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八上Unit 6一、 重要单词用法1. 名词:market市场 hen母鸡 wing翅膀 nature大自然,自然界 stay停留,逗留 cent分;分币 space空间 fisherman渔民;钓鱼的人 government政府 society协会;社会 change改变,变化 tourist旅行者,观光者 speaker说话人;演讲者 tour旅行 form表格 address地址 chairperson主席2. 动词:lead领导,带领 provide提供 fish捕鱼;钓鱼 record记录 describe描述 count计算,总数;数数 introduce介绍3. 形容词:perfect极好的,完美的 natural自然的4. 副词:round周围,绕一整圈;转过来 easily容易地,不费力地 clearly清晰地5. 连词:while然而6. 感叹词:yeah是的7. 兼类词:south-east n.&adj. &adv.东南方 cover n. 庇护所v.包括二、 常见词组1. join the Birdwatching Society加入观鸟协会2. providesth. for sb.为某人提供某物3. all year around整年4. for a short stay短暂停留5. in the daytime在白天6. in order to do sth.以便做某事,为的是要做某事7. lead to导致8. less and less越来越少9. keep doing sth.一直做某事,不停地做某事10. invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事11. need sb. to do sth.需要某人做某事12. understand the importance of明白的重要性13. write down写下14. be home to是的家园15. be interested in对感兴趣16. introduce oneself介绍自己17. take part in参加18. call sb. on+电话号码拨打找某人19. email sb. at+邮箱地址给某人发电子邮件到三、 经典句型1. Every year, a lot of tourists go to Zhalong to watch the birds.每年,许多观光者去扎龙观看鸟类。2. We are now inviting them to help us.我们现在邀请他们帮助我们。3. We ask people not to catch birds for any reason.我们要求人们不要因为任何原因而捕鸟。4. We hope this will help people understand the importance of the wetlands.我们希望这将会帮助人们理解湿地的重要性。5. The reserve covers an area of over 4,530 square kilometres.这个自然保护区占地超过4530平方公里。6. I would like to join the Birdwatching Society.我想加入观鸟协会。7. Youd better take a pair of binoculars.你最好带副望远镜。8. I will be very happy if I can become a member of the BirdwatchingSocoety.如果我能成为观鸟协会的一员,我将很开心。9. Max tells funny jokes and often makes me laugh.马克斯讲好玩的笑话并常常使我大笑。10. Some people want to make the wetlands smaller in order to have more space for farms and buildings.一些人想要减少更多湿地面积,以便腾出更多的地方建造农场和房子。四、 要点分析1. encourage sb. in sth.在某事上鼓励或支持某人2. providesth. for sb./provide sb. with sth.为某人提供某物3. cover n. 盖子,覆盖物;栖息地;封面v. 覆盖,遮蔽,常与介词with连用,表示遮盖所用的物品等。4. all year around=the whole year5. be active in积极参加(习惯上不用于体育方面)take part in参加,part前通常不加冠词,但若有了active的修饰,则要有an, take an active part in积极参加6. be of importance=be important7. see sb. do sth.与see sb. doing sth.(1) see sb. to do sth.看见某人做某事,常与often等词连用或者表示动作的全过程。(2) see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事,表示动作正在进行。8. protect from保护远离(或免受的伤害)9. all right的用法(1) 用来同意对方的命令、请求、建议或安排,意为“好;行;可以;没问题”(2) 用来问候某人或回答别人的问候,意为“很好”(3) 用于一般疑问句中,表示征求对方意见或请求对方允许,意为“行吗/可以吗”(4) 用来表示对某人或某事物的看法、感觉或印象等,意为“可以;不错”(5) 用来把两个相关的话题连起来或引出一个新话题,意为“好;好吧”(6) 用来询问听话者是否听懂或弄明白(=Right?)意为“懂了吗?/明白了吗?”10.(1) travel一般指长途旅行,或到国外或远方旅行。与journey不同之处在于不着重某一目的地,有到各地“游历”的意思,作名词时常用复数形式。(2) trip一般指短距离旅行或直达目的地的旅行。在日常用语中,trip和journey可通用。(3) tour“旅行,周游,观光”,主要目的是游览或视察,距离可短可长,常带有“最后回到出发地”的含义,一般团队游都是tour,带有导游的是guide tour。(4) journey主要指单程距离较远的海陆空旅行,表示“去旅行”时,英语该说“go on a journey”五、 语法解析语法(二)不定式to do的用法一):动词不定式的意义和结构1.不定式的语法意义:(1)在句中做以下成分:主语,宾语,表语,补足语,定语,状语(2)一“无”一“有” :无 人称和 数 的变化 有时态 和 语态 的变化(3)仍然保留动词的特点:tovt+主语;tovi(+状语)2.结构:肯定式to do ;否定式 notnever to do二):不定式的时态和语态变化 To do主动式 被动式一般式to do to be done 完成式to have doneto have been done 进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing时态:与谓语动词相比,动词不定式的时间在谓语动词之前,同时之后进行。1. 一般式:动词不定式表达的动作发生在主句谓语动词之后或同时发生。