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Unit 4理解：要点诠释单词1.appoint讲： vt.挑选某人做某工作，委任；约定结构:appoint sb.任命某人appoint sb.as/to be.任命某人担任appoint sb.to do sth.指定某人做某事例:The president appointed a new director.总经理任命了一位新主任。We appointed him(as.to be)chairman.我们选他担任主席。The teacher appointed me to call the roll.老师指派我点名。The time appointed for the meeting was 10:30.规定的开会时间是10点30分。链接提示appointed adj. 指定的，约定的 at the appointed time在约定的时间；appointment n. 约定，约会 make an appointment with sb. to do sth. 和某人约定做某事;disappoint vt.使失望;disappointment n.失望to ones disappointment令某人失望的事练:An American may feel angry when he has made a(an)_with someone and then finds a lot of other things happening at the same time.A.decision B.conclusionC.appointment D.date提示:本句话的意思为“美国人在和别人已经约定好的时候又发现同时还有其他事情会很生气”，根据短语搭配和语境得出答案。答案:C2.nowhere讲： adv. 无处(相当于not anywhere)例:Where are you going at the weekend?周末你打算去哪儿？Nowhere special.无处可去。He was getting nowhere with his homework until his sister helped him.他在姐姐的帮助之下作业才有些进步。$20 goes nowhere when you are feeding a family these days.如今要养家的话，二十美元到不了哪儿去。The children were nowhere to be seen.孩子们都没有影了。链接提示当位于句首时，要使用主谓语倒装的形式否定副词还有not,never,little,seldom,hardly等。练:（2020;2020辽宁模拟） Maybe you have been to many countries,but nowhere else _such a beautiful palace.A.can you find B.you could findC.you can find D.could you find提示:本题考查倒装的句型结构。从时间分析，此处应该表示现在的情况。因为nowhere为否定副词，位于句首时应该使用主谓倒装结构。答案:A3.promote讲： v.提升；晋级；促进；助长。在表示“提升；晋级”时，常用于被动语态。例:She worked hard and was soon promoted.她工作努力，很快便获得提升。His assistant was promoted over his head.他的助手获得了提升，职位超过了他。The football team was promoted to the first division.该足球队已晋级为甲级队。The organization works to promote friendship between nations.该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。The company is trying to promote a new product.这家公司在尽力促销一样新产品。链接提示以下动词或短语也表示“提升”。raise vt.;bring up vt.;go up vi.。在使用时，一定要分清词性，命题常从语态入手。练:The instructor was_ to professor.A.raising B.promoting C.promoted D.risen提示:此处表示“由讲师提升为教授”，故使用promote的被动形式。答案:C4.reward讲：n.& v.报答；报偿；报酬；酬金；给某人以报酬、奖赏。用于reward sb.for(doing)sth.结构。例:He worked hard without any hope of reward.他辛勤工作丝毫不期待报酬。He was given a medal as a reward for his service.他因为有功而获颁一枚奖章。Is that how you reward me for my help?那就是你为了我的帮忙而给我的报酬吗？Rather than being punished,he should be rewarded.他应受奖励而不是受惩罚。The Nobel Peace Prize for 2020;2020 was rewarded to Shirin Ebadi,because she made a special contribution to fighting for the basic human rights.Shirin Ebadi女士由于为争取基本人权作出的努力而被授予2020;2020年度诺贝尔和平奖。链接提示比较:award v. 颁发；授予；赏给。用法为:award sth. to sb./award sb. sth.。n.奖金练:So why do we_ the people who do them so poorly?There can be only one answerbecause they are women,and the work is so hard.A.punish B.blame C.reward D.claim提示:本题考查动词辨析。从后面一句话所提供的语境分析，此处用动词reward，表示“奖赏”。答案:C短语1.pass away讲：该短语主要是委婉地表示一个人离开去世例:His mother passed away last year.他母亲去年去世了。He passed away peacefully this morning.今天上午他安详地过世了。链接提示(1)英语和汉语一样，表达死亡根据不同的情况有不同的用词。普通用词为die，pass away为委婉的说法。murder为“暗杀”，kill为“杀死”，hang为“绞死”。(2)pass down 把传给后代;pass on 将某物传交给某人，继续前进;pass by从旁边经过;pass off消失;pass through穿过练:The custom has been _from generation to generation.A.passed away B.passed downC.passed by D.passed off提示:根据句子意思分析，此处用pass down，表示“该风俗一代代地传下去”。其他短语和语境不相吻合。答案:B2.name.after.讲：给取名；以来命名该短语中的介词after表示“依据，按照”，在美国英语中可以用for。例:He named his daughter after/for his grandmother.他以祖母的名字来给他女儿取名。The island was named after its discoverer,Tasman.这个岛是以它的发现者塔斯曼的名字来命名的。链接提示和name相关的短语还有:by name名义上，名叫；by the name of.以之名；in name only仅在名义上；in the name of以的名义。练:Washington,a state in the United States,was named _one of the greatest American presidents,_him.A.after;in honour of B.for;in favor ofC.after;in praise of D.for;in place of提示:根据句意和短语搭配作出选择。“华盛顿市是为了纪念美国的一个总统而以他的名字来命名的。”name after 根据来命名，in honor of 纪念。答案:A句型1.强调句式讲:It was the British government that paid for all the equipment.