任务型阅读 (3)

任务型阅读一、题型特征任务型阅读通常采用一篇300500词左右的短文或表格的考查形式，所选取的短文通常是英语文学作品、科普文章、公告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。其表格呈现形式常常为：对比推进式的表格类或先总后分式的树状类。考生阅读后应能对文中的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括，然后准确、有序地完成表格的空缺(根据说明，一空只填一词)。这不仅要求考生具有较好的语篇理解能力，同时还必须具有获取有效信息、把握文章整体结构的能力；在解题过程中，考生还必须具备较扎实的词法和句法知识，因为所填写的单词不仅要准确表达意思，还必须在词性和词形上与上下文的句子结构保持一致或匹配。该题型的出现不仅有利于考查学生把握文章的篇章结构、综合处理信息的能力，体现出了新课改通过增加客观表达题作出的努力，同时也对英语教学和高考复习提出了极高的要求。二、题型分类(1) 原词重现：比较题干和原文所提供的信息，通过定位该题在文章中的位置即可找到答案，该答案一般为原词。(2012江苏卷)原文：But because success is a moving targetas soon as you hit your target，you raise it againthe happiness that results from success does not last long.As a matter of fact，your (77)_ wont keep your happiness long(2) 词性转化：分析题干，确定该空词性，然后根据信息源，找出所需转化的词汇，最后通过语法、结构等方面的要求提炼出新词。(2012江苏卷)原文：In an analysis of 225 academic studies，researchers found strong evidence of causeandeffect relationship between life satisfaction and successful business outcomes.The “happiness advantage”effect is (78)_ proved by research findings(3)固定搭配：根据题干和原文的语境和句意，通过语法、结构、搭配等方面的分析，对答案加以推断。(2012江苏卷)原文概括：Burts Bees thenCEO，John Wolfgang，took a different approach.Each day，hed send out an email praising a team member for work related to global marketing.Hed interrupt his own presentations to remind his managers to talk with their teams about the companys values.He asked me to further a threehour session with employees on happiness in the course of the expansion effort.John Wolfgang was (73)_ of his assistants feelings(4) 总结概括：做该类型题时，需根据表格中所对应的细节信息，结合文章内容来进行分析总结，概括出答案，要求较高。(2010江苏卷)原文概括：When people discovered that idea about a thousand years ago and invented the compass，it allowed sailors to navigate on ocean voyages，even under cloudy skies.The (78)_ of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass原因和结果cause(s) (of.); reason(s)( for.); effect(s); result(s); consequence(s) 态度观点attitude(s) ( to/ towards); opinion(s) (on/about.)比较comparison(s) between A and B 异同difference(s); similarity(similarities)优劣benefit(s); (dis)advantage(s); 目的purpose(s); aim(s)建议预计Advice/ sution(s)/tip(s)问题problem(s)方式方法means (of.); method(s)(of) ; way(s)(to do); approach(es)(to doing) ; solution(s) to sth; how (to do.)总结概括summary; conclusion特点feature (s); characteristic(s)重要意义significance; importance; meaning定义主题definition; theme; topic来源用途source; origin; use(s); usage; function(s)种类kind(s); type(s); category( categories)步骤过程steps; procedures; process措施行动measures; steps; action(s)评论评价反应comment(s)(on/about); remark(s)(on/upon); assessment; response (to .sth) ; reaction(to sth)背景信息简介background information(on/ about.); brief introduction(to)事件时间地点event(s); time; place和人有关的名词birthday, birthplace, death, nationality, education, appearance, salary, activity(activities); achievement(s)和地方有关的名词a place of interest, a tourist attraction, tourism, destination, area, location, history, climate, population, culturecultural, politicspolitical; economyeconomic; custom(s), tradition(s), transport/ transportation; the living conditions和疾病有关的名词definition; cause(s), symptom(s); prevention; treatment(s) 三、解题思路第一步：读懂短文主要意思、了解文章大意。这是解题的第一环，也是关键的一步。只有读懂了文章，才能顺利地在表格中填出相关的信息。值得注意的是：如果表格前提供了小标题，要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了标题有助于理解短文和表格的大意和结构。第二步：理清短文主体结构、了解短文的写作思路和线索结构。这有助于加深对篇章内容的理解，同时短文的结构往往也是很重要的命题线索，表格项目基本上就是根据篇章结构而设计的。第三步：分析完表格后细读文章，确定答案。仔细阅读文章，寻找相关信息及关键词。学会推理判断，力争返回原文，找出文章哪一部分与题目相关，抓住关键词语，以此为线索，在文中找出相关的词、句、句群，进行归纳，巧妙运用转换，进而推出答案。第四步：检查答案。主要检查字数是否符合要求，所填内容与原文意思是否保持通顺一致，句意是否连贯，是否符合语法规则等。【真题回顾】(2013江苏卷) Quiet Virtue: The ConscientiousThe everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责)being punctual, careful in doing work, selfdisciplined, and scrupulous(一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilitiesare typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. Its the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semiskilled labour to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer(缓冲) against the threat of job loss in todays constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others dont show the same high levels of model behaviour. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize coworkers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity(自发性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness. Quiet Virtue: The conscientiousFeatures of conscientiousnessConscientious people are very (71) _ with themselves.Conscientious people are very (72) _to others. (73) _ of conscientiousnessConscientiousness keeps an organization (74) _ smoothly. Conscientious employees at the lower levels give outstanding (75)_.The most conscientious salespersons usually have the largest volume of sales. Conscientious employees re less likely to be (76)_.Possible (77)_ with conscientiousnessEmployers evaluations of the work of conscientious people can be (78)_.Conscientious people without social skills tend to have (79)_ relationships with their fellow workers.Conscientiousness can (80)_ creativity, especially in professions calling for imagination.