2. 完成式:动词不定式表达的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。eg:Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.3进行式:动词不定式表达的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前。eg:They seem to be getting along quite well.4.完成进行式:动词不定式表达的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前且进行.语态:动词不定式与主句主语的关系三)句子结构(一)主语:1.不定式作主语,谓语动词用单数(非谓语动词 to do ,doing,done只有前两者可以作主语,done相当于形容词)。 2.不定式作主语,常用it形式主语,把 to do 放于句尾。句式:(1)It is+ 形容词+for sb.to do sth.做某事对于某人来说是怎样的,此处为客观性质的形容词,如:hard,difficult,easy等 (2)It is+形容词+of sb. to do sth.意思同上,此处为表示人得性格,本质特征,如:kind,friendly,selfish等Eg:1It is hard for me to learn math . 2It is kind of you to help me to study. (3)It is +名词+to do 做某事是Eg:It is our duty to look after the old. (4)It takes/took+主语+时间+to do.花费多长时间做某事Eg:It takes me five hours to finish the homework.(三)宾语1.直接to do 作宾语的动词(主语+vt+to do):want/plan/ask/agree/afford/arrange(安排)/determine(决定)/decide/expect/fail/hope/happen/manage(设法)offer/object(反对)/promise(许诺)/wait/refuse等2.若to do 作宾语,且后边又跟宾语补足语时,此时用it作形式主语,把to do 放在后面,即构成结构主语+vt+it+宾语补足语+to do (think,consider,make,find,feel)(四)宾语补足语1.Vt+O+to do 结构中的及物动词:ask/tell/advise/allow/beg/encourage/believe/consider/declare(宣称)/expect/forbid/imagine/intend/order/permit(答应)/persuade(劝说)/prefer/prove(证明)/remind/request 等等2.可以接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀:宾补省to十个半:一感(feel),二听(listen to,hear),三让(make,let,have),四看看(watch,see,look,observe)半个帮助两均可(help)若变被动to还原。(五)定语:to do 放在所修饰名词,代词短语之后Eg:I have some questions to ask you .(六)状语:to do 用来修饰动词/形容词/副词/整个句子,表达目的,结果,原因,程度等。Eg: 1Im glad to see you. 原因状语 2I want to see you. 目的状语五)省略to的情况1.介词but/except之前(1)do+but/except+to省略+v (2)v+but/except+to v2.动词不定式作表语时,若主语部分有do的相应形式,表语需要省略to,主语(do)+be+to(省略)v,多见于主语从句中有do的情况。Eg:All we can do is wait for the wind.In order to的用法一)、in order to的用法 in order to 意为“为了”,表示目的;在用法和意义上相当于so as to结构,但是in order to结构可以用于句首、句中,而so as to多用于句中。其否定式分别为:in order not to 和so as not to。* in order to和so as to在句中表示目的时,常可以转化成in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句。如: We should work hard in order to / so as to pass the exam. We should work hard in order that / so that we can pass the exam.为了能通过考试,我们应该努力学习。二)、in order that和in order to的区别in order that后面接句子in order to后面直接接动词原形,in order to do sth.意思都是为了., 以便.三)、in order to的例句1.In order to earn enough money, he worked late into the night. 为了赚到足够的钱, 他工作到深夜。2.He emigrated from Britain to Australia in order to find a better job. 他从英国移居到澳大利亚,想找一份更好的工作。3. In the jungle, they were driven to extremes in order to survive. 在丛林中, 他们为了生存被迫采取极端行动.3. She stinted herself of food in order to let the children have enough. 她自己省着吃,好让孩子们吃饱。5. She is sieving the rice in order to sieve out the stones. 她正在把米过筛,好把石头筛出。6. He lit a cigarette in order to calm his mind. 他点燃一支香烟,镇定一下情绪。不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式既有动词的性质,又有名词的性质。它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语。动词不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语、同位语等:动词不定式在句子中可以用作宾语补足语,常用的“动词+宾语+不定式”的句子结构中。不定式作宾语补足语的有以下八种类型:(下列句子中划线部分作宾语补足语)一)、许多动词可跟一个宾语 + to do构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语;否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do”。