资源描述
中国地质大学长城学院 本科毕业设计外文资料翻译 系 别： 工程技术系 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 姓 名： 张增良 学 号： 05211525 清扫车的关键技术研究 在我国，由于清 扫 车发展时间较短，使用数量较少，研究开发人员有限，又没有专门的研究机构 对其进行研究，所以缺少对清车主要部件的关键技术研究，为了提高吸扫式和纯吸式清 洁 车设计的 能力，必须对 其主要部件 清扫系统、 风机 、风道系统和除尘系统以及零部件的耐磨性等进行试验 研究，以提高清扫车设计的理论水平。 1 加强对清车专用 风机 的关键技术研究 风机 是清车中一个相当重要的部件， 风机 是清 洁 集尘的心脏部分，大的风量和风压是高效集 尘的可靠保证， 必须选用高效能的离心式 风机 ，由于清 扫 车的作业工况的不稳定性，因此在选用 风机 时必须留有一定的余量这样才能保证清扫车在各种路况 下达到完美的集尘效果，由于空间布置的限制 风机 的外形应尽可能紧凑，同时降低噪声是选择风 机时考虑的重要因素之一。我国清 扫 车的 风机 与发达国家的有较大差距，目前，我国清 扫 车的 风机 大 多数都采用通用 风机 或由通用 风机 改制的 风机 。由于通用 风机 是为一般用途的通风而设计的，其体 积、耐磨性、防尘能力等都不能满足清扫车恶劣工况的要求。可以说，目前我国清 扫 车使用的 风机 ， 大大影响了清扫车的性能。因此，清扫车生产企业应加强对清扫车专用 风机 的研究，从 风机 叶片形 状、叶片材料、进出风口的形状和位置、加工工艺等进行探讨，设计出体积小、风量大、噪声低、耐 磨的 风机 。 2 压缩空气系统的关键技术研究 压缩空气系统也是清扫车作业动力的重要组成部分，压缩空气系统是由底盘发动机提供压缩空气 驱动气缸产生预定动作完成以下各项功能 ：调节盘刷接地压力、对盘刷起缓冲保护作用， 当遇到凸起地面时会顺势上浮，气压的调节在驾驶室内完成， 滚刷两端各有一个提升气缸，另一端悬挂在车架上，操纵电控系统使气缸带动滚刷完成升降动作， 提升气缸还可以调整接地压力，使之与地面有 20o 圆 弧接触。提升气缸为液压阻尼气缸，保证始终与地面接触且接地压力相等，还可起阻尼缓冲作用， 保证滚刷不受冲击。吸口翘角气缸可抬高吸口前缘将大块垃圾吸入，在开始或停止时提升气缸将吸口 提升或降至地面。 3 清洁集尘系统的关键技术研究 清扫集尘系统包括盘刷装置、滚刷装置、吸口装置、和集尘箱等部分，这是清扫车的关键部件。 盘刷装置担负着清扫和收集护栏附近和隔离带角的垃圾的任务，它由盘刷及支架、油马达、摆臂机 构、油缸及支架、钢丝及滚轮机构挡板及传动机构组成。滚刷装置主要是对公路中部大面积的路面 清扫和将垃圾收集到吸口 附近，它由滚刷、罩壳、油马达、摆动油缸、提升油缸及转动支架等部分组 成。吸口装置将吸口经过区域的垃圾经吸口管道吸进集尘箱，主要由吸口、软管、支架、支撑小车、 吸口提升缸、吸口翘角缸等组成。集尘箱：它是清扫车垃圾收集沉降储存运输的容器，集尘箱门的 开启和垃圾的倾卸是由底盘发动机动力输出接口驱动液压油 泵 提供动力的，在集尘箱中有冲 击板，折流板，尾部还有长方形铁丝滤网，这些板块增加 了气流的碰撞效果，易于垃圾从气流中分离沉降。另外扫刷接地压力的大小，不仅影响清扫车的清 扫效果，而且对扫刷的磨损也产生重大影响。我国清扫车的扫刷接地压力是由清扫车操作人员手动 调整，一般情况下，操作人员最多只是在出车时对扫刷接地压力进行调整，有的甚至是几天才对扫 刷接地压力进行一次调整。这种扫刷接地压力的调整方式，使清扫车作业时的扫刷接地压力随着 路面的高低不平和清扫车减振 弹簧 高度的变化而产生变化，而这种变化带来的后果则是清扫效果 不稳定和加剧扫刷磨损。因此，清扫车生产企业有必要对清扫车扫刷的最佳接地压力进行探讨，并 设计能对扫刷接地压力进行自动调整的清扫装置，以期在达到最佳清扫效果的同时使扫刷磨损最少。 还有除尘系统研究：除尘系统的优劣，影响到清扫车的二次排放。清扫车的除尘分为湿式除尘和干 式除尘，其中湿式除尘又可分为喷水除尘和循环水除尘。 4 风道关键技术研究 扫路机风道 的设计如何，严重影响到清扫车的吸尘能力和功率利用率。扫路机的风道型式只有带 反吹风的风道和不带反吹风的风道两种，但形状各异。风道形状、是否带反吹风以及反吹风风量占风 机风量的比例大小都会对清扫车的气流阻力产生影响。这种气流阻力的影响，将使 风机 的全压和风量 产生变化。在清扫车的设计中，若风道设计不合适，气流阻力大，为使 扫路机吸嘴处和吸管中能达到一 定的风量，就必须使 风机 转速更高或采用更大风量的 风机 ，这样，就必然会增大 风机 的功率，降低清 扫车的功率利用率，加大油耗。为此，必须对清扫车的风道系统进行试验研究，确定清扫车风道形状 对气流阻力产生影响的阻力系数，确定反吹风风道对产生的阻力的大小以及其阻力对 风机 风量的影 响。只有这样，才能设计出清扫效果好、气流阻力小、功率利用率高的风道系统。 5 液压系统关键技术研究 液压系统是清扫车的重要组成部分，完成清扫车作业过程中大量的动作，液压系统的工作状况直 接影响整车的性能，下面详细介绍液压系统完成的功能：完成盘刷的外伸和下降，使其接触路面进行清扫作业；完成盘刷的收起使其恢复行使状态；完 成盘刷的旋转作业；摆动油缸驱动滚刷的左向和右向斜置；滚刷的旋转；护栏清洗装置的外伸收回与 旋转；垃圾箱的举升降落和倾斜。 6 易磨损零部件关键 技术研究 清扫车的易磨损零部件主要有：扫刷、吸管、 风机 、吸嘴、风道等。清扫车零部件的耐磨性直接 影响到清扫车的使用成本，特别是扫刷是否耐磨对清扫车的使用成本影响最大。可以说，扫刷磨损是 目前我国清扫车磨损问题中最严重的。提高清扫车零部件耐磨性是提高其可靠性的直接有效的方法之 一，所以清扫车生产企业应对如何提高零部件的耐磨性引起高度重视。 sweeper key technology research In our country, as a result of the development of clean vehicles is shorter, the use of the small number of research and development personnel is limited, there is no specialized research institutions to study, so the lack of clean vehicle technologies major study of the key components, in order to enhance the sweeping and pure suction sweepers ability to design, to be its main components - cleaning systems, fans, air duct system and dust removal systems, as well as wear parts, such as a pilot study to improve the cleaning of the theory of the level of car design. 1 strengthen the sweeper dedicated fan of the key technologies Fan is a very important cleaning car parts, fan is the heart of dust sweeper parts, large air volume and air pressure is a reliable guarantee for high efficiency dust collection, we must choose high-performance centrifugal fan, as the sweeper operating condition instability, so in the selection of fans must have a certain margin in order to ensure that cleaning cars in a variety of road dust to achieve perfect results, due to space restrictions layout fans as far as possible, compact appearance, while reducing noise when the fan is to choose one