第六讲 并列句和复合句

第六讲并列句和复合句教学目标:1.掌握并列句的构成和用法。2.熟练掌握宾语从句的构成和基本用法。3熟练掌握状语从句的构成和基本用法。、并列句用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫做并列句。（一）并列句的构成其结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。（二）常用的并列连词1.常见的用于连接两个简单句的并列连词有：and,but,or,so,for。词意用法and和，并且表示顺延或并列，如果两个分句都是肯定语气，用and连接。or否则，或者表示选择，如果两个分句的语气为一个冃定，一个否定，则应用or连接。but但是表示转折，but与though/although不能同时用在一个句子中。so所以表示结果，由so连接的并列句可转换成because引导的主从复合句，两者不能同时用在一个句子中表示“因为所以”。for因为表示原因，是对另一个分句的补充说明，但不能放在句子的开头。2.其他的并列连词有：then,while,when,notonly.butalso.,neither.。nor,either.or,aswellas等。二、复合句复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句和从句都具有完整的主谓结构,主句是全句的主体,从句是主句中的一部分,不能独立存在。根据从句在全句中的不同作用,从句可分为：宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在这里重点讲解宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。（一）宾语从句1.宜语从句的引导词引导词用法例句that本身无意义（口语中可省去）当宾语从句是陈述句时Ireallybelieve(that)Tomwillhelpus.我确头相信汤姆会帮助我们。if/whether.(ornot)是否当宾语从句是一般疑问句时ImnotsureifI11havetime.我不敢肯定我是否会有时问。what，who，where，how，when，why，which，whose，whom等当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时Pleasetellmewhenyouwereborn.请告诉我你是何时出生的。Idliketoknowwhatyouwantbest.我想知道你最想要什么东西。whether和if引导宾语从句时，一般情况下可以互换，但在下列情况下须用whether,不能用if。 具有选择意义，宾语从句中有or或ornot时。例如：Wereallydontknowwhethernewsistrueornot.我们真的不知道这消息是否是真的。 在介词后接宾语从句或不定式时。例如：Wearetalkingaboutwhetherwe11gobacktoourhometown.我们正在讨论是否回老家去。 作discuss等词的宾语时。例如：Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosetheshop.我们讨论了是否应该把商店关掉。2宾语从句的语序宾语从句无论是陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句意义，一律用陈述句语序，即“主语+谓语”结构。句尾标点符号取决于主句。例如：Areyouastudent?Heasks.fHeasksifyouareastudent.他问你是否是学生。Wheredoeshework?Doyouknow?fDoyouknowwhereheworks?你知道他在哪工作吗？3宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态一致。具体情况如下表：主句时态从句时态例句一般现在时根据实际情况而定IhearthathewenttoBeihaiyesterday.我听说他昨天去北海了。一般过去时过去的某种时态HesaidhisfatherwouldtakehimtoShanghai.他说他爸爸将带他去上海。一般过去时或其他时态客观事实或真理只用一般现在时表示Myfathertoldmethatthesunrisesintheeast.爸爸告诉我太阳从东方升起。（二）状语从句1时间状语从句时态：当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句或含有将来的意义时，由when,assoonas,tilluntil，before引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时。例如：Assoonashereturnshome，I11letyouknow.他一回到家，我就告诉你。弓丨导词：由when，while，as，since，after，before，until/till，assoonas等连词弓Iwhenwhileas不同占八、主、从句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以是先后发生强调在某一时间内主、从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时问里发生强调主、从句的从句中的谓语动词既可以是瞬间动词也可以是延续性动词从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词动作同时发生相同占八、意思均为“当时”导。a)when，while与as例如：FatherwaswaitingformewhenIgothomeyesterday.昨天我到家时，爸爸正在等我。Whilewewerehavingameeting,mysistercameintoaskforme.正当我们开会时，我妹妹进来找我。Shesanghappilyshewalkedalongthelake.她一边沿着湖边走，一边欢快地唱着歌。b）till与untiluntiltill共同占八、意思为“直到才”，均可用于“.until/till.”句型主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定形式；当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句须用否定结构不同占八、可用在句型“notuntil”中不可用在句型“nottill”正式用语，可放在句首非正式用语，不可放在句首例如：Ididntgotobeduntil/tillhecamebackat11oclocklastnight.