中考英语复习讲义 第16章 句子结构

中考英语复习讲义 第16章 句子结构 英语句子根据结构可分为简单句、并列句、复合句。其中，复合句又分为多种从句结构，句式最为复杂。关于句子结构的题目是中考的考查重点。其考查的范圈广、涵盖的题型多。并列连同、宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句的引导词皆为高频专点。在学习过程中，要引起足够的重视，多做针对性训练，掌握句型分析技巧。内容导视知识点1简单句知识点2 并列句知识点3复合句知识详单知识点1简单句由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所组成的句子是简单句。句型例句主语+系动词+表语They are always very busy.他们总是很忙。She has bee a US citizen.她已成为一名美国公民。【知识拓展】be和bee是常见的连系动词，后面接表语，表语通常由名词或形容词等来充当。此外，连系动词还有appear(显得), seem(好像), turn(变得+颜色), taste(尝起来)，feel(感觉)，smell (嗅起来)，fall(变+asleep/ill) , keep(保持),go(变+表不好的形容词), get(变得+温度形容词), grow(变+young /old),sound(听起来)，look(看起来)等主语+不及物动词The plane disappeared in the sky.飞机消失在天空中。【知识拓展】常见的不及物动词有:e(来),go(去), happen/take place发生，arrive(到达), die(死亡), rise(升起，提起), laugh(笑), stay(停留), swim游泳，walk(走), work(工作)等主语+及物动词+宾语He likes swimming and fishing.他喜欢游泳和钓鱼。He told his story as a reporter.他讲述了作为记者的经历。主语+及物动词+间接宾语 +直接宾语His mother bought him a set of novels.他母亲给他买了一套小说。He gave me a lot of help in the past.在过去他给T我很多帮助。主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语She often keeps the room clean and tidy.她经常保持房间干净和整洁。He soon made himself understood.他很快把自己的意思讲明白了。I易错替示!简单句是由一个主谓结构构成的句子。需要注意的是，主语可以是并列的，而且谓语也可以【易错警示】简单句是由一个主谓结构构成的句子。需要注意的是，主语可以是并列的，而且谓语也可以是并列的。例如:My brother and I went to the same school.(画线部分是并列主语)我和我哥哥上的是同一所学校。He closed the book and went to bed.(画线部分是并列谓语)他合上书，上床睡觉。【巧学助记】双宾语:间接宾语往往指人，直接宾语往往指物。“及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”常可改成“及物动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语”的形式。例如:give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. ;buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb其中的介词，有的需要使用to，而有的需要使用for，可以结合顺口溜来记忆。 用介词to的动词:带来带去让人看( bring, take, show)，传递借阅应归还(pass , lend, read, return)，归功提供留给送(owe, offer , leave, give, send)，教你书写得付钱(teach, write, pay) 。使用介词for的动词:匀出节省去拿来(spare , save , fetch)，找搞制作又购买(find, get, make, buy)，歌唱演奏加烹调(sing, play, cook)，挑选用for要记牢(choose, pick, select) 。【知识拓展】复合宾语:可以接复合宾语(宾语和宾补)的动词常用的有appoint任命，指定;believe相信;catch抓住;call叫;elect选举，选择;feel感觉，认为;find发现;hear听见，听说;keep保持;leave留下，使处于某种状态;make使得;name命名，取名;notice注意到;prove证明;see看见;warn誉告，提醒; watch观察; 等等。知识点2 并列句类型说明例句表示并列关系and(和)，both. and(和，两个都)，not only. but also.(不但而且), neither. . .nor(既不也不)This article is well written and youd better read it.这篇文章写得很好，你最好看看。Not only is he himself interested in puter but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.不仅他自己对电脑感兴趣，而且他的儿子也开始表现出对电脑的兴趣。表示转折关系but(但是)，yet(然而，可是)，nevertheless(然而，既然如此，依然)，while(然而)，however(但是)He tried hard but he was unsuccessful.他尽了力，但是没有成功。She had failed many times，nevertheless she was confident that she would succeed in the end.她尽管失败T好几次，然而她对最后的成功充满信心。表示因果关系for(解释性补充原因)，so(因果承接关系)，therefore(比so更正式)，hence(较正式，多用于说理的文章中)It must be snowing, for its so bright outside.肯定下雪了。外面这么亮。It was already rather late,，so we decided to go home.天已经很晚了，所以我们决定回家。表示选择关系or(或者), either. or(或者或者)，not.二but(不是而是)Either you must improve your work or we shall dismiss you要么你好好干，要么我们就辞退你。We can go there by bus or by train.我们可以乘汽车或者火车去那里。知识点3复合句由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是复合句的主干部分，从句用于修饰主句或主句的某个成分。根据在复合句中所起的作用，从句可分为六类:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句。1.主语从句定义 在句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句常位于谓语动词之前，有时为了保持句子平衡，会使用it作为形式主语，而把真正的主语从句放在后面。引导词that引导主语从句:That he will e to the meeting has excited every one of us.他要来参加会议使我们每个人都十分激动。if/whether引导主语从句:Whether the work can be pleted on time is doubtful.不知道工作能否按时完成。Wh-类连接词引导主语从句:Whoever will be in charge of the project hasnt been decided yet.谁来负责这项工程还没有决定。【知识拓展】主语从句的常见句型: It+be+名词+主语从句例如:It is mon knowledge that the earth is round.地球是圆的，这是常识。(2)lt + be+形容词+主语从句例如:It is likely that there will be a snowstorm tomorrow.可能明天会有暴风雨。h + be+过去分询+主语从句例如:it is said that they have already succeeded.据说他们已经成功了。2.宾语从句定义在句中充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句常位于及物动词或介词之后。引导词that引导宾语从句:He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.