of the important factors to consider. Chinas clean car fan and have a wide gap between the developed countries, at present, our country clean cars fan most common fan or general fan of the system fan. As the general fan is a general-purpose and design of ventilation, and its size, resistance to abrasion, dust and so can not meet the cleaning ability of the poor condition of vehicles requested. It can be said that Chinas use of clean vehicles fan has significantly affected the performance of the sweeper. Therefore, the clean-up car production enterprises should be strengthened sweeper dedicated fan of research, from the fan blade shape, blade material, and out of shape and location of outlet, such as processing technology to explore the design of small and large air volume, low noise, wear-resistant the fan. 2 The key technology compressed air systems research Compressed air system is operating power sweeper an important component of the compressed air system is provided by the chassis engine cylinder of compressed air-driven action is scheduled to have completed the following functions: regulation of the pressure plate grounding brush, brush on the disk buffer to protect the role of when the ground will be raised up homeopathy, pressure regulating indoor driving completed upgrade at either end of a cylinder, the other end hanging in the frame, the manipulation of electronic control system to enable the completion of the cylinder-led take-off and landing action to enhance the cylinder pressure can also adjust the ground so that 20o arc and ground contact. Enhance the hydraulic damping cylinder to cylinder to ensure contact with the ground and has always been pressure on the same ground, but also played the role of damping the buffer to ensure that the impact from. suction suction cylinder can be up front will be large garbage inhalation, in the start or stop smoking when I upgrade will enhance the cylinder or to the ground. 3 key technology research Dust collection system, including disk cleaning brush device devices, suction devices, and some, such as dust collection box, which is a key component sweeper. Plate bears a brush cleaning device and collection and separation barrier near the angle with the task of garbage, brush and set it by the frame, oil motors, the arm body, the fuel tank and frame, steel body and tailgate and drive wheel institutions. device is a large area on the highway in central road sweeping and refuse collection will be near to the suction, which, casing, oil motors, oscillating cylinder, the fuel tank and upgrade the stent, such as rotating parts. Suction device to suction through the region refuse suction pipe by the inhalation of harmful dust box, mainly by suction, hoses, frame, support vehicle, enhance suction cylinder, suction cylinder composed of. Dust box: it is a sweeping settlement of refuse collection trucks transport storage containers, dust door open and the dumping of garbage by the chassis engine drives the hydraulic power output pump power, in the dust collection box impact plate, baffle, the rear there is a rectangular wire strainer, which increased the flow of plate collision effects, easy to refuse settlement isolated from the airstream. So the pressure of another grounding brush size, not only affects the cleaning effectiveness of cleaning cars, but also for sweeping brush wear also have a significant impact. Chinas clean sweep vehicles grounding brush pressure cleaning truck operators from manually adjusted, under normal circumstances, the operator only up to a sweeping brush on the ground when the pressure to adjust, and some only a few days or even ground pressure sweeping brush another period of