资源描述
（一）定义及相关术语（一）定义及相关术语1.定语从句：定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。饰的先行词之后。2.先行词：先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词：关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等等关系副词有关系副词有:when,where,why关系词通常有下列三个作用：关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句引导定语从句；B.代替先行词代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。在定语从句中担当一个成分。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.（二）关系代词引导的定语从句（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who/that 指人，在定语从句中作主语。玩足球的男孩是一班的玩足球的男孩是一班的The boys are playing footballThey are from Class OneThe boys who are playing football are from Class One.每年每年来参观这个城市人的数目达到百万来参观这个城市人的数目达到百万The people come to visit this city each year The number of people reaches one million.The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.想去博物馆的人明早想去博物馆的人明早7点必须点必须在校门口在校门口Those must be at the school gate at tomorrowThey want to go to the museumThose who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人Yesterday I helped an old manHe had lost his wayYesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.这就是教我们物理的教师这就是教我们物理的教师This is the teacherHe teaches us physicsThat is the teacher who teaches us physics.2.whom/that/who 指人，在定语从句中指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。做宾语，常可省略。刘先生就是你在公共汽车见到的那个人刘先生就是你在公共汽车见到的那个人Mr Liu is the person You met him on the bus.Mr Liu is the person(whom)you talked about on the bus.你介绍给我的那个人非常好你介绍给我的那个人非常好The person is very kind.you introduced him to me The person that/whom you introduced to me is very kind.李明就是我想见的那个人李明就是我想见的那个人Li Ming is just the boy I want to see him.Li Ming is just the boy(whom)I want to see.你等的教授来了你等的教授来了The professor has come.you are waiting for himThe professor(whom)you are waiting for has come.老师经常表扬的女孩是班长老师经常表扬的女孩是班长The girl is our monitor.The teacher often praises The girl(whom)the teacher often praises is our monitor.注意：注意：关系代词关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式在口语或非正式文体中常可用文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。来代替，也可省略。The man is my old friend.You met him just now The man(whom/who)you met just now is my old friend.我今早看见的那个人在那？我今早看见的那个人在那？Where is the man I saw him this morning?Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?3.which/that 指物，在定语从句中做主指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。足球是大多数男孩喜欢的项目足球是大多数男孩喜欢的项目Football is a game Football is liked by most boys.Football is a game which is liked by most boys.制造电脑的工厂离这很远制造电脑的工厂离这很远The factory is far away from here.The factory makes computersThe factory which makes computers is far away from here.他喜欢读外国作家写的书他喜欢读外国作家写的书He likes to read books The books are written by foreign writers.He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.湖边的房子看起来很好湖边的房子看起来很好The house looks nice.The house is by the lake.The house which is by the lake looks nice.这就是他昨天买的钢笔这就是他昨天买的钢笔This is the pen.He bought it yesterday.This is the pen(which)he bought yesterday.他们昨晚想看的电影根本没趣他们昨晚想看的电影根本没趣The film was not interesting at all.They went to see it last night The film(which)they went to see last night was not interesting at all.春天后面的季节是夏天春天后面的季节是夏天The season comes after spring The season is summer.The season that/which comes after spring is summer.昨天我收到澳大利亚的来信昨天我收到澳大利亚的来信Yesterday I received a letter the letter came from Australia.Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from Australia.5.whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语从句中做定语。我拜访了名字全国文明的科学家我拜访了名字全国文明的科学家I visited a scientist His name is known all over the countryI visited a scientist whose name is known all over thecountry他有个当医生的朋友他有个当医生的朋友He has a friend.His father is a doctor.He has a friend whose father is a doctor.我曾经住在房顶踏的房子我曾经住在房顶踏的房子I once lived in the house Its roof has fallen in.I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.门坏了的教室马上修好门坏了的教室马上修好The classroom will soon be repaired.Its door is broken The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.你喜欢书皮是黄色的书吗你喜欢书皮是黄色的书吗Do you like the bookIts cover is yellow?Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?（三）（三）“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引引导的定语从句导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由宾语时，从句常常由“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引出。引出。.他曾经学习的那个学校非常有名他曾经学习的那个学校非常有名The school is very famousHe once studied in the schoolThe school(which/that)he once studied in is very famousThe school in which he once studied is very famous.