所有设备都由英国政府付款。It was Joseph Banks who made Kew a centre of scientific and economic research.是约瑟夫班克斯把英国皇家植物园变成了科技和经济研究中心。It was Darwins visit on the Beagle to the Galapagos Isles that gave him the key to his new theory.达尔文乘“小猎犬号”去加拉帕戈斯群岛的活动使他获得了创建新理论的钥匙。强调句型的结构为:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其余部分。注意:(1)该句型可以用来强调除谓语以外的各种成分。(2)如果原句是现在时态，就用is；如果是过去时态，就用was。(3)被强调部分是人时，可用that或who，其他一律用that。(4)如果被强调的部分是原句的主语，that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上与原主语一致。例:It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are.重要的是做这项工作的能力，而不是你来自哪里，是干什么的。It was for this reason that her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village.正是由于这种原因，她叔叔搬出了纽约，在一个小村里定居。Was it in the morning that they arrived there?他们是在今天早晨到那儿的吗？What is it that you want me to say?你想让我说的到底是什么？链接提示特别要注意强调句型和定语从句的区别。强调句型可在不增加任何成分的前提下还原成陈述句结构，而定语从句不可。在没有把握时可以进行句型的转换，来确定是什么句型，据此选用正确的引导词。练:(1)（2020;2020成都诊断检测） Whether you believe it or not,it is_ that causes your illness.A.because of your overweight B.your being overweightC.because you are overweight D.you are so overweight提示:本题考查非谓语动词结构作主语的用法。从句子结构分析，此处为强调主语的强调句型结构，句子的谓语为causes，所以使用v.-ing形式作主语。答案:B(2)(2020;2020华南师大附中综合测试) It was with great joy_ he received the news_ his lost daughter had been found.A.because;that B.since;whichC.for;about D.that;that提示:本题考查名词性从句和强调句型的区别用法。第一个that构成强调句型，第二个 that引导同位语从句，说明news的具体内容。答案:D2.although 引导让步状语从句讲:请观察下面教材原句:Although his experiments were designed to support the ideas concerning the influence of environment upon plants,he found that many characteristics were passed on from one generation to the next,without influence by the environment.虽然他的试验目的是为了验证环境对植物的影响，但是他却发现许多特性是代代相传的，并不受环境的影响。although引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”。although引导的从句不能与but,however连用，但可以与yet,still连用。例:Although it was snowing,it was not very cold.尽管下着雪，但并不冷。I was late for the last train although I hurried.虽然我拼命赶路，还是没搭上最后一班火车。链接提示注意比较although和though的区别:though,although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”，although较正式，though较常用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though，as though,而although则不能这样搭配。though可以用作副词位于句尾，作“但是、不过”解，还可以用在倒装句中,although不可。练: _I prefer a color TV,I have decided to buy a black and white one this time.A.When B.Although C.Because D.If提示:本题考查状语从句的连词用法。根据句子的意思分析，此处应该表示让步，“尽管还是”，所以使用although。答案:B辨析1.look out for,look out两个短语都可以表示“当心”，look out表达此意思时，为不及物动词短语，而look out for后面必须跟名词或代词作宾语。look out往外看；当心；挑选He stood at the window and looked out(at the view).他站在窗前向外望(观看景色)。Look out! 当心！He looked out some books for a friend in hospital.他为住院的朋友选一些书。look out for 当心；留意Look out for cars when crossing the street.过街时当心车辆。即时练习:_your step,or you might fall into the water.A.Look out B.Take care C.Mind D.Notice提示:此句为“脚下留意”的意思。look out,take care后不能直接跟宾语。答案:C2.expense,costexpense n. “花费；代价；费用”，表示“花费的钱”时为可数名词。短语at sb.s expense由某人付钱；at great/little/no expense 花费很大很小没有花费；at the expense of在损失的情况下。expensive adj.昂贵的cost n. “价钱；价格；费用”，这时和expense通常可以换用，cost还可以表示“代价、损失”。短语at the cost of=at the expense of；at cost的意思为“按成本价格”；at all costs不惜一切代价。即时练习:(1)Most children in Britain are educated at the public _.(2)I want the best you can supply;you need spare no _.(3)He finished the job at the_ of his health.(4)He had his book printed at his own _.(5)House repairs,holidays and other_ reduced her bank balance to almost nothing.(6)The goods are sold at _.(7)We must at all_ prevent them finding out about the plan.答案:(1)expense (2)expense (3)cost/expense (4)expense (5)expenses (6)cost (7)costs诱思：实例点拨【例1】(2020;2020福建模拟) The dictionary is being printed and it will soon _.A.turn out B.come out C.start out D.go out提示:turn out(to be) 结果是，证明为；come out 出版，发行；start out 出发；go out 出去。根据句意“词典将出版”，可知come out正确。答案:B讲评:注意短语动词的意思要和语境结合起来。
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