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1得得阅阅读读者者得得天天下下阅阅读读理理解解之之技技巧巧初中阅读理解2阅读材料阅读材料 题材：题材： 故事，寓言，故事，寓言， 人物，科普，政治经济、社会文人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等体裁：体裁： 记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等3学生素质学生素质v阅读速度阅读速度v理解程度理解程度v思维能力思维能力v综合文化素质综合文化素质4具体考查的内容具体考查的内容v理解具体信息理解具体信息v推测生词词义推测生词词义v理解概念性含义理解概念性含义v判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申v理解主旨要义理解主旨要义v理解结构，句段关系理解结构，句段关系v理解作者意图理解作者意图5解题步骤解题步骤一、快速阅读，读懂大意一、快速阅读，读懂大意二、明确要求，逐一解答二、明确要求，逐一解答三、重读问题，理解问题三、重读问题，理解问题四、带着问题，重读文章四、带着问题，重读文章五、复读全文，最后把关五、复读全文，最后把关6题型大聚会题型大聚会v1. 推理题推理题v2. 词汇题词汇题v3. 主旨题主旨题v4. 态度观点题态度观点题v5. 指代题指代题7解题技巧碰碰碰解题技巧碰碰碰8（一）推理题及解题技巧（一）推理题及解题技巧v推理题：推理题： 数字推理数字推理 知识推断知识推断 逻辑推理逻辑推理 细节推断细节推断 考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。9考查学生考查学生v判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申 v理解作者的意图、观点或态度理解作者的意图、观点或态度v常用逻辑词常用逻辑词:“infer, conclude, imply, suggest”等。等。推论推论 推断推断暗示暗示 暗示暗示10技巧技巧v1. 吃：吃透意思吃：吃透意思v2. 捕：捕捉线索捕：捕捉线索v3. 挖：挖掘加工挖：挖掘加工v4. 握：把握关系握：把握关系v5. 摸：揣摸作者摸：揣摸作者111.数字推断题vMr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. Through the hole（洞）（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）（再一次）.1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of seven B. seven years oldC. in the year of 1898 D. more than（超过）（超过）80 years ago A12Party in Taiwan. On his nine-day trip from May 5-13, he visited Xian, Nanjing, Shanghai and Changsha, as well as Beijing. Soong, 63, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan Province in 1942. He went to Taiwan with his father at the age of seven. 67. Soong went to Taiwan with his father in _.A. 1942 B. 1945 C. 1949 D. 19481.数字推断题13例题：例题： The United States became an independent country in 1783, and New York Was its capital for a short time.The United States became an independent country in _.A. the 17th century B. the 16th centuryC. the 18th century D. the 19th century注意年与世纪的关系，注意年与世纪的关系，例如：例如：1867年是年是19世纪，世纪，1990年是年是20世纪世纪, 2008年是年是21世纪。世纪。142. 知识推断题知识推断题 知识推断：知识推断： 根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。15实例实例Tokyo：Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（蓝宝石）worth nearly six hundred dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum. “Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but its different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police said.The jewels was being shown in _.A. an Indian hotel B. an Indian museum C. a Japanese hotel D. a Japanese museumC163. 逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题 逻辑结论：逻辑结论： 指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。或观点去理解文章的内涵。 17实例实例My father has little time for films. But one day as he finished his work, he found a film ticket under the glass on the desk. He went to the cinema quickly. When he was seated, a woman came to my father and said the seat was hers. They both took out their tickets and found the seat shown on them was Row 8,Seat 16. After looking at the ticket more carefully, my father said, “Sorry, its not todays ticket.” vFrom this passage we can know that the writers father was _.careless184. 细节推断题细节推断题 为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如主题，如what, who, where, when, 等，即等，即“supporting details”。所依据的所依据的 细节细节19实例实例vWhen the bell was ringing. The boys came into the room. Each one had a bat or a ball. All had red faces. They were glad to get into their seats. The teacher said it was time to get back to work. Which of the following sentence is probably true?A. The class was over.B. The boys had just come back from playing.C. The teacher told the boys to work.B很可能的20细节认定题细节认定题。此类题主要考查学生对相关信息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定的细节是否注意和理解。21【考题再现考题再现】（2007兰州中考题）v Vision-phones can be of great use when you have somethings to show the person whom you are calling.It may also have other uses in the future.Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.You may be able to do some shopping through it, too.v59.In the future, you can use a vision-phone to _.vA.read a bookvB.ask an assistant to read a book for youvC. ask an assistant to bring you a bookvD. ask an assistant to do some shopping for you22【剖析】根据Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.结合someday与题干中的In the future 相等。所以答案为A23The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. It is cold and dark. The deeper it is, the less light there is.At the depth of about 3,000feet, there is not light at all. Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third dangerother animals. Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some eat meat.【考题再现考题再现】（2007天津中考题）24v 63. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea according to the passage? A. One B. Two C. Three D.Fourv65.According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG?vA. When one animal finds something to eat, it may be eaten by others.vB. Many sea animals eat plants.vC. The deeper the sea is, the darker it is.vD. At the depth of 3,000 feet, all animals can find their ways.2563.