中考英语复习讲义 第10章 动词的时态

中考英语复习讲义 第10章 动词的时态动词的时态是指表明谓语动词发生时间的动词形式。对于时态的考查，主耍以根据前后句以推侧所用时态为主。在学习过程中，要掌握对应时态的选择。一般来说，发生在过去的事情就用过去的相应时态进行描述;发生在现在或持续到现在的事情，就用现在相应的时态进行描述;将要发生的事情用将来相应的时态描述。内容导视知识点1时态的分类知识点2时态的构成及用法知识详单知识点1时态的分类分类说明例句一般现在时用来描述现在或经常性的动作、性质或状态I do my homework at home.我在家做作业。一般过去时表示一个过去发生的动作或存在的状态She lost her wallet last night.她昨晚丢了钱包。一般将来时表示将要发生的动作、情况或状态Mike will have supper with me this evening.迈克今晚要和我一起吃晚餐。.现在进行时主要表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事My little sister is reading an interesting article.我妹妹在读一篇有趣的文章。过去进行时主要表示过去某时的一个动作正在进行She was working on this problem this time yesterday.她昨天这个时候正在处理这个问题。现在完成时表示一件已发生的事，这事往往与现在情况有联系I have spent all the money.我已经把钱花光了。过去完成时表示过去某时前某件事情已经发生The train had left by the time he arrived.他到达的时候，火车已经开走了。现在完成进行时表示一个持续到现在的动作(可能刚停止，或还在进行)I have been waiting for you for a long time.我已经等你很久了。知识点2时态的构成及用法1. 一般现在时分类句式例句be动词的一般现在时肯定句:主语+is/am/are表语I am a student.我是一个学生。He is a student.他是一个学生。疑问句:Is/Am/Are+主语+表语Are you teachers?你们是老师吗?Is she a teacher?她是一个老师吗?否定句:主语+is/am/are+not+表语I am not a doctor.我不是医生。You are not a.doctor.你不是一个医生。否定疑问句:Is/Am/Are+主语+not+表语Am I not a worker?我不是一个工人吗?Are you not a worker?你不是一个工人吗?实义动词的一般现在时肯定句:主语+动词原形/动词的单数第三人称形式十其他You live here.你(们)住在这里。He lives here.他住在这里。疑问句:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他Do you sit beside me?你坐在我旁边吗?Does he sit beside me?他坐在我旁边吗?否定句:主语+dont/doesnt+其他I dont need your help.我不需要你的帮助。She doesnt need my help.她不需要我的帮助。否定疑问句:Do/Does+主语+not+动词原形+其他Do you not work?=Dont you work?你不工作吗?Does he not work?= Doesnt he work?他不工作吗?【知识拓展】在一般现在时中，have/has在表示“有”时，否定形式为havent/hasnt或dont/doesnt have，变为疑问句时，可直接把have/has放在句首，也可借助于助动词do/does;当不表示“有”时，其否定句和疑问句只能借助于助动词do/does构成。例如:He has three books.他有三本书。-He hasnt/doesnt have three books.他没有三本书。-Has he three books? /Does he have three books?他有三本书吗?Does he have a meeting every week?他每周都开会吗?【易错警示】对于否定疑问句的回答，不要受到问句中否定部分的干扰，而应根据事实回答问题;。如果事实是肯定的，要用yes回答；如果事实是否定的，则要用no来回答。例如：Are you not Mr. Smith?你不是史密斯先生吗?Yes, I am.不，我是(史密斯先生) Are you not Mr. Smith?你不是史密斯先生吗?No, Im not.是的，我不是(史密斯先生)2. 一般现在时的用法用法例句表示经常性、习惯性的动作He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于助人。表示主语所具有的特征、性格、能力或存在的状态，通常不带时间状语She is a middle school student.她是一个中学生。表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不等人。表示按时间表、规定安排或计划将要发生的动作The train starts at 7: 30 am.火车将于早上7点30发车。蔺里于表达当前正在发生的动作X417 1:而而There goes the bell!铃响了!【知识拓展】1.常与一般现在时连用的状语:alway，一直，总是;generally通常，普遍地;occasionally偶尔，间或;often经常;regularly定期地，有规律地;usually通常;seldom很少，不常;sometimes有时，不时，间或;at all times经常，总是;every few week，每隔几周;twice a week一周两次。例如:Even friends disagree sometimes.即便是朋友，有时也有分歧。They have English classes twice a week.他们一周上两次英语课。2.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。例如:If it doesnt rain, well go on a picnic as planned.如果不下雨，我们将按计划去野餐。3. 一般过去时（1） 一般过去时的构成分类句式例句be动词的一般过去时肯定句:主语+was/were+表语I was a student我曾经是一个学生。