形容词和副词 (2)

高中英语语法复习专题讲解高中英语语法复习专题讲解 形容词和副词形容词和副词 一形容词、副词的作用与位置形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。Its an interesting book.The book is interesting.形容词除了作定语、表语外，还可充当补语、状语The news that our class had won the final game made us happy.The glass fell to the ground,broken and the old man fell to the floor,dead.副词用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。The price is surprisingly high.He is walking slowly in the garden.He drives extremely carefully.Luckily,he passed the driving test.以下属几种特殊情况（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。a language difficult to master（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。a man alive有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,常后置。I have something important to tell you.（4）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind等。The poor are losing hope.穷人将失去希望。有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用.如the British，the English，the French，the ChineseThe English have wonderful sense of humor.英国人颇有幽默感。（5）enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。He is not old enough to go to school.（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.（7）频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前。I usually get up at six.Im always the first one to get to school.（8）副词作定语，定语后置。The person there is waiting for you.9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+描绘性形容词+size（大小）+shape（形状）+age（年龄、时间）+color（颜色）+origin（国籍、来源）+material（材料）+purpose（目的）+名词。多个形容词排列顺序的口诀：“县官行令谢国材”，其含义是：“县”（限）代表限定词，包括冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词等。“官”（观）代表表示观点的描绘性形容词，如fine，beautiful，interesting等。“行”（形）表大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词，如small，tall，high，little，round“令”（龄）代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词如old，young“谢”（“色”的近似音）代表表示颜色的形容词，如white，black，yellow等。“国”代表国籍、地区、出处的形容词（或名词），如English，American，mountain等。“材”则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词，如stone，wooden，silk，plastic等。a fine old stone bridge 一座古老的漂亮的石桥his large new black foreign car 他那辆新的大型黑色外国进口汽车a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,the mans first interesting little red French oil paintings（10）以-ly结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、silly、likely、timely,weekly,daily等。表原意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：deep深 deeply深入地 wide宽广 widely广泛地 high高 highly高度地 low位置低 lowly地位卑微 有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：dead完全，绝对 be dead asleep deadly非常 be deadly tired pretty相当 be pretty certain that prettily漂亮地 be prettily dressed close近 Dont sit close.closely密切地 Watch closely!late晚、迟 arrive late,come late lately最近 I havent seen him lately.(recently).二 复合形容词的构成（1）形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的 (2)形容词+形容词 red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的（3）形容词+现在分词 good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的（4）副词+现在分词 hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的（5）副词+过去分词 hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的（6）名词+形容词 life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的（7）名词+现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的（8）名词+过去分词 snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的（9）数词+名词+ed four-storyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的（10）数词+名词（名词用单数）ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的 三 形容词和副词的比较等级 1形容词的比较级和最高级（1）一般情况 加er,est smaller,smallest（2）以e 结尾 加r,st larger,largest（3)以辅音字母+y 结尾的词 改y为i，再加er,est busier,busiest（4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母 双写末尾辅音字母，加er,est fatter,fattest（5)以ow,er结尾的双音节词 加er,est narrower,narrowestcleverer,cleverest（6)多数双音节和多音节的词 加more most more beautiful,most important 2 副词的比较级和最高级（1)大多数以ly结尾的副词前加more 和most more/most carefully（2）少数单音节副词，加er,est faster,fastest 3几个特殊的形容词和副词的不规则变化 good/well-better-bestbad/ill/badly-worse-worst many/much more-mostlittle less-least far farther/further farthest-furtherold older/elder oldest-eldest 四比较级和最高级的常用句型 1.形容词原级的用法 形容词的原级常用于asas及not as(so)as两种句型中.中间的形容词必须是原级.句型asas,表示两者相比较,程度相同.例如:The old man walks as fast as a young man.这位老人走路与年轻人一样快.Science is as important as Math.自然科学与数学一样重要.(2)句型not as(so)as,表示前者不如后者.Im not as tall as Jack.我没有杰克高.She doesnt run so fast as I.她没有我跑得快.This warship is not so big as that one.这艘军舰没有那艘大.(3)需要注意的形容词的原级用法:数词+times+as+形容词原级+as(是的几倍).This tree is twice as short as that one.这棵树比那棵树矮一倍.My scores are three times as many as yours.我的分数是你的三倍.This road is four times as wide as that one.这条马路的宽度是那条的四倍.half+as+形容词原级+as(的一半).