选C根据文中第五段Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third danger-otheranimals这组句子。64.选D根据文中第四段第二行”At the depth of about 3,000 feet,there is no light at all.可推断；没有光线，就很难找到路，D项不符26常见的推理判断题题干常见的推理判断题题干 According to the passage，what /which is“”?Which of the following statement is (not) true/ correct/mentioned/listed/included?All of the following statements are true/correct/ mentioned except_?根据根据下面的下面的陈述，表述陈述，表述正确的正确的正确的正确的提到的提到的列出的列出的包括的包括的27（二）词汇题及解题技巧（二）词汇题及解题技巧v测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。v标志是标志是 The underlined word “” in line refers to 下划线的下划线的划线的划线的指的是指的是28技巧技巧v返回原文，找到该句子返回原文，找到该句子v结合上下文，理解该词意思结合上下文，理解该词意思v重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理v选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达其他词汇表达v超纲超纲 词汇不是正确答案词汇不是正确答案v正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后291. 通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词 借助关联词借助关联词(如如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等等等) You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault. 猜词题实例猜词题实例因为因此因此结果结果因此因此错误错误302. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 1)同义词同义词vand 或或 or 连接的词组连接的词组e.g. happy and gay happy or sadv 解释过程中使用的同义词解释过程中使用的同义词e.g. Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars, and Jupiter.行星行星金星金星火星火星木星木星312) 反义词反义词表转折关系的连词或副词，表转折关系的连词或副词， 如如but，while，however等等 与与not搭配的或表示否定意义搭配的或表示否定意义 的词语的词语 He is so homely，not as handsome as his brother. 323. 通过构词法猜词通过构词法猜词 1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy， fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。 2).后缀- ment表名词，如develop、 development，state、statement， argue、argument等。 3).后缀-er、-or或 -ist表同源名词， 如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor， law、lawyer，wait、waiter， science、scientist，art、artist等。 。 334. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 But sometimes, no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.345. 通过句法功能来推测词义通过句法功能来推测词义vBananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. 356. 通过描述猜词通过描述猜词 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 36When Jack first heard about these children, he wanted to help them. Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa. “When I met her, I felt very very happy.” He said “And I saw that the money was used for a good cause. I want to do everything I want to go on helping those children.”65.The underlined words “for a good cause” means “_” in Chinese.A. 施舍 B. 行善 C. 优惠 D. 赏赐【剖析剖析】单从单从cause一词很难判断，一词很难判断，cause有有“原因，理由，事业原因，理由，事业”，也有，也有“使使引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是Jack给儿童的捐款行为。划线短给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于”行善行善“，这给他带来很多快乐。，这给他带来很多快乐。【考题再现考题再现】（2007重庆中考题）37（三）主旨题及解题技巧（三）主旨题及解题技巧v主旨要义主旨要义v整体理解整体理解v概括能力概括能力v标志词有：标志词有：“mainly about； mainly discuss； best title”等。等。标题标题主要的主要的讨论讨论38技巧技巧v注意首段和各段第一句话注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个将其含义连接成一个整体整体v小心小心“首段陷阱首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案不要一看开头就选择答案39常见提问：常见提问： 1. What is the main idea of this passage?2. What is the authors main point?3. What is the subject of this passage?4.The main purpose of the passage?5. The title of this passage would be _.406. The best title of this passage could (would) be _.7. What can be the best title for the text?8. The topic sentence of the passage is _.9. The writer in the text mainly tells us _.10. The passage is mainly aimed to _.4111. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us _.12. What is the passage mainly about?13. Which of the following sentence can best describe the main idea of the passage?描述描述短文短文大意大意42实例实例 All students of geography should be able to explain a weather map exactly. Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over a large geographical area. They show in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Office gives out information about coming storms, floods, freeze, dryness, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it gives out a 30-day “out-look” which is a basic guide to weather conditions likely to happen all over the United States. 43Question：What is the main idea of this passage?A. Weather maps are very important to students of geography.B. Weather maps can have a 30-day “outlook”.C. Students of geography should be able to make weather maps exactly.D. Those who major in geography should have the ability to have a good understanding of a weather map.44关键关键-主题句主题句主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用论证、补充的作用45实例实例vJoshua Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a business lawyer in Miami, Florida.v从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. 所以说这种文章所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。