adjustment. So the pressure of such a grounding of the adjustment brush, so as to enable operation of the sweeper brush sweep the ground pressure and severe as the road sweeper damping spring changes in a high degree of change, and the consequences of this change is sweeping So the effect of instability and increased brush wear. Therefore, the cleaning vehicle manufacturers need to brush sweeper sweep the best ground to discuss the pressure and the design of grounding brush can sweep to automatically adjust the pressure of the cleaning device, with a view to achieve the best cleaning results at the same time so that at least sweeping brush wear . There are dust system: the advantages and disadvantages of dust removal system, affect the secondary emission sweeper. Into the dust sweeper wet and dry dust removal, in which water can be divided into wet dust removal and recycling of water removal. 4 Key Technologies of duct Road sweeper design wind Road, seriously affecting the cleaning ability of cleaning cars and power utilization. So the way of air duct machine only with the anti-hair type of the air duct and without anti-air duct of the two types of hair, but different shape. Duct shape, whether or not with anti-hair-and anti-hair-style accounts for the ratio of air volume fan size sweeper will have an impact on the flow resistance. The effects of air resistance that will make fans of the whole amount of pressure and wind changes. In the design of car cleaning, if the design inappropriate for wind, air resistance, in order for the road sweeper nozzle and the straw in the wind to reach a certain volume, it is necessary to enable the fan speed higher or greater air volume of fan, This will inevitably increase the fan power, the power to reduce the utilization of clean vehicles, increased fuel consumption. To this end, the need for air duct cleaning system cars to carry out pilot studies to determine the shape of air duct cleaning truck to have an impact on air flow resistance of the drag coefficient to determine the anti-hair duct to generate the size of the resistance and its resistance to the fans of the impact of air volume. Only in this way can the design of effective cleaning, flow resistance small, the utilization of high-power air duct system. 5 Key Technologies of the hydraulic system Sweeper hydraulic system is an important component of the operation to complete the process of cleaning a large number of car movements, the hydraulic system of the working conditions of a direct impact on vehicle performance, the following details to complete the function of the hydraulic system: the completion of the outer disk brush stretch and fall so that it contacts the road surface for cleaning operations; complete set brush away to resume the exercise of the state; complete set of rotating brushes operations; swing tanks drive to the left and right home syncline; rotation; cleaning device barrier recovery and rotating outriggers; litter and tilt of the lift landing. 6 parts easy to wear the key technology research Easy clean-up cars and wear parts are: sweeping brush, straw, fan, nozzle, such as air duct. Cleaning car parts and components directly affects the wear resistance of the clean-up costs of car use, especially wear-resistant sweeping brush is used to clean cars cost the most. It can be said that sweeping brush wear is the wear and tear our country clean cars in the most serious problem. Cleaning car parts and components to improve wear resistance is to increase the reliability of one of direct and effective way, so clean-up on how to deal with car manufacturers to improve the wear resistance of components a high degree of attention.
展开阅读全文