You were a student你曾经是一个学生。He was a student他曾经是一个学生。疑问句:Was/Were+主语+表语Were you a teacher?你曾经是一个老师吗?Was she a teacher?她曾经是一个老师吗?否定句:主语+was/were not+表语You were not a doctor你以前不是一个医生。He was not a doctor.他以前不是一个医生。实以动词的一般过去时肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其他I lived here.我以前住在这里。He lived here.他以前住在这里。疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其他Did I sit beside you?我曾坐在你旁边吗?否定句:主语+didnt+动词原形+其他I didnt need your help我不曾需要你的帮助。（2） 一般过去时的用法用法例句表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态Who did you see at the meeting this morning?今天晨会上你看见谁了?没有明确的表示过去的时间，但实际上说的是过去的事情，用一般过去时We really had a wonderful day.我们的确度过了愉快的一天。【知识拓展】 .1.常与一般过去时连用的状语:yesterday昨天;at that moment在那时，in xx在xx年;just now刚才，in the old days过去的时候;in the past在过去;in those day，在那些日子里;last nigh，昨天晚上;once upon time从前;the other day不久前某一天，几天前;two weeks ago两周前;the day before yesterday前天。例如Once upon a time there lived a sweet little girl.从前有个可爱的小姑娘。At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing。在那时，大家开始又笑又唱。2.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中、用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。如:Lily said she would came if I promised to wait for her.莉莉说如果我答应等她，她会来的。【易错警示】used to+动词原形，表过去习惯性的动作而现在已经不发生了;would+动词原形，表过去习惯性的动作。I used to get up at eight oclock in the summer holiday.过去我署假常常八点起床。Toni would go fishing when he was not busy.汤姆不忙的时候经常去钓鱼。4. 一般将来时（1） 一般将来时的构成分类用法例句肯定句主语+shall/will+动词原形+其他I shall/will go with you.我将要和你一起去。You will go with me.你将要和我一起去。否定句主语+shall/will not+动词原形+其他I shall/will not leave here before 8.八点前我不会离开。You will not go home before 10.十点前你不会回家。疑问句Shall/ Will+主语+动词原形+其他?-Shall I visit the museum alone?-Yes，you will. /No，you wont.我能独自参观博物馆吗?是的，你能。/不，你不能。（2） 一般将来时的用法用法条件例句will/shall+动词原形”表示将来表示将要发生的动作、情况或状态I will go to Hainan for holiday.我将要去海南度假。be going to+动词原形”表示将来表示现在的意图，即打算在最近或将来做的某事，主语一般是人She is going to buy a car for her mother.她准备给母亲买辆车。表示现在已有迹象表明即将发生某事，主语通常是物Its going to rain.要下雨了。现在进行时表示将来某些短暂性动词的现在进行时表示将来发生的动作，通常表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作The bus is ing.汽车来了。be to do表示将来表示已计划或安排好的动作或状态She is to call me on Sunday.她将在周日给我打电话。be about to do 表示将来表示马上就要发生的事，不强调主观，一般不与具体的时间状语连用The train is about to leave火车马上就出发了。【知识拓展】常与一般将来时连用的时间状语：tomorrow明天; before long不久；in a month一个月后，在一个月内; in the future在将来;next week下周; the day after tomorrow 后天；this afternoon今天下午。例如The new students will enter school the day after tomorrow.新生后天入学。There will he an election in that country next year. 在那个国家明年会有大选。【易错警示】be going to 和 will的区别：be going to既可指主观打算也可指客观迹象表明将要发生；will往往指没有经过计划，临时出现的意图，常伴有说话者的主观意思或将来必然要发生的事情。例如：-What are you going to give our teacher for Teachers Day?教师节你打算送我们老师什么?(主观打算)-Im not sure. Maybe I will buy her some flowers.我还没想好。也许我要送她一些花。(意愿决定)It is going to snow.要下雨了。(根据客观迹象判断)4.现在进行时（1）现在进行时的构成分类句式例句肯定句主语+be ( am/is,/are)+动词ing+其他She is doing her homework.