明天我要把你要的杂志带来明天我要把你要的杂志带来Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine You asked for it.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine(which/that)you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.这就是我昨天和打网球的男孩这就是我昨天和打网球的男孩This is the boy I played tennis with him yesterdayThis is the boy(whom/who/that)I played tennis with yesterdayThis is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.我们要去听我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家我们要去听我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家Well go to hear the famous singer we have often talked about himWell go to hear the famous singer(whom/who/that)we have often talked AboutWell go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.我工作工厂的经理注重改善工作条件我工作工厂的经理注重改善工作条件The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.The manager in whose company I work pays much attention toimproving our working conditions.注意注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。在短语动词的后面。如：如：look for,look after,take care of 等。等。这就是我找的表这就是我找的表I am looking for the watch.This is the watch This is the watch(which/that)I am looking for.This is the watch for which I am looking.The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.The babies(whom/who/that)the nurse is looking after arevery healthy.若介词放在关系代词前，关若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用系代词指人时只可用whom，不不可用可用who,that；关系代词指物关系代词指物时只可用时只可用which，不可用不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour.The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”前还可有前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词等代词或者数词。他深爱父母，他们俩个对他也很好他深爱父母，他们俩个对他也很好He loves his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.篮子里有很多苹果，一些已经烂了篮子里有很多苹果，一些已经烂了In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.我班有我班有40名学生，大多数来自大城市名学生，大多数来自大城市There are forty students in our class in all,most of whom arefrom big cities.到现在为止，他写了到现在为止，他写了10个故事，个故事，三个关于农村生活三个关于农村生活Up to now,he has written ten stories,three of which areabout country life.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句四）关系副词引导的定语从句1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间语。指时间，在定语从句中作时间语。我仍然记得我上学的第一天我仍然记得我上学的第一天I still remember the day which I first came to this school on.I still remember the day on which I first came to this school.I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我们到一起的时刻终于来了我们到一起的时刻终于来了The time which we got together at finally arrivedThe time at which we got together finally arrived.The time when we got together finally arrived中华人民共和国成立于中华人民共和国成立于1949年年10月月1日日October 1,1949 was the day which the Peoples Republic of China was foundedon.October 1,1949 was the day on which the Peoples Republic of China was foundedOctober 1,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.你还记得他与祖父母住在农村的那些年吗你还记得他与祖父母住在农村的那些年吗Do you remember the years which he lived in the countryside with his grandparents inDo you remember the years in which he lived in the countryside with his grandparentsDo you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。语。上海就是我出生的城市上海就是我出生的城市Shanghai is the city which I was born in.Shanghai is the city in which I was born.Shanghai is the city where I was born.我十年前住的房子扒倒了我十年前住的房子扒倒了The house which I lived in ten years ago has been pulled down.The house in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我参观了养很多牛的农场我参观了养很多牛的农场I visited the farm which a lot of cows were raised on.I visited the farm on which a lot of cows were raised.I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised.这是我们和敌人作战的地方吗？这是我们和敌人作战的地方吗？Is this the place which they fought the enemy in?Is this the place in which they fought the enemy?Is this the place where they fought the enemy?3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。语。请告诉我你没赶上飞机的原因请告诉我你没赶上飞机的原因Please tell me the reason which you missed the plane forPlease tell me the reason for which you missed the plane.Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.他受惩罚的原因还不知道他受惩罚的原因还不知道The reason which he was punished for is unknown to us.The reason for which he was punished is unknown to us.The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.我不知道他看起来不高兴的原因我不知道他看起来不高兴的原因I dont know the reason which he looks unhappy for today.I dont know the reason for which he looks unhappy today.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.