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时间状语从句,还是定语从句?【问题】Ten people were killed and several were injured last night when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 这个句子中,when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 是时间状语从句,还是定语从句?我认为,句中时间副词last night,以及类似的时间短语,如:in 2010, during World War II, at Christmas 等,后面若跟when从句,假若没有特殊情况,一般都是定语从句,不是状语从句。因为后者跟前者是修饰限定的关系,或者说是定语从句跟先行词的关系。例如:She ate your candy last night when you were asleep.昨晚在你睡觉时,她吃了你的糖果。Last night when I was having dinner with Alan, Johnny bumped into us in the restaurant.昨晚我和阿伦在餐厅吃晚饭时,给约翰尼撞见了。More than half the class bunked off last week when there was a test. 上周测验时,这个班有半数以上的学生逃学。He won the crown in Paris last month when he beat the Italian champion. 他上个月在巴黎赢得了桂冠,当时他打败了意大利冠军。【注意】特殊句式下,如:“主句过去进行时 + when .”,无论从结构还是表意上看,when不是引导定语从句,而是从属连词或并列连词。They were talking about the film last night when I came in. 当我进去的时候他们正在谈论昨晚上的电影。We were having a party at school last night when the lights suddenly went out. 昨晚我们正在学校举行派对,突然电停了。I was sleeping soundly last night when I was awakened by someones groans. 昨夜,正当我熟睡时,我被呻吟声吵醒了。张道真等编著的英语语法大全认为:“如果把几个状语放在一起,通常宜于把最短的放在前面,把最长的放在最后”。例如:Yesterday just before breakfast when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house. (先是单词,然后是短语,最后是从句)这个说法意味着:1. 时间状语的排列顺序。这个不是本文探讨的范围,其实这个说法并不正确。这只是一种修辞法,不是语法规则。我们完全可以说:Just before breakfast yesterday when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house.2. 把Yesterday,just before breakfast以及when I was writing a letter 都看作时间状语,也就是说本句共有3个时间状语。对此,我不敢苟同,觉得有商榷的必要。现在,我们先讨论when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 到底是时间状语从句,还是定语从句?Ten people were killed and several were injured last night when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange.译文:“昨天晚上一颗炸弹在股票交易所附近爆炸,造成十人死亡,数人受伤。”last night与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 到底存在什么关系?它们之间可能存在的3种关系:1. 并列关系 (如果是并列关系,那么when 就是状语从句,跟last night 共同修饰谓语动词)2. 同位关系(如果是同位关系,那么when 就是名词性从句,不是状语从句)3. 修饰关系(如果是修饰关系,那么when 就是定语从句,修饰限定last night)下面我从这3种关系入手,进行深度分析,最后判断它们是不是先行词和定语从句的关系。1. 并列关系? 如果是并列关系,那么,last night 和when 之间应该有或者可以加上and, or 等连词连接,以“A and B”或“A or B” 的结构出现,例如:He stayed at home yesterday and today. 他昨天和今天都呆在家里。It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天或明天去没有多大关系。并列关系的两个词语可以交换位置,而保持意思不变。例如:It wont make much difference whether you go tomorrow or today. last night与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange是否存在上述关系?(1) Ten people were killed and several were injured last night and when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. (加连词 and)(2) Ten people were killed and several were injured when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange and last night. (交换位置)上述两句显然讲不通。由此,可以推断:last night 与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 不存在并列关系。2. 同位关系? when 可以引导同位语从句,但有两个不可忽略的事实:(一)这个when 仍含有疑问副词的含义(译为:“什么时候”);(二)when 之前的同位语是一个带有疑问的名词。例如:The question when we will have the meeting has not been answered. 我们什么时候要开会的问题,没有得到答复。所以,last night 与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 都不具备上述两个条件,所以不存在同位关系。3. 修饰关系。所谓修饰关系,就是when从句修饰并限定last night。上述两种关系都一一排除了,那么,离正确的答案就越来越近了。英语中的时间状语,如果一个句子中出现两个甚至多个时间,那么它们之间是修饰或限定的关系,这在英语中十分常见。现在以 in October 为例进行扩展:I met Alice in October.I met Alice in October last year. (last year修饰in October)I met Alice in October last year when I was studying at Beijing University.(when I was studying at Beijing University定语从句,修饰in October last year)【需要特别说明的是】一个句子中,可能出现“两个或两个以上的表示时间的词语”,但不能称为“两个或两个以上的时间状语”,因为它们之间不是孤立分割的,而是一个时间整体。这是因为一个动作发生的时间只有一个,也就是说,修饰谓语动词的时间状语也是一个。这就是问题的关键所在。逻辑分析说明,这几个时间状语之间是一种修饰和被修饰的关系。所以,I met Alice in October last year when I was at Beijing University. 不能拆开说:I met Alice in October.I met Alice last year.I met Alice when I was at Beijing University.结果是,每个句子的时间都不一样,出现3个句子3个意思。只有把这个3个时间按规则合在一起,成为一个时间状语,让它们之间含有修饰限定的关系,这样才表达出句子本来的意义。最后,我谈谈张道真等编著的英语语法大全上的这个句子:Yesterday just before breakfast when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house.我认为,这种时间排列是修辞的需要,不是语法规则。正常的语法顺序应该是:Just before breakfast yesterday when I was writing a letter, Mr. A called at my house.句子的时间状语Just before breakfast yesterday when I was writing a letter 是一个整体,它们之间是修饰关系:yesterday修饰Just before breakfast,when I was writing a letter是定语从句,修饰Just before breakfast yesterday,不可分割成3个时间状语。我始终认为:英语是逻辑语言,汉语是形象语言。这种差异反映在翻译上面就是,有时候本来是修饰时间的定语从句,在汉语中当作时间状语从句来翻译和理解。我的意思是说,翻译是一码事,结构是另一码事。所以,不要因为翻译理解的不同而曲解了句子结构。有人仍然感到不解:She ate your candy last night when you were asleep. 翻译成汉语是“昨晚在你睡觉时,她吃了你的糖果。”从翻译上看,该句中last night是说明昨晚睡觉的时间,应该修饰从句,不是修饰主句的。并且可以转换为:She ate your candy when you were asleep last night. 所以就认为when you were asleep 是状语从句。其实,这属于一厢情愿的解释,这种理解并不正确。last night 若是修饰when 从句的话,它必须放在when 从句之内,而不是when 从句之外这就是问题的关键!事实上last night 是修饰主句谓语动词ate 的,然后,when you were asleep 修饰last night,充当定语从句。关于翻译和理解:按“限制性定语从句”理解:在你睡觉时的昨天晚上(的某个时间),她吃了你的糖果。按“非限制性定语从句”理解:她昨晚吃了你的糖果,当时你在睡觉。【特别指出】有人可能误认为“昨天晚上”是一个很长的时间段,其实不然。如She ate your candy last night. 这句话,意思是:糖果是在昨天晚上“某个时间”吃的,而不是吃了整个一晚上,不要认为last night 的时间很长。在这个句子中,它只是个时间点。正因为此,我们用定语从句 when you were asleep 来修饰限定它,把last night 这个时间具体化。我们不能用汉语翻译,去诠释英语的句子结构。那样岂不成了“削足适履”吗?
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