她在做作业。否定句主语+be( am/is/are)+not+动词ing+其他She is not doing her homework.她没有在做作业。疑问句Be (am/is/are )+主语+动词ing+其他?-Is she doing her homework?她在做作业吗?-Yes，she is. /Noshe isnt.是的，她在做。/不，她没有。（2）现在进行时的用法用法例句表示此时此刻正在发生的事或进行的动作I am having super at home.我正在家里吃晚餐。表示当前一段时间内正在发生的动作Linda is working on a new book these days.琳达这几天写一本新书。表示此时此刻某一动作不断地重复The little girl is running with great joy at the sight of her mother.看到妈妈，小女孩高兴地跑了起来。有些动词(arrive, e, go, leave等)用现在进行时可以表示将要发生的、计划或安排好的事情We are leaving for Africa today.我们今天动身去非洲。【知识拓展】1.常与现在进行时连用的状语:now现在;at this moment现在;at present目前。例如:Where are you living now?你现在住在哪里?Tom is working at a university at present汤姆目前在一所大学工作。2.有些表示感官(see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice等)、情感(hate, like, want, wish prefer等)、存在状态( remain, stay等)、从属或占有(have, belong等)的动词通常不用现在进行时。3. always(一直，总是),frequently(颇繁地，经常地，时常),all the time(始终，一直)等用于现在进行时，表示赞扬、厌恶、不满等感情色彩;用于一般现在时，不表示感情色彩。例如:He is always quarrelling with others.他总是和别人吵架。(不满)（5）过去进行时（1）过去进行时的构成分类句式例句肯定句主语+be (was/were)+动词ing+其他She was drawing at this time yesterday.她昨天这个时候正在画画。否定句主语+be(was/were )+not+动词ing+其他She was not drawing at this time yesterday.她昨天这个时候没有在画画。疑问句Be ( was/were)+主语+动词ing+其他?-Was she drawing at this time yesterday?她昨天这个时候在画画吗?-Yes, she was. /No,。一、。wasnt.是的，她在画。/不，她没有。（2）过去进行时的用法用法例句表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在，进行的动作I was watching a football match this time yesterday evening.昨晚这个时候我正在看一场足球比赛。表示按计划、安排在过去某时间将发生的动作I was told that he was ing back for super.我被告知他要回来吃晚饭。【知识拓展常与过去进行时连用的状语:a moment ago刚才;at that time在那时;then那时;all morning整个早上，整个上午;at nine yesterday morning昨天上午9点;at this time yesterday昨天这时候。例如:I was cleaning the floor at this time yesterday.昨天这时候我正在扫地。A man calling himself Smith was looking for you a moment ago.刚才一名自称史密斯的男子在找你。6.现在完成时（1）现在完成时的构成分类句式例句肯定句主语+have/has+过去分词+其他They have lost the match.他们已经输掉了这场比赛。否定句主语+have/has+ not+过去分词+其他They havent lost the match.他们还没有输掉这场比赛。疑问句Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?-Have they lost the match?他们输掉比赛了吗?-Yes, they have. /No, they havent.是的，他们输了。不，他们没输。（2）现在完成时的用法用法例句强调过去的动作对现在的影响或结果，或动作最近刚结束They has won the final game.他们赢得了最后的比赛。表示过去某时开始并一直延续到现在的动作或状态，这个动作或状态也许还会持续下去I have lived in Xian for 20 years.我在西安生活了二十年了。t表示经历或经验She has been to Japan twice.她去过日本两次。【易错警示】【易错警示】1常与现在完成时连用的状语：before 以前，ever曾经；until刚刚；never从不，从来没有；recently近来，最近；since自从;yet已经；by now到现在为止；during the last few weeks在过去的几个星期里；for a long time很长时间;in the 1ast/past few/ years/weeks在过去的几年/周里； many times许多次；over the past years在过去的几年里；so far到目前为止；up to/ till now到现在为止。例如Up to now, the program has saved thousands of children.到目前为止，这个项目已经挽救了成千上万的孩子。His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month. 他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来得到很好地评价。2.have gone to与have been to的区别：前者表示已经去了某地，目前正在路上或已经到达，即“去而未归”；而后者表示已经到过某地，即“去过已归”。