oneself 只对为自己谋利感兴趣的 2）a tribute to sb/sth: indication of the effectiveness of sth （某事物的）有效的标志 e.g. His recovery is a tribute to the doctors skill 他能够康复充分说明该医生的医术高明。 The launching of Chinas first space shuttle is a tribute to the skills of all those who have worked on the project. 中国第一艘太空飞船的发射是所有致力于这项工程的人们的技术的有效见证。 3）get sth across / get sth across(to sb): to succeed in communicating sth; (cause sth to ) be communicated or understood 成功地沟通（某事）； （使某事）传播或被人理解 e.g. Your meaning didnt really get across. 你的意思别人并未真正理解。 Hes not very good at getting his ideas across. 他不善于表达思想。 17. But also,because we want power so badlyAnd if they are wise, they do. 1) In the hope of sth / that : hoping sth / that 对怀有希望 e.g. I called her in the hope of finding her at home. 我希望她能在家才给她打的电话。 He showed me a picture of the missing girl in the hope that I might recognize her. 他给我看了一张失踪女孩的照片，希望我能认出她来。 2）And if they are wise, they do. Paraphrase: And if they are clever, they will share a little of what they have with us. 18. Successful politicians are masters of this approach higher education and even religion. Paraphrase: Successful politicians are very skillful in using this technique of sharing a little power with the people and this approach is also used by busines