直到他昨晚11点回来我才睡觉。PleaseWaithereuntilIcomeback.请在这等，直到我回来。c）since引导的从句，表示“自以来”，从句中的谓语动词表示动作的起点，要用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词表示延续性动作，通常情况下使用现在完成时。在句型“Itis/hasbeen.since+从句中，从句用一般过去时，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。例如：Itistenyearssinceshejoinedthearmy.她参军已有十年了。2.条件状语从句条件状语从句由if（如果）,aslongas（只要），unless（除非）等引导。如果主句为祈使句、一般将来时或含有情态动词时，从句用一般现在时。例如：IfitSNOWStomorrow，wewillhaveadayortwooff.如果明天下雪的话，我们将放假一两天。Wewontgotohispartyunlessheinvitesus.如果他不邀请我们的话，我们就不去参加他的晚会。if的用法if可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句。其用法如下宾语从句条件状语从句引导词if意思是否如果作用作主句的宾语作主句的状语时态主句一般现在时或一般将来时一般将来时从句根据从句实际情况而定从句用一般现在时代替将来例句Imnotsureifshewillcome.我不能确定她是否会来。Iwilltellyouifshecomes.如果她来了，我会告诉你。 3.结果状语从句结果状语从句由so，so.that.，such.that.，sothat等引导。 so.that.与such.that.区别so.that.so+形容词/副词+that从句so+much/little+不可数名词+thatso+many/few+可数名词复数+thatso+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+thatsuch.that.such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+thatsuch+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that例如：Itissocoldoutsidethatnobodywillgoouttoplay.外面很冷，以至没有人愿意出去玩。HehassomanybooksthatIdontknowwhichoneIshouldborrow.他有这么多书，我不知道该借哪一本。Heissuchagoodmanthatwealllikehim.Heissogoodamallthatwealllikehim.他是一个大好人，我们都喜欢他。4. 原因状语从句原因状语从句由because，as，since等引导。如果是直接原因，通常用because引导；如果原因是人们已知的事实，用since引导；如果原因和理由是不言而喻、为人所知的、显而易见的，用as引导。由since，as引导的原因状语从句，一般位于主句之前。例如：Jimdidntgotoschoolyesterdaybecausehewasill.吉姆昨天没去上学，因为他病了。Sincewearemiddleschoolstudents,weshouldlistentoourteachers.既然我们是中学生,我们就应该听老师的话。5. 目的状语从句目的状语从句由sothat，so，inorderthat等引导。从句中常用can，could，may，might等情态动词。例如：Myfathergetsupearlyeverydaysothathecancatchthefirstbus.爸爸每天都起得很早，以便能赶上头班车。6. 让步状语从句让步状语从句由although,though等引导。意思为“虽然（尽管）但是，要注意不能与but用在同一个句子中。例如：Althoughthedoctorwastired,hewentonworking.尽管这个医生很累了，但他还继续工作。7. 比较状语从句比较状语从句由than，as.as，notso.as等引导。例如：Heisastallashisfather.他和他爸爸一样高。8. 地点状语从句地点状语从句由where，wherever等引导。例如：Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.有志者事竟成。（三）定语从句1. 概论定语从句在复合句里起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有who，whom，whose，which，that，when，where，why等。2.关系词的基本用法先行词关系词例句人who，whom，thatThisisthemanwho/thattookthephoto.这就是扌白这张照片的人。物matt,whichThetrainthat/whichhasjustleftisforBeijing.刚刚离开的那列火车是开往北京的。时间whenWe11neverforgetthedayswhenweworkedtogether我们永远都不会忘记在一起工作的时光。地点whereThisistheplacewheremygrandparentslived这就是我祖父母居住过的地方。语法专练：1. 一、单项选择Idontknowhewillcometomorrow.hecomes,Illtellyou2. if;WhetherB.whether;WhetherC.if;ThatD.if;IfIdontknowthedayaftertomorrow.3. whendoeshecomeB.howwillhecomeC.ifhecomesD.whetherhellcomeCouldyoutellmethenearesthospitalis?4. whatB.howC.whetherD.whereCouldyoutellmetheradiowithoutanyhelp?D.whathemendedA. whomisshelookingafterC.whomisshelooking6. Doyouknowwherenow?7. Doyouknowwhattime?B. whomsheislookingD.whomsheislookingafterC. helivedD.didhelive8. A.thetrainleaveB.doesthetrainleaveC.willthetrainleaveD.thetrainleavesIdontknow.Canyoutellme,please?9. C.thetwoplayersarehowoldD.howoldthetwoplayersareThesmallchildrendontknow.