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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN13865:2003Surfaces for sports areas Determination of angled ball behaviour TennisThe European Standard EN 13865:2003 has the status of aBritish StandardICS 97.220.10 BS EN 13865:2003National forewordThis British Standard is the official English language version ofEN 13865:2003. EN 13865:2003 is one of a series of standards being produced by CEN/TC 217. On publication of the entire series of European Standards, theBS 7044 series will be withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteePRI/57, Surfaces for sports areas, which has the responsibility to:aid enquirers to understand the text;present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the “Search facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 7 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.This British Standard, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on19 December 2003 BSI 19 December 2003ISBN 0 580 43135 5Amd. No.DateCommentsAmendments issued since publicationEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 13865December 2003ICS English versionSurfaces for sports areas - Determination of angled ball behaviour - TennisSols sportifs - Dtermination du comportement du rebond angulaire dune balle - TennisSportbden - Bestimmung des winkligen Ballverhaltens - TennisThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 November 2003.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T EUR O P EN DE NOR M A L I S A TI ON EUR O P I S C H ES KOM I TEE F R NOR M UNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2003 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13865:2003 EContentspage1Scope .42Normative references .43Principle .44Apparatus .45Test pieces.56Conditioning and test temperature .56.1Laboratory tests .56.2On-site tests .57Preparation of tennis balls .57.1Conditioning .57.2Pre-compression.58Procedure .59Calculation and expression of results .610Test report .7ForewordThis document (EN 13865:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 217 “Surfaces for sports areas, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2004.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.1ScopeThis European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the behaviour of a tennis ball striking a sports surface at an angle.2Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 12229, Surfaces for sports areas Procedure for the preparation of synthetic turf and textile test pieces. International Tennis Federation (ITF) Rules of Tennis.3PrincipleA ball is projected at an angle onto a sports surface and its velocity, angle and rebound are assessed.4Apparatus4.1Ball projector, providing a means of projecting a ball at a specified angle and velocity onto the surface without imparting spin greater than 3 rev/s.NOTE Suitable ball projection machines are available commercially. The release characteristics of the ball from the machine should be checked specifically (e.g. by stroboscopic photography) to ensure that spin in excess of 3 rev/s does not occur.4.2Ball track monitor, providing a means of monitoring the track of the ball before and after impact such that its velocity can be measured to an accuracy of 0,01 m/s and its angle of impact and rebound to 0,1. The uncertainty in the precision of the measuring technique shall be no greater than 2 %.NOTE The track of the ball can be monitored photographically or by timing its passage between light-sensitive receivers. In the latter case, the angle can be deduced from the vertical and horizontal components of velocity.4.3Pressurized tennis balls4.3.1Balls in accordance with 4.3.2 are used in tests to demonstrate the conformity of a sports surface to a specification for the surface.Balls in accordance with 4.3.3 are used to demonstrate the performance of a particular type of ball on a given surface, e.g. a particular brand of ball to be used in a tournament.4.3.2At least three test tennis balls, taken from a pressurized ball canister, each covered with cloth weft comprising (33 6) % denier (6,67 dtex) polyamide and (67 3) % wool, and which, when tested in accordance with procedures detailed in the ITF Rules of Tennis, exhibit the following properties: ball mass: (57,6 0,3) g; ring gauge diameter: minimum 67,072 mm, maximum 67,865 mm; forward deformation: (6,413 0,317) mm; rebound (mean of five tests): (1,41 0,01) m.4.3.3When required, at least four commercially available tennis balls, taken from a pressurized ball canister, and which conform to the ITF Rules of Tennis.4.3.4Additional balls of either type (see 4.3.2 or 4.3.3), if necessary, for trial runs (see 8.2).5Test piecesTest pieces of synthetic turf and textile sports surfaces shall be prepared in accordance with EN 12229.Test pieces of sports surfaces shall have a minimum length 1 000 mm and minimum width 1 000 mm, and shall be tested in combination with the supporting layers to be used in service and using the method of attachment recommended in the manufacturers instructions.Loose laid test pieces shall be tested while anchored at the edges.NOTE Experience has shown that it is extremely difficult to produce laboratory samples of mineral surfaces that have the same characteristics as actual facilities. Wherever possible, mineral surfaces should be tested in situ.6Conditioning and test temperature6.1Laboratory testsCondition test pieces containing materials which are sensitive to humidity for a minimum of 88 h at relative humidity(50 5) % at the specified test temperature.Condition all other test pieces for a minimum of 3 h at the specified test temperature.Unless stated otherwise in the product specification, the test temperature shall be (23 2) C.6.2On-site testsTests on site shall be conducted at ambient temperature and humidity.7Preparation of tennis balls7.1ConditioningThe balls shall be removed from their container at least 1 h prior to the test in order to ensure that they reach equilibrium with the prevailing ambient conditions.7.2Pre-compressionThe balls shall be subjected to a pre-compression procedure, as described in detail in the ITF method, prior to being used in tests.8Procedure8.1Carry out all tests within 7 days of opening the ball canister (see 7.1).8.2Adjust the ball projector (see 4.1) to deliver a ball onto the test piece at an angle of incidence of (16 2) and a velocity of (30 2) m/s, if necessary employing trial runs using additional balls (see 4.3.4).8.3Project each ball, in turn, onto the test piece surface and, using the ball track monitor (see 4.2), monitor and record the velocity and angle before and after impact. Analyse the results and select the three balls that give the best reproducibility and repeatability.NOTE If the balls are those specified in 4.3.2, only three balls in total might have been used.8.4Project each of the three selected balls, in turn, onto the test piece, and monitor and record the velocity and angle before and after impact. Record the sequence of projecting the balls.Examine the test piece and if the sports surface is disturbed or damaged as a result of the test, move the apparatus between each test to change the point of impact.8.5Using the same balls, repeat the procedure described in 8.4 a further two times, projecting each of the three balls in the same sequence.NOTEIt is important that no ball is fired more than ten times so as to avoid degradation of the ball.8.6If the surface has a directional pattern, such as the lay of the pile of synthetic turf, carry out five tests in one direction and four in the other direction to obtain a set of readings in directions giving maximum and minimum values of angle of rebound.9Calculation and expression of resultsFrom the monitoring of the ball before and after impact, obtain the angles and resultant velocities of incidence and rebound (see Figure 1).Figure 1 Relationship between components of ball incidence and rebound.The coefficient of restitution for each test is given byvr sin je = (1)vi sin qwhereeis the coefficient of restitution;viis the incidence velocity, in metres per second (m/s);vris the rebound velocity, in metres per second (m/s);jis the angle of rebound, in degrees ();qis the angle of incidence, in degrees ().The tennis coefficient for each test is given by100 1 - (vT =icos q - vrcosj)(2)(1 + e) vi sin qwhereTis the tennis coefficient;viis the rebound velocity, in metres per second (m/s);vris the vertical component of rebound velocity, in metres per second (m/s);jis the angle of rebound, in degrees ();qis the angle of incidence, in degrees ();eis the coefficient of restitution.For each series of nine tests calculate the mean values of coefficient of restitution and tennis coefficient.10 Test reportThe test report shall contain the following:a)reference to this European Standard, i.e. EN 13865:2003;b)complete identification of the surface tested, including the manufacturers reference and the type of supporting layers and their method of attachment;c)direction of test;d)test temperature;e)mean value of coefficient of restitution and tennis coefficient;f)individual test results and tennis coefficients, if required;g)condition of the surface at the time of test, i.e. wet or dry.BS EN13865:2003BSI389 Chiswick High RoadLondonW4 4ALBSI British Standards InstitutionBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparingBritish Standards. 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