例如Tom has gone to Beijing.汤姆已经去北京了。Tom has been to Beijing.汤姆曾去过北京。3.短暂性动词与延续性动词:（1）短暂性动词：表示动作一开始马上就结束，不能延续，也叫非延续性动词或终止性动词。常用的词有begin开始；close关，关闭；finish完成，结束；hear听，听到，听说；lend借给；marry结婚，嫁；open打开；put放；receive收到，接收；sell卖，推销；start开始，出发；stop停止，终止等。短暂性动词不能与表示一段时间的for,since或how long等状语连用，但在否定句中，有时可与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:We havent heard from Jane for a long time.我们好久没有收到简的信了。(但是不可说“We have heard from Jane for a long time.)(2)廷续性动词:指动作发生后还可以延续一段时间。常用的词有:have有; live居住，生活;rain下雨;sleep睡觉;Study学习;wait等候; work工作等。延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。例如:I have already waited for Tom for two hours.我已经等汤姆两个小时了。部分非延续性动词和延续性动词的转化:buy-have; borrow-keep; arrive-stay; leave-be away; die-be dead; turn on-be on; join-be a member of; e/go-be in/away; get to/reach/arrive in/arrive at-be in.7.过去完成时（1.）过去完成时的构成分类句式例句肯定句主语+had+过去分词+其他They- had lost the match when I got there.我到那里的时候，他们已经输掉了这场比赛。否定句主语+had+not+过去分词+其他They hadnt lost the match when I got there我到那里的时候，他们还没有输掉这场比赛。疑问句Had+主语+过去分词+其他?-Had they lost the match when you got there?你到那里的时候，他们输掉比赛了吗?-Yes, they had. /No, they hadnt是的，他们输了。/不，他们没输。（2）过去完成时的用法用法例句表示到过去某一时刻或动作之前，已经完成了的动作，含有“过去的过去”之意。By the end of last tern，he had already learned 20 new songs.到上学期末为止，他已经学会了20首新的英语歌。表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一个时刻的动作。常与for, since引导的时间状语连用He had worked in the office for two years before he moved to another town.在搬到另一个城镇之前他已经在那个办公室工作了两年了.【知识拓展】常与过去完成时连用的状语：:before/by/by the time of/by the end of+过去时间。例如;We had been busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves.我们忙于工作好几个月了，所以我们去海边放松了一下。8.现在完成进行时（1）现在完成进行时的 构成分类句式例句肯定句主语+have/has+been+现在分词+其他Lucy is out of job，and she has been considering going back to school.露西失业了，她一直在考虑重返学校。否定句主语+have/has+not+been+现在分词+其他He hasnt been working since he got laid off 3 months ago.他从三个月前被解聘后就一直没干活儿。疑问句Have/Has+主语+been+现在分词+其他?-Have the Chinese been making paper for two thousand years?中国有xx年的造纸历史吗?-Yes, they have. /No, they havent.是的，他们有。/不，他们没有。（2.）现在完成进行时的用法用法例句表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有xx年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)表示从说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)考点突破考点1考查一般现在时的用法1.(龙东中考)Mr Bridges, my primary school teacher, used to tell us that practice_ perfect. A. make B. made C. makes 【解析】选C that引导的宾语从句practice makes perfect是谚语，在任何时态中都要用一般现在时。2.(滨州中考)-Do you know if he will e tomorrow? -No. But if he_，Ill call you to have a meal together. A. will e B. wont e C. es - D. doesnt e 【解析】选C。在条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。故选C考点2考查一般过去时的用法3.(安顺中考)I_ tennis with my cousin every day when I was in America.A. play B. played C. had played D. has played【解析】 选B, when引导的时间状语从句是过去时，主句谓语也要用过去时。故选B4.(来宾中考)-What did you do for your dad on Fathers Day this year?