例如:My boss told me to type out two letters.分析:句中“My boss”做主语,“told”作谓语,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。They forbade her to leave the country.Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+(not)to do”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,re-quest,require,teach,tell,want,warn等。二)、有些动词可跟“宾语+to be”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:I consider him to be the best candidate.分析:句中“I”做主语,“consider”作谓语,“him”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。I know him to be a liar.I suppose him to be away from home.高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+to be”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:consider,declare,discover,feel,find,suppose等。三)、有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带to的不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:He saw her enter the room.分析:句中“He”做主语,“saw”作谓语,“her”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。She wont let me do it.I heard her lock the door.We watched the children play games.高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+do”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:feel,have,hear,let,make,notice,observe,see,watch等。还有两个词组:listen to,look at.注意:这类句子变为被动结构时,不定式前加to。请看下列句子,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。例如:A child was seen to enter the building.She was often heard to sing this song.四)、help后的不定式可加to,也可不加to(美国人不加to时较多),但被动结构中要加to。例如:Ill help you(to) push the cart.分析:句中“I”做主语,“will help”作谓语,“you”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。上句的被动语态为:Youll be helped to push the cart.五)、有些“动词+介词”的结构后也可跟不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:He shouted to me to come over.分析:句中“He”做主语,“shouted”作谓语,“to”为介词,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子,句子的结构为“动词+介词+宾语+to do”,划线部分为不定式,作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。I depend on you to do it.I am counting on you to help me through.高中范围内,适用于“动词+介词+宾语+to do”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:shout to sb.to do,call on sb. to do,count on sb. to do,depend on sb. to do,wait for sb. to do等。六)、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生,就需要用完成形式:He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.分析:句中“He”做主语,“was known”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由句意可知,“为国际奥委会工作”发生在前,“大家知道”发生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。They are believed to have discussed the problem.七)、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式:He is believed to be living in Mexico.分析:句中“He”做主语,“isbelieved”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由于句子表达主语现在正在发生的情况,故用不定式的进行形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.He is thought to be hiding in the woods.间或不定式作宾语补足语也可用于完成进行时。例如:She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.八)、不定式作宾语补足语的被动形式:he didnt want her son to be taken away.分析:句中“She”做主语,“didnt want”作谓语,“her son”作宾语,由于“her son”与“take away”之间为被动关系,故用被动形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。Id like this room to be redecorated.He didnt wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter.
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