二、按要求转换句型whatisintheirstockingswhatintheirstockingswhatChristmasdoesmeanD.whatChristmasmeans1. DoesMr.BrownenjoylivinginChina?Couldyoutellus?（改写句子）CouldyoutellusMr.BrownlivinginChina?2. Doesthegirlneedanyhelp?”heaskedme.（变为复合句）3. HeaskedmethegirlsomehelpJimisnotastudent.Tomisnotastudent,either.（合并为一个句子）JimTomisastudent.4. Whendoesthetrainleave?Iwanttoknow.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）Iwanttoknowthetrain.5. Theywenthomeaftertheyhadfinishedtheirhomework.（用notuntil改写）6. TheygohometheyhadfinishedtheirhomeworkDidPetercomehereyesterday?LiLeiwantstoknow.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）LiLeiwantstoknowPeterhereyesterday.三、完形填空Mr.WangteachesEnglishinamiddleschool.Helikeshisworkverymuch.Hewantedteacherevenwhenhewasayoungboy.TherearesixclassesinaschooldayatMr.Wangsmiddleschool.Mr.Wangteachersfiveofthesesixclasses.2hisfreehourfrom2to3intheafternoon,Mr.Wang3meetwithparents,checkstudentshomeworkand4manyotherthings.SoMr.Wangworkshardfromthemomenthegetstoschoolearlyinthemorninguntilheleavesforhomelateintheafternoon,andhisfreehourisnotfreeatall.InhisEnglishlesson,Mr.Wangsometimesteachespoems（诗）.Helikespoemsverymuch,andhelikesLiBaispoems5ofall.6thepoem,thestudentsbegantoaskquestions.Heansweredallthequestions.Thenheaskedhisstudentstotalkaboutthepoem.7onewantedtostopwhenthebellrang.89thepoem.Whentheystartedtotalk,theyforgotaboutthetime.Hedidnothavetomakethem10.Heonlyhadtoanswertheirquestionsandhelpthemunderstandthepoem.B.beingC.tobeD.beB.AtC.ToD.OnB.hasC.abletoD.willB.careofC.takecareofD.becarefulofB.goodC.wellD.bestB.toreadC.readD.doingB.NoC.HavenoD.AnyB.TohiswayC.OnhiswayD.InthewayB.askedC.hadD.wantedB.tolearnC.learnD.leant四、阅读理解Manyyoungpeoplewanttobepopstars.Popstarsarerich.Manypeoplethinktheyareleadingahappyandeasylife.Isthattrue?Theanswerisdefinitelyno.Infact,theyhaveveryhardlives.Theyspendmuchoftheirtimeontravel.Sometimesthetravelisinteresting,butinmosttimeitisboringtopopstars.Thefollowingchartisadayslifeofapopstar.Feb.l0,20075:00Wokeupandhadbreakfastinthehotel.Packedbags.Tooktaxitoairport.7:30Planetookoffhalfanhourlaterthanusualforthebadweather.8:30Planelanded.Waitedforluggage（行李）forhalfanhour.Signedforfansattheairport.9:45Arrivedatthehotelandhadashortrest.10:00Startedouttoattendthemeetingwithfansandgaveaninterviewtothelocalreporters.11:00Wenttoradiostationtoattendtheliveshow.12:00Hadlunchwithlocalproducer（制片人）I3:00Wenttotheatreandpreparedforthenightsshow.Thelightingofthetheatrewasgood,butthebanddidpoorly.17:00Backtohotel.Triedtohavearest.Stillworriedabouttheband.18:00Hadsupper,butatelittle.18:30Wenttotheatreagainandgotreadyforshow.19:30Sangverywell,andaudiencegaveawarmwelcome.Thebandimprovedalittle.22:00Showwasover.Verytiredfromit.23:00Backtohotel.Tookabath.Tooexcitedtosleep,sowatchedTV.0:00Fellasleep,withTVon.