推断出文章的主旨大意。46（四）态度观点题及解题技巧（四）态度观点题及解题技巧v理解作者的意图理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。观点或态度的能力。标志词标志词: attitude , purpose等。等。态度目的47技巧技巧v态度词态度词: Opposition反对，反对，suspicion怀疑的，怀疑的，Approval支持，支持，Optimistic乐观的，乐观的，subjective主主观的，观的，objective客观的，客观的，pessimistic悲观的，悲观的，biased有偏见的，有偏见的，impartial公正的，公正的，sensitive 敏敏感的，感的， indifference冷漠冷漠(一般不选一般不选) 。v不要搀杂自己的观点不要搀杂自己的观点v寻找文中具有感情色彩的词寻找文中具有感情色彩的词v抓论述的主线及举例的方式抓论述的主线及举例的方式4849. What do you think of the taxi driver?_A. He was not an honest person. B. He liked to work very hard.C. He was good at driving D. He was a kind and clever man选选A.出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客人非常气愤地说：客人非常气愤地说：“What?Fifteen dollars?Do you think Im a fool?Only last week, I took a taxi from the rail station to the same hotel and I only give the driver thirteen dollars.”从从When the taxi driver heard that, he didnt feel happy any more及及But suddenly, he had an idea.He took the passenger through many streets of the city可知司机可知司机不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？49（五）指代题及解题技巧（五）指代题及解题技巧整体理解文章的能力，整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。50技巧技巧v返回原文，找出题的指代词返回原文，找出题的指代词v找最近的名词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子名词性词组或句子v将找到的替换该指代词将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺看意思是否通顺v找出最佳答案找出最佳答案51vIf you are visiting another country you may feel that you dont have any private space.Hotel rooms look much the same in every country in the world.All day long ,you share public spaces with o ther pople.You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside”.Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you dont know about .And you even feel that they like you to be outside them so that they will enjoy being inside even more!This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler!But if you understand it then it helps you .Havent you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning”a bit of space?v3.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “themrefers to（所指） “_”.vA.public spacesB.private spacesC.local people 52 典型例题分析典型例题分析根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. Through the hole（洞）（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）（再一次）.Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out?Scientists have tried to set（放置）（放置）fire to underground coal to speed up（加速）（加速）the fires. In this way, the burning（燃烧）（燃烧）of underground coal would be soon finished.（被烧完）。（被烧完）。531. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of sevenB. seven years oldC. in the year of 1898D. more than（超过）（超过）80 years ago 2. Mr Brown said that we had to take a fast look at the fire because _.A. it was in the holeB. it was very hotC. it was orange D. it was harmful 3. How many coal fires are there in the world?A. Theres only one.B. Its hard to say.C. There are 260. D. The article（文章）（文章）doesnt tell us.A ABC544. Whats one of the best ways to put out（扑灭）（扑灭）the underground fire?A. To cover（覆盖）（覆盖）the holes with stones（石块）（石块）.B. To speed up the fires.C. To see the fires burning.D. To do some experiments（试验）（试验）. 5. What is the best title（标题）（标题）for the article?A. Watching the Underground - Fire.B. A Way to Put Out the Coal Fires.C. The Burning Earth.D. Coal and Coal Fires.BB55分析分析 1. 在文章的第一段的第一句里可以在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据找到依据。at the age of seven 等于等于when he was seven，故正确答案为，故正确答案为 A 。 2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接直接回答题回答题。正确答案为。正确答案为 B。 3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接直接回答题回答题。正确答案为。正确答案为 C。 4在文章的在文章的最后一段提到最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为 B。 5完成这道题需作一定的完成这道题需作一定的归纳归纳，因为文章中，因为文章中没有给没有给出直接的回答出直接的回答。文章从。文章从Mr Brown两次看火，然后说出地两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为的中心。故正确答案为 B。5657 一、根据文章内容判断正误一、根据文章内容判断正误 Fred telephoned his wife. “Ive got two free tickets for the theatre tonight,” he told her. “Meet me outside the office. Well have something to eat and then go on to the theatre.”Freds wife was very pleased. They hadnt been to the theatre for a long time. She met her husband as he told her. They had dinner and got to the theatre just in time.At the entrance Fred took out his wallet to get the tickets. “Its very strange,” he said. “They arent here!” “Try your pockets,” said his wife. But the tickets werent there, either.Then Fred looked very embarrassed (尴尬尴尬). “Whats the matter?” asked his wife. “Well,” Fred said, “I remember what I did with my tickets. I put them in my bag. But because I wasnt going home, I left it in the office!”58 ( ) 1. One day, Fred was given the tickets for the theatre.( ) 2. Fred and his wife went to the theatre quite often.( ) 3. Fred wanted to meet his wife in a restaurant.( ) 4. They reached the theatre neither late nor early.( ) 5. Then Fred couldnt find his tickets and remembered what he had done with the tickets. 