他说他想待在家。( that引导宾语从句，不充当句子成分，可省略)if/whether引导宾语从句:I want to know if ( whether) he lives there.我想知道他是否住在那里。(if/whether引导宾语从句，不充当句子成分，不可省略)wh-类连接词引导主语从句:He asked whose handwriting was the best.他问谁的书法最好。(wh-类连接词引导主语从句，在宾语从句中充当句子成分，不可省略)时态如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，从句时态不受主句影响，可以根据需要使用任何时态。例如:I dont think he will be back in a few days.我认为他几天内不会回来。(从句为一般将来时)I hear he came back a few days ago.我听说几天前他就回来了。(从句为一般过去时)如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时)。例如:He told me that he was preparing for the sports meeting.他告诉我他正在为运动会做准备。(从句为过去进行时)如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如:our teacher said that January is the first month of the year我们的老师说一月是一年的第一个月。(客观事实)语序宾语从句必须是陈述语序，即按照“主语+谓语”的顺序，尤其要注意whether, if和wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句的语序。He asked what I did yesterday afternoon.他问我昨天下午做什么。Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道为什么冬天必夏天冷吗？【知识拓展】I think， I believe 等后接宾语从句时，如果否定的是后面的从句，一般要将主句的动词改为否定形式，而从句仍用肯定形式，在英语中称此现象为否定前移。例如:I dont think you like sports.我认为你不喜欢运动。.【巧学助记】宾语从句的用法歌诀:宾语从句三注意，时态、语序、引导词。主句要是过去时，主从时态要一致，宾从表达是真理，一般现在时代过去。一般问句表是否，if或whether来引导。特殊问句作宾从，疑问词就能行。还有一点要说明，陈述语序要记清。3.表语从句定义在句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于系动词之后。引导词that引导表语从句:The trouble is that I have lost his address.问题是我把他的地址丢了。whether, as，as if/though引导表语从句:He looked just as he had looked ten years before他看起来与十年前一样because, why引导表语从句:Thats because he didnt understand me那是因为他不理解我。( Thats because二强调原因)Thats why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(Thats why强调结果)Wh-类连接词引导表语从句:The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她。The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。【知识拓展】1.可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound , appear, remain等。例如:The question remains whether they will be able to help us.问题还是他们能否帮我们。2.当主句的主语为名词reason时，表语从句的引导词应使用that，而不使用why或because。例如:One reason is that you can only speak a little English.一个原因是你只能讲一点儿英语4.同位语从句定义在句中充当同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句常在名词、代词之后，对名词、代词进行解释说明，即从句是名词、代词的其体内容。引导词that引导同位语从句:Is there any possibility that you could pick up at the airport？你你有可能在机场接接我吗?wh类连接词引导同位语从句(注if, which不能引导同位语从句):I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。【知识拓展】常跟同位语从句的名词有:advice建议;doubt怀疑;fact事实，真相;fear害怕，恐惧;hope希望;idea想法，主意;information信息，情报;message消息，信息news消息，新闻;notice通知; order命令;opinion看法，见解;possibility可能，可能性;problem问题;promise许诺，诺言，答复; request请求，需要;rule规则，条例;suggestion建议;thought思想; question问题;report报告，; reply回答，; wish希望，心愿; word消息考点突破考点1考查并列句的用法1.(安顺中考)，Study hard , you will pass the exam.A .so B or C. but D. and【解析】选D, and可用于句式“祈使句，and+主语+其他”中，表示顺承关系，故用and,2.(北京中考)Id like to go with you,_ Im too busy. A. or B. and C. so D. but 【解析】选D,前句说自己愿意去，后句又表示自己很忙，是转折关系，故用but,3.(天津中考)，It was raining heavily,_ we decided to stay at home and watch TV. A. but B. or C. because D. so 【解析】选D,前句表示雨很大，后句说只能待在家里了.故应该是因果关系.用.so4.(成都中考) Confucius once said, Everything has beauty,_ not everyonesees it. A. but B. or C. and 【解析】选A。句意为:孔子，说过:“世间不缺乏美，但是并非每个人都能发现美。”空前后为转折关系，故 用but.考点2 考查复合句的用法5.(鄂州中考)-Can you tell me_ ? -In three days.A. when will they go to the Science MuseumB. how long they have been in New YorkC. how soon they will go to see the children left at homeD. what time will they attend the meeting【解析】选C。宾语从句要用陈述语序，答语In three days表示将来的时间段，要用how soon6.(宜昌中考)-The interviewer wants to know_ in your home. -Well，never let yesterday use up too much of today. A. how your family tradition is B. why you have family tradition C. when you have family tradition D. what family tradition you have 【解析】选D。答语是对家庭传统的具体内容的回答,问句应该是以what提问。how是对方式提问，why是对原因提问，when是对时间提问，均不符合题意。故选提问。故选D7.(长沙中考)-Excuse me, could you please tell me_ ? -Sure. Its about ten minutes walk.A. how long it takes to go to the zooB. how far it is from here to the zooC. how far is it from here to the【解析】选B。答语表示距离, ，故问句应该是对距离的提问，用how far引导，且宾语从句用陈述语序。故选Bzoo