-I _ a beautiful tie for him.A. buy B. bought C. buys D. buying【解析】选B。问句是一般过去时，答语也用一般过去时表示。5.(十堰中考)-Have you finished using my dictionary? -Yes, I put it back on your desk just now. Who _ it away? A. will take B. is taking C. took D.has taken【解析】选C just now表示刚才发生的事情，有人拿走了字典，表示动作已经发生，要用一般过去时。故选C,考点3考查一般将来时的用法6.(绥化中考)Jenny_ on holiday now. I wonder when she一back.A. is being; es B. is; is ing C.will be; will e【解析】选B。第一空表示目前的状态，用一般现在时; 第二空e, go等表示位置移动的词可用现在进行时表示将来。7.(天津中考)Robots_ more heavy work for us in the future. A. will do B. did C. have done D. were doing【解析】选A。句末的时间状语in the future暗示要用一般将来时。考点4考查现在进行时的用法8. (黔南中考)-Ann, could you help me? -Wait a minute, I_ A. am locking the door B. have locked the door C. lock the door D. was locking the door 【解析】选A wait a minute表示目前正在做另一件事情，因此要用现在进行时。9.(来宾中考)-Would you mind turning down your music player? Everybody_ now -Im sorry. Ill do it right now. A. sleep B. slept C. is sleeping D. are sleeping 【解析】选C。空后的now表明要用现在进行时，everybody作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。10.(十堰中考)-The book store_ a big sale. The books there must be very cheap now.-Sounds great. Lets go into it and have a look.A. will have B. had C. is having D. was having【解析】选C。由上下句意可知第一句指的是“书店正在打折”，要用现在进行时。故选C考点5考查过去进行时的用法11. (黔南中考)-We couldnt find you anywhere around 8:00 yesterday evening. -I am sorry for it. My mother and I_ in the square. A. danced B. will dance C. were dancing D. are dancing【解析】选C, 问句问的是昨天晚上八点钟的情况, ，答语应该用过去进行时。12.(赤峰中考)-I called you at 8:00 yesterday evening, but no one answered. -Sorry，I_ clothes for my parents at that time. A. wash B. washed C. am washing D. was washing 【解析】选D 根据时间状语at that time可知句子用过去进行时。故选D考点6考查现在完成时的用法13.(龙东中考)How time flies! Three years_ since I _ you last time.A. have passed; met B. has passed; met C. passed ; have met【解析】选B。主句用现在完成时，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，three years是一个整体，谓语部分要用单数形式。故选B14.(赤峰中考)-The storybook is very interesting. -I agree with you. I_ it twice already. A. read B. will read C. was reading D. have read【解析】选D already表“已经”，句子多用现在完成时。故选D15.(孝感中考)-Id like you to tell me something about Shen Nongjia. -Im sorry, but neither Jack nor I_ there.A. have been B. had been C. have gone D. has gone【解析】选A。根据答语“对不起，但是杰克和我都没去过那儿。”可知要使用现在完成时。have/has been to+地点，意为“去过某地”，现在已经回来了;have/has gone to+地点，意为“去了某地或在去某地的路上”; 答句是neither. nor引导的两个并列主语，谓语动词就近一致与I保持一致，故选A考点7考查过去完成时的用法16.(襄阳中考)-We all went to the cinema except you last night. Why didnt you e? -Because I _ that movie twice. A. have watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would watch 【解析】选B。根据上下文可知:我昨晚不去看电影，是因为我以前看过了。叙述的是“过去的过去”发生的事，故用过去完成时态，选B项。17.(上海中考) By the end of last week, she_ in the west of China for two months helping the homeless children. A. will stay B. has stayed C. would stay D. had stayed【解析】选D by the end of last week“截止到上个星期”，在时间上表示过去的过去，故要用过去完成时。