1 1、T T 因为第一段中提到因为第一段中提到Fred told his wife Fred told his wife “Ive got two free tickets” “free” “Ive got two free tickets” “free” 此处是免费的意思。此处是免费的意思。 2 2、F F 第二段中提到第二段中提到“They hadnt been to the theaterThey hadnt been to the theater for a long time.” for a long time.” 3 3、F F 第一段中第一段中FredFred说说“Meet me outside the office.”Meet me outside the office.” 4 4、T T 第二段中第二段中“in time”in time”是及时的意思。是及时的意思。5T 5T 结尾处提到的。结尾处提到的。59 David McConnell sold books from door to door. Housewives(家庭主妇家庭主妇)were not interested in the books. Usually before he had enough time to say anything about his books, the women closed their doors. But he didnt give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them a present, a small bottle of perfume(香水香水)made by himself. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped selling books to sell perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, which is a great success.When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even though you are not successful, you will learn what doesnt work and that puts you closer to what will work. It doesnt matter how many times you are not successful. It does matter that you will be successful one day.60 Edison was not on the way to success until people bought his first invention. Success once is enough for Edison. And the same for yousuccess once is enough.( ) 1. McConnell was successful as a book-seller.( ) 2. McConnell hoped those women would buy his books if he brought them each a present.( ) 3. If you do nothing at all, you will never be successful.( ) 4. Edison was successful at the very beginning.( ) 5. The writer encouraged us to try as much as we can.F T T F TF T T F T611 1、F F 从第一段从第一段“He stopped selling books to He stopped selling books to sell perfume stead.”sell perfume stead.”，可以判断出他在推销书，可以判断出他在推销书方面并不成功。方面并不成功。2 2、T T 第一段第三行提到第一段第三行提到“McConnell decided to McConnell decided to bring each of them a present,”bring each of them a present,”。3 3、T T 这句是第二段前两句的解释。这句是第二段前两句的解释。4 4、F F 最后一段，第一句说明最后一段，第一句说明Edison Edison 的发明被人的发明被人们认可后才走上了成功之路。们认可后才走上了成功之路。5 5、T T 第二段中作者提出了自己的观点。第二段中作者提出了自己的观点。62 Sociologists(Sociologists(社会学家社会学家), working in western ), working in western countries, have found that countries, have found that a large number ofa large number of women wished they had been born men. The number women wished they had been born men. The number is said to be is said to be as high asas high as 60% in Germany. 60% in Germany.“Women often wish they had the same chances as “Women often wish they had the same chances as men have, and think it is still mens world,” men have, and think it is still mens world,” said Dr James Helen, one of the sociologists who said Dr James Helen, one of the sociologists who did the did the studystudy. .Many men say that they have Many men say that they have moremore duties duties than than women. A man has to make money to support(women. A man has to make money to support(养养活活)his family and to make the important decision, )his family and to make the important decision, so so it is right for men to be paid moreit is right for men to be paid more. Some are . Some are even against their wives working at all. When even against their wives working at all. When wives go out to work, they say, the home and wives go out to work, they say, the home and children cannot bechildren cannot be63taken good care of. If women take full-time taken good care of. If women take full-time jobs, they wont jobs, they wont be able tobe able to do what they do what they are are best at doingbest at doing: making a nice home and bringing : making a nice home and bringing up the children.up the children.Some women disagree. They say they want to get Some women disagree. They say they want to get out of their homes and to have freedom(out of their homes and to have freedom(自由自由) to ) to choose choose betweenbetween work work andand home life. Women have home life. Women have the right of equal pay and equal chances(the right of equal pay and equal chances(平等机平等机会会).).Anne Harper has a very good job. She also Anne Harper has a very good job. She also believes in “Womens Liberation(believes in “Womens Liberation(解放解放).” “).” “I I dont wish I were a mandont wish I were a man, ”she says, “and I , ”she says, “and I dont think many women do. But I do wish dont think many women do. But I do wish people would stop treating(people would stop treating(对待对待) us like ) us like secondclass people. secondclass people. 64At work, for example, we usually do the At work, for example, we usually do the work that men do but get paid less. There work that men do but get paid less. There are still a lot of jobs only to menare still a lot of jobs only to menusually they are the best ones. If
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