2020年高考英语一轮复习 句子成分

2020;2020年高考英语一轮语法复习：句子成分一. 主语主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语和从句。1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road.2代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong.注意: * 反身代词不能充当句子主语。如You can express yourself at the meeting.* 指人的不定代词（someone, somebody ,no one, nobody, anyone, anybody ,everyone, everybody）与指物的不定代词(something, anything, everything ,nothing）做主语,谓语动词用单数。例如:everyone is here。但是都不能跟of短语，不能说someone of ， no one of， something of， 但是可以说every one of，none of。做主语反意疑问句用复数，everyone is here，arent they？但是 someone lost his pen，didnt he？3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough.4名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work.当the+adj表示抽象名词时谓语动词采用单数形式。 The new replaces the old。（新陈代谢） 5不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.注意： 动词不定式做主语, 通常有两种情形: 一种是不定式直接放在句首(这种形式较少),另一种是用it做形式主语,把不定式置于句末,达到平衡句子的目的.To see is to believe. Seeing is believing。（眼见为实）Its nice of you to help me with my English.6 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you.注意：不定式与动名词做主语一般来说差别不大，有时两者可以互换。但按照传统语法来说，动名词表示说话人的习惯、爱好或事抽象动作；而动词不定式表示具体的、一次性动作。例如：Smoking is prohibited here .Its not very good for you to smoke so much.7从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.二谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。1由简单的动词构成。(1). What happened?(2). He worked hard all day today.2由动词短语构成的谓语。(1). The plane took off at ten oclock.(2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：(1). I had a swim yesterday.（had a swim 代替了swam）(2). Take a look at that!！（take a look 代替了 look）(3). He gave a sigh.（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）(4). I got a good shake-up.（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)）三表语表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。1The wedding was that Sunday.（名词）2So thats that.（代词）3We are seven.（数词）4Are you busy?（形容词）5Are you there?（电话用语）（副词）6All I could do was to wait.（不定式）7 Is that asking so much?（动名词）8I was so much surprised at it.（过去分词）9She is in good health.（介词短语）10Is that why you were angry?（从句）四宾语宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如：Our team beat all the others.可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。1Do you fancy a drink?（名词）2They wont hurt us.（代词）3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.（数词）。4I shall do my possible.（名词化形容词）5He left there last week.（副词）6Does she really mean to leave home?（不定式）7He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). （名词化的分词）8Do you understand what I mean?（从句）注意：（一）.宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。(二).英语中有些常用搭配，直接宾语和间接宾语交换位置后介词不能省略，常见的有：appologize to sb for sth, explain to sb sth五补语补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）.(1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如：The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings.(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等1.They named the child Jimmy.（名词用作并与补语）2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. （名词短语作宾语补语）3. He boiled the egg hard.（形容词用作宾语补语）4.I found the book very interesting.（形容词短语用作宾补）5.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. （不定式用作宾语补语）6.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.（动名作宾补）7.Dont take his kindness for granted.(介词短语)六定语定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句.1形容词用作定语是大量的。（1）. She is a natural musician.（2）. He must be the best violinist alive.（后置定语）2. 名词用作定语。如（1）. A baby girl 女婴（2）. well water 井水（3）. Sports car 双座轻型汽车（4）. A fools paradise 梦幻的天堂2代词作定语。（1）. Your hair needs cutting.（物主代词用作定语）（2）. Everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人负责就是无人负责。（不定代词所有格作定语）3数词作定语（1）. Theres only one way to do it.（2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance.基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 19494. 副词充当定语时常后置，如：the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日5不定式用作定语（1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.（2）. Thats the way to do it.6动名词用作定语.A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法7分词充当定语a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花8介词短语用作定语。（1）. This is a map of China.（2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.9从句用作定语，即定语从句The car thats parked outside is mine.Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.七同位语当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。1We have two children, a boy and a girl.2They all wanted to see him.3Are you two ready?4Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.5The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好6The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.八状语状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如：1The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。2可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。副词最常用作状语，位置比较灵活，可置句末、句首和句中。He speaks the language badly but read it well.Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.3状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等(1).Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?(2). There are plenty of fish in the sea.(3).Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.(4). She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said.(5). In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.(6). If he were to come, what should we say to him?(7). For all his money, he didnt seem happy.(8). To what extent would you trust them?(9).He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.注意事项:若时间状语和地点状语同时修饰一动词，通常先说地点状语然后再说时间状语。The held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他们在大厅举行了一次会议。如果修饰同一个时间状语或地点状语不止一个，则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。He arrived here at about ten oclock yesterday morning.他大约是在昨天上午10点到达这儿的。He lived in a small village in the north .他住在北方的一个小村子里。真题演练1.-What do you think it was that made her so upset ?-_.A. lost her bike B. Losing her bike C. She lost her bike D. Because of losing her bike2. The old _taken care of in our country.A. is B. has C. are D. have3. The music sounded _. We all _it.A. wonderfully; are like B. badly; like C. nice; like D. well; like4. Setting fires to wild plants _very dangerous.A. is B. are C. has D. were5. With his money _,he couldnt go home .A. leaving B. missed C. running out D. run out6. Dont lose heart ,If you work hard ,youll _a successful electronic engineer.A. turn B. learn C. have D. make7. Although the working mother is very busy, she still_a lot of time to children.A. devotes B. spends C. offers D. provides8. A library with five thousand books _to the nation as a gift.A. is offered B. had offered C. are offered D. have offered9. My mothers suggestion _useful by them all.A. was considered to be B. was considered beingC. considered to be D. considered being10. I felt _that she should change her mind at the last minute.A. it is strange B. it strange C. that was a strange thing D. very strange答案解析：选B。句意：你认为是什么事使得她那么不高兴？再分析句子结构可知：doyouthink插入了强调句型的特殊疑问句式中，what是句子主语。即What made her so upset?因此答语必须符合主语条件。经过分析可知B对。选C。the+adj. 如果表示一类人，谓语动词用复数；如表示一类事或一个人则用单数。选C。sounded 在此作系动词，后跟形容词做表语，意思是：听起来。A、B两项均是副词。D项well可作形容词，但是有一个意思：身体好，well在这里不适当。故选C。选A。动名词或不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数，但如果有and连接两个不相关的动名词或不定式，不指同一概念时，谓语动词用复数，指同一个概念则仍然用单数，如：Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好。这个and连接的两个不定式就是同一概念，所以谓语用单数makes。选C. with+宾语+doing .run out 快用完了。选D。turn变得，强调性质,状态，颜色的改变；make有素质成为-，能成为-。另外连个选项learn“学习”，have“拥有”与题干语言环境相差较远。选A。根据句意“虽然他上班很忙，她仍然花大量的时间在孩子身上。”可选出A。其中a lot of time 直接宾语，children间接宾语。选。该题既考查offer一词的用法，有考查主谓一致的用法。主语with（as well as；along with;rather than-）+动词（动词的数和主语一致）。Offer为及物动词。选A。is considered to be +n./adj. 被认为是-，该题的useful是主语补足语。选B。it是形式宾语，strange是宾补，不能选A。因为句中已有谓语动词felt。