从上小学他就知道长大做什么从上小学他就知道长大做什么From the years when/in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.The reason why/for which he refused the invitation isquite clear.（一）限制性定语从句中只能（一）限制性定语从句中只能用用that 引导定语从句的情况引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something 除除外外),all,none,few,little,some等等代词时，或当先行词受代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。等代词修饰时。你把李先生说的都记下了吗？你把李先生说的都记下了吗？Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said?在他看来没有不可能的事情在他看来没有不可能的事情There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.所有能做的都做了所有能做的都做了All that can be done has been done.我为你能做的计划没有我为你能做的计划没有There is little that I can do for you.他呆在图书馆寻找他们需要的任何信息他呆在图书馆寻找他们需要的任何信息He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.注意注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词系代词who，所有被要求到她婚礼的客人都是重要人物所有被要求到她婚礼的客人都是重要人物All the guests that/who were invited to her wedding were important people.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。他们参观伦敦的第一个地方是他们参观伦敦的第一个地方是大本钟大本钟The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3.3.当先行词被形容词最高级当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。修饰时。这是这是 我看到过的最好电影我看到过的最好电影This is the best film that I have ever seen.4当先行词被 the very,the only 修饰时。这正是我要买的字典这正是我要买的字典This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.大火后，这辆旧车是他所有的唯一的东西大火后，这辆旧车是他所有的唯一的东西After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thingthat he owns.注意注意：当先行词指人时，通常用关系代词 who。王华是我校要参加会议的唯一学生王华是我校要参加会议的唯一学生Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend themeeting.5.当先行词前面有当先行词前面有who,which 等疑问代等疑问代词时词时。站在大门口的那个人是谁？站在大门口的那个人是谁？Who is the man that is standing by the gate?那个是最适合我的那个是最适合我的T-桖衫？桖衫？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6.6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。他们谈论他们在学校记得的人和事他们谈论他们在学校记得的人和事They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 看走在街上的那个人和驴看走在街上的那个人和驴Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的方式我不喜欢你嘲笑他的方式I dont like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）当的成分）.A.I know a place _ we can have a picnic.I know a place _is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.Compare:whereWhich/thatB.I will never forget the days _we spent our holidays together.I will never forget the days _we spenttogether.whenthat/whichC.This is the reason _he was dismissed.This is the reason _he explained to me forhis not attending the meeting.whythat/which（五）（五）but 有时也用作关系词有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。引导定语从句。There are very few but admire his talents.（but=who dont）（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句从句A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略B不可省略A可用that B不用thatA可用who 代替 whom B不可用who 代替 whom老师告诉我汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人老师告诉我汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.中国是一个历史悠久的国家中国是一个历史悠久的国家China is a country which has a long history.在街上我看见一个来自非洲的人在街上我看见一个来自非洲的人In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.限制性定语从句举例：非限制性定语从句举例非限制性定语从句举例：他母亲，非常爱他，对他要求很严他母亲，非常爱他，对他要求很严His mother,who loves him very much,is strict with him.中国，成立于中国，成立于1949年，变得越来越强大年，变得越来越强大China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.去年夏天我参观了人民大会堂，每年在去年夏天我参观了人民大会堂，每年在里面开很多会。里面开很多会。Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall,in which many important meetings are held every year.注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：1.Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her togo to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。）Her brother,who is now a soldier,always encourages herto go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含：她只有一个哥哥。）2.All the books that have pictures in them are well written.所有里面带插图的书都写得很好。（意含：不带插图的书则不一定写得好。）All the books,which have pictures in them,are well written.所有的书都带插图，这些书都写得很好。（意含：没有不带插图的书。）（二）关系代词（二）关系代词as和和which 引引导的定语从句导的定语从句as 和和which 引导非限制性定语从引导非限制性定语从句时，句时，其用法有相同之处，也其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是有不同之处。具体情况是 1.as 和和which都可以在定语从句都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。个句子。他娶她，和自然他娶她，和自然He married her,as/which was natural.他很诚实，正像我们看到的他很诚实，正像我们看到的He is honest,as/which we can see.2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，句之后。另外，as 常常有常常有“正如、正像正如、正像”的含义。的含义。众所周知，中国是发展中国家众所周知，中国是发展中国家As is known to all,China is a developing country.他来自南方，我们从口音可以知道他来自南方，我们从口音可以知道He is from the south,as we can know from his accent.