例如:My English is not half as good as yours.我的英语不如你的一半好.This town is half as big as ours.这个城镇有我们城镇的一半大.The rivers in the north arent half as many as those in the south.北方的河流不如南方的一半多.asas结构中,若形容词作定语修饰可数名词单数,不定冠词a(an)置于形容词与名词之间.English is as important a subject as Math.英语是和数学同样重要的一门学科.Uncle Wang is as good a man as my father.王叔叔是与我父亲同样好的一个人.This is as famous a school as ours.这是一所与我们学校同样著名的学校.4）由as as组成的形容词或副词短语 as much as+不可数名词数量。Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.as many as+可数名词数量 多达 I have as many as sixteen reference books.as early as 早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.as far as远到；就而知（论）We might go as far as(走到)the church and back.As far as I know（就我所知）,he has been there before.may(might,could)as well不妨、不如 Then you might as well stay with us here.as as possible 尽可能Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.2.形容词比较级的用法(1)表示两者之间比较时,用形容词比较级+than或lessthan两种句型.Your mother looks healthier than bef7ore.你妈妈看上去比以前健康了.Im less interested in basketball than you.我没有你对篮球感兴趣.注意：比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，one只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk.The water in winter feels colder than that in summer.注意:在比较级句型中，要遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.(2)形容词的比较级还可以用于以下句型中.more and more 越来越.例如:The park is getting more and more beautiful.这个公园变得越来越美了.China had become stronger and stronger.中国已变得越来越强大了.the morethe more 越就越.例如:The more books we read,the cleverer we will become.我们读的书越多,就会变得越聪明.The sooner,the better.越早越好.The more exercise we take,the healthier we are.我们越锻炼,身体就越健康.the+比较级+of the two两个中较的一个.Id like to go to the farther of the two places.我愿意去两个地方中更远的那个地方.She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那两个女孩中较胖的一个.比较级+than any other+单数名词比其他任何都.例如:Li Lei is taller than any other boy in his class.李雷比他班上其他任何一个男孩都高.(李雷最高)The population of China is larger than any others in the world.中国的人口比世界上其他任何国家的人口都多.(暗指中国人口最多)形容词比较级前还可以用much,a lot,far,even,still,a little,no,any等表示程度的词来修饰.I feel a little better than yesterday.我感觉比昨天好一点儿了.The job is far more difficult than before.这工作比以前要难得多.用于否定 no+比较级+than 和一样不 He is no richer than I.他和我一样不富有。7.用于否定 最不过 His work couldnt be worse.他的工作再糟糕不过了。3.形容词最高级的用法(1)三者或三者以上相比较,用the+最高级+名词+范围结构.This is the cleanest place of the city.这是这个城市最干净的地方.Hu Yun is the fastest of all the girls in our class.胡云是我们班女生中跑得最快的.(2)表示最之一,用one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词“The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.中国的长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一.This is one of the most interesting books that Ive ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书之一.注意：形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,但最高级前面有物主代词修饰时,则不加the.例如:这是我最好的朋友.(正)This is my best friend.(误)This is my the(the my)best friend.五、几种常见的形容词句型 1.形容词+介词+名词(或代词或动名词)Im not interested in playing computer games.我对打电脑游戏不感兴趣.My parents are pleased with my studies.我父母对我的学习感到满意.2.It is(was)+形容词+of/for+名词(或代词)+不定式 Its foolish of me to make such a mistake.犯这样的错误,我真是太傻了.It was kind of the driver to send the old man home.这位司机把老人送回家,他真是太好了.Its difficult for me to finish the work in a day.对我来说,一天之内完成这项工作很难.3.形容词+不定式 常用于这种句型的形容词有:able,sure,lucky,ready,happy,likely等.例如:She is sure to pass the exam.她一定会通过考试的.Im lucky to meet you here.我真幸运,能在这儿碰到你.六几个无比较意义的比较级句型归纳 1.no more than=only 只有，仅仅，只不过 There are no more than a hundred people in the hall.大厅里只有100人。2.not more than=at the most 不超过，至多 There are not more than a hundred people in the hall.大厅里至多100人。3.no less than 多达，不少于 He made no less than500.他赚了多达五百英镑的钱。He walks no less than five miles to school.他上学至少要走五英里。4.less than 不到，不太，极不 I wont take less than$5000 for my car.我的汽车低于5000美元不卖。The boys were less than happy about having a party.开晚会男孩子并不很高兴。5.more than 多于，超过(=over，后接数词)；不只是(=not only，后接名词、动词或副词)；非常，十分(=very，后接形容词、副词、动词或分词)；难以，完全不能(用于more thancan)He was more than seventy years of age.他有七十多岁了。He more than smiled,but laughed.他不只是微笑而是大笑。They were more than glad to help.他们非常乐于帮忙。That is more than I can tell.那我就不知道了。6.more or less(=almost,nearly,about)基本上，差不多，大约 The work is more or less finished.工作基本上完成了。The repairs will cost$30,more or less.修理费大约要30美元。7.sooner or later 迟早，早晚，总有一天 You should tell her because shell find out sooner or later.你还是告诉她吧因为她早晚会发觉的。8.whats more 而且，此外，还有，更有甚者 I missed the bus and had to walk home.Whats more,it was raining and I got all wet.我赶不上巴士，不得不走回家，而且那时正在下雨，我全身都湿透了。9.no soonerthan 一就 He had no sooner arrived than he was asked to leave again.他刚到就被支走了。