2020届高考英语 专题总复习非谓语动词语法精讲

2020;2020届高考英语专题总复习非谓语动词语法精讲动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。高考重点要求：2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同 3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式第一节 知识点概述（二）动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：一般式to do例如：I like to read English.进行式to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time.完成式to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room.被动式to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon.完成被动式to have been done 例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.二、分词分词是动词非谓语形式的一种，包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示：主动，动作正在进行。过去分词表示：被动，动作已经完成。（一）分词的作用分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。例如：I heard him singing a song in the classroom.We found the ground covered with snow.4作状语While lying in bed, he listened to some music.Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful.分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。（二）分词的时态现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。常用作状语。例如：Having finished his homework, he went to bed.（三）现在分词的被动式被动一般式 being done 被动完成式 having been doneThis is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.（四）分词的否定形式分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如： Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.（五）分词独立主格结构当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，在句法功能上起状语作用。例如：Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.The meeting being over, they all left the room.一、复习时需注意的要点动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生） I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large. The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式例如：I hate eating the same food every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 分词作状语时， 分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用现在分词，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果分词的动作先于谓语，分词要用完成时。例如：Having finished his composition, he went home.While looking through the paper, he found some errors.