众所周知，约翰是著名作家众所周知，约翰是著名作家John,as you know,is a famous writer.张华去巴黎十多次，我不信张华去巴黎十多次，我不信Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times,which I dont believe.注意：注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：如：汤姆一次一次迟到，使老师生气汤姆一次一次迟到，使老师生气Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.这些桌子是金属做的，很沉这些桌子是金属做的，很沉These tables are made of metal,which made them very heavy.3.当先行词受当先行词受such,the same 修饰时，关系修饰时，关系词常用词常用as。我从来没听他讲的这样故事我从来没听他讲的这样故事Ive never heard such stories as he tells.他没有看起来那样傻他没有看起来那样傻He is not such a fool as he looks.这就是我上周丢的同样字典这就是我上周丢的同样字典This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.注意注意：当先行词受当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意引导的定语从句意思有区别。思有区别。她穿她在玛丽婚礼上同一个连衣裙她穿她在玛丽婚礼上同一个连衣裙She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿和她妹妹一样的连衣裙她穿和她妹妹一样的连衣裙She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.(三三)以以the way为先行词的限制性定语为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由从句通常由in which或或that引导，而且通引导，而且通常可以省略。常可以省略。他回答问题的方式令人吃惊他回答问题的方式令人吃惊The way(that/in which)he answered the questions was surprising.1.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course,_ made the others unhappy.A.which B.who C.thisD.what2.After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A.which B.when C.that D.where3.The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A.who B.about whom C.whom D.with whom4.Please take any seat _ is free.A.which B.where C.in which D.that5.The old man has two sons,_ is a soldier.A.one of whom B.both of them C.all of whom D.none of them6.This is the ship _ we crossed the Pacific(太平洋太平洋).A.by which B.by that C.where D.in which7.New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大楼摩天大楼)_ has more than 100 storeys.A.the higher of them B.the highest of whichC.the highest of them D.some of which8.My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be.A.which B.as C.where D.when9.In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m.,_ many people have gone home.A.whose time B.that C.at which D.by which time10.The boy _ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.A.who B.whose C.thatD.which11.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it12.Mr.Wang is a boss,_ factory Li Ping worked.A.in whose B.whose C.in whom D.of which13.I dont like the way_ you speak to her.A./B.that C.in which D.All A,B,and C14.I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers,has a good effect on my life.A.that,which B.when,which C.which,that D.when,who15._ is known to all,China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A.What B.That C.As D.It16.Is this book _ you want to borrow from the library?A.that B.which C.the one D./17.Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand.A.that B.which C.as D.like18.The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _ were popular then.A./B.that C.which D.who19.This is the store _ we visited the famous shop assistants.A.where B.there C.that D.which20.Im going to spend my holiday in Beijing,_ live my old parents.A.which B.that C.where D.there21.If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men,women will spend more time in the shop.A.that B.which C.when D.where22.why does she always ask you for help?there is no one else _,is there?A.who to turn to B.she can turn toC.for whom to turn D.for her to turn23.The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.A.which;where B.at which;whichC.at which;where D.which;in which（六）定语从句与同位语从句（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别的区别1 1定语从句修饰限定先行词，定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.The fact that he has already died is quite clear.2 2定语从句由关系代词或关定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,what等连等连词引导，这些连词则在从句词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。中担当成分。The news that he told me is true.The news that he has just died is true.The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.The question that he raised puzzled all of us.The question whether he is sure to win the game is hardto answer.3同位语从句与先行词一般可同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词以用动词 be 发展成一个完整的发展成一个完整的句子句子,而定语从句则不能。而定语从句则不能。A.The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B.The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C.Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals.The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.
展开阅读全文