根据表格内容，选择正确答案。1. ThepopstarwentbacktothehotelonFeb.10,2006.2. A.onceB.twiceC.threetimesD.fourtimesAccordingtothechart,thepopstarwasgoodatA.singingB.dancingC.makingfacesThepopstarfeltaftertheperformance.4.Thebanddidintherehearsal（彩排）inthenightsshow.A.betterintheshowthanB. worseintheshowthanC.intheshowasbadasD.nottellushowthebanddid5.Thispassagemainlytellsusthat.A.popstarsarenotrichinfactyoungpeoplehadbetternotbepopstarstherearemanyyoungpeoplewantingtobepopstarsD.popstarsdonthaveaneasylifeastheyseemtohave成功体验、单项选择1.Idontknowhewillcometomorrow.hecomes,Illtellyou2. A.if;WhetherB.whether;WhetherC.if;ThatD.if;IfIdontknowthedayaftertomorrow.3. ifhecomesD.whetherhellcomeCouldyoutellmethenearesthospitalis?4. A.whatB.howC.whetherD.whereCouldyoutellmetheradiowithoutanyhelp?5. howhemendedD.whathemendedIwanttoknow.B.whomsheislookingD.whomsheislookingafternow?_?A.whomisshelookingafter6. whomisshelookingDoyouknowwhere7.8. A.thetrainleaveB.doesthetrainleaveC.willthetrainleaveD.thetrainleavesIdontknow.Canyoutellme,please?9. C.thetwoplayersarehowoldD.howoldthetwoplayersareThesmallchildrendontknow.D.二、句型转换1.DoesMr.BrownenjoylivinginChina?Couldyoutellus?（改写句子）CouldyoutellusMr.BrownlivinginChina?2. Doesthegirlneedanyhelp?”heaskedme.（变为复合句）3. HeaskedmethegirlsomehelpJimisnotastudent.Tomisnotastudent,either.（合并为一个句子）JimTomisastudent.4. Whendoesthetrainleave?Iwanttoknow.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）Iwanttoknowthetrain.5. Theywenthomeaftertheyhadfinishedtheirhomework.（用notuntil改写）TheygohometheyhadfinishedtheirhomeworkDidPetercomehereyesterday?LiLeiwantstoknow.（改为含宾语从句的复合句）LiLeiwantstoknowPeterhereyesterday.三、完形填空MartinHenfieldtalksaboutsomeofhisexperience（经历）asatwin:whenweweresmallmymotherdressedus1thesameclothes.Thatwasbadenoughandwedidntlikeit.Butwewentonourfirstcampingtrip,itwaseven_2_Wewereonlytenyearsold,andwhile_3wentintotheirsleepingbagsforthe4,wewerenothappytosnuggle（偎依）insideadoublesleepingbagmymothermadeforus.Atschoolourclassmates5usHenfieldOneandHenfieldTwo,sopeople6evenseeourdifferenceaccordingtoourinitialsbecause7o8andbegantohavemyownfriendsthatIstartedtofeelmyownfreedomofidentity（身份）.BeforeIwenttocollege,duringmysecondaryschool_9_,I_10_toajobonabuildingsite.Mytwinbrother,MikeHenfield,didntwork.OnedayIaskedmyboss,“CanIhaveaweek11?“Certainly,hesaid,“butyouwonthavethejobwhenyou12back.Ididntwantto_13_thejob.SoonMondaymorning,Mikewentthereinmy14,jacketandhatandheworkedformeforoneweek15_ofthemknewthedifference.B.forC.onD.withB.worseC.goodD.betterB.anotherboyC.alltheotherboysD.alltheboysB.holidayC.nightD.mid-nightB.knewC.toldD.made6.A.didntB.needntC.mustntD.couldntB.eachC.bothD.allB.collegeC.highschoolD.schoolB.weekC.weekendD.holidayB.gotC.findD.madeB.freeC.onD.backB.willgetC.gotD.areB.loseC.lostD.losingB.shirtC.shoesD.trousersB.NobodyC.AllD.Each