2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前模拟强化练习题9（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960s and 70s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic snow were declining.In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the North-eastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.1. The study published in the journal. Nature indicates that（ ）.2. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US（ ）.3. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?4. The authors of the Ambio study have found that（ ）.5. It can be inferred, from the last paragraph that scientists（ ）.问题1选项A.the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired resultsB.lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increaseC.lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expectedD.the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow问题2选项A.was discouragedB.was enforced by lawC.was prohibited by lawD.was introduced问题3选项A.By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.B.By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.C.By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.D.By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.问题4选项A.forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expectedB.lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal withC.lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the USD.the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions问题5选项A.are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollutionB.feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasolineC.still consider lead pollution, a problemD.lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】细节事实题。由题干定位到第二段A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. 最近发表在自然（Nature）杂志上的一项研究表明，美国通过空气传播的含铅气体排放是导致格陵兰雪中铅含量高的主要原因。可知该研究表明美国是到导致北极雪中铅污染的主要来源。D项正确。B项与“A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic snow were declining.”不符。AC两项内容与该研究无关。答案D。细节事实题。根据题干定位到第一段“In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.” 在清洁空气法强制要求美国使用无铅气体的二十年里，全世界的铅积累量已显著下降。可知对美国使用无铅气体是法律的强制要求。B项正确。判断推理题。根据题干定位到文中第三段“In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.” “在他的新研究中，布隆博士发现美国使用的含铅汽油中不同形式的铅的比例与欧洲、亚洲和加拿大的汽油不同，因此科学家能够区分铅的来源。在格陵兰雪中发现的主要铅含量与在美国汽油中发现的铅含量相当。”由此可知科学家通过将美国含铅汽油中的化学成分与其他国家的对比，找到了格林兰雪中铅的来源。D项正确。细节事实题。由题干定位到倒数第二段“The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected. 森林环境处理和重新分配铅的速度比科学家预期的要快。”可知A项正确。判断推理题。由最后一段“Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute. 科学家们说，这两项研究都表明，生态系统的某些部分对大气污染的减少做出了迅速反应，但这些发现不应被用作污染的许可证。”可知虽然大气污染减少后，生态系统也作出了相应快速积极的反应，但是科学家仍然认为不能抱有侥幸心理，应该仍然控制污染。故C项正确。2. 单选题（ ）as planned depends on the weather.问题1选项A.Well go on the excursionB.That well go on the excursionC.How well go on the excursionD.Whether well go on the excursion【答案】D【解析】考查主语从句。原句表示，我们是否能按计划出去郊游取决于天气。因此本题正确答案为D选项。3. 单选题Online services that provide（ ）lovers saw a rise in popularity before the Valentines Day, which is celebrated every year on Feb 14.问题1选项A.humbleB.nobleC.radicalD.virtual【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项humble表示“谦逊的，简陋的”，B选项noble表示“高贵的，宏伟的”，C选项radical表示“激进的，根本的，彻底的”，D选项virtual表示“事实上的，（计算机仿真）虚拟的”。由句意可知，情人节前，网上提供（ ）情侣的服务日渐增多。由此可知，只有D选项最符合原文句意，virtual lover表示“虚拟情侣”。故本题正确答案为D选项。4. 单选题If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.If you say to your children Im sorry I got angry with you, but . what follows that but can render the apology ineffective: I had a bad day or your noise was giving me a headache leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should- be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say Im sorry youre upset; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying Im useless as a parent does not commit a person to any specific improvement.These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children, feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other childrens expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-olcl might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not.1. If a mother adds but to an apology,（ ）.2. According to the author, saying Im sorry youre upset most probably means（ ）.3. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because（ ）.4. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry（ ）.5. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is（ ）.问题1选项A.she doesnt feel that she should have apologizedB.she does not realize that the child has been hurtC.the child may find the apology easier to acceptD.the child may feel that, he owes her an apology问题2选项A.You have good reason to get upsetB.Im aware youre upset, but Im not to blameC.I apologize for hurting your feelingsD.Im at fault for making you upset问题3选项A.it gets one into the habit of making empty promisesB.it may make the other person feel guiltyC.it is vague and ineffectiveD.it is hurtful and insulting问题4选项A.the complexities involved should be ignoredB.their ages should be taken into accountC.parents need to set them a good exampleD.parents should be patient and tolerant问题5选项A.a social issue calling for immediate attentionB.not necessary among family membersC.a sign of social progressD.not as simple as it seems【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第二段If you say to your children Im sorry I got angry with you, but . what follows that but can render the apology ineffective: I had a bad day or your noise was giving me a headache leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should- be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.可知如果在道歉后加了but，那么会使那个受伤的人感觉为了得到别人的道歉，他得先为自己不好的行为道歉。与D项“这个孩子可能会觉得他欠他妈妈一个道歉”相符。故D项正确。2.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第三段Im sorry youre upset; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.如果这样道歉“我很抱歉你生气了”;这表明你在某种程度上是错误的，因为你让自己被别人的所作所为弄得心烦意乱。”由此可知道歉人其实并没有真正地道歉，而是认为别人是由于自己的原因而心情不好。与B项相符。3.判断推理题。根据题干定位到第四段Saying Im useless as a parent does not commit a person to any specific improvement. 如果家长道歉说“我是个没用的家长”并不能让一个人得到任何具体的改善。可知用这种道歉方法是无效的。故C项正确。4.判断推理题。But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children, feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other childrens expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-olcl might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not. 但是，即使孩子们看到了真诚悔过的例子，他们仍然需要帮助来使其意识到道歉的复杂性。一个三岁的孩子可能需要帮助来理解其他孩子也像他一样感到疼痛，用沉重的玩具打玩伴的头需要道歉。一个六岁的孩子可能需要被提醒，辜负其他孩子的期望可能需要道歉。一个12岁的孩子可能需要被告知，未经许可就乱翻饼干罐是可以接受的，但未经许可就借父母的衣服就不行。最后一段举例讲述了不同年龄段的孩子都需要不同程度的提醒或告诫来使其意识到道歉的复杂性。故B项“在教小孩子道歉时应考虑他们的年龄。”正确。5.判断推理题。全文介绍了几种伪道歉，最后总结这几种道歉方式是无效的，并且提醒读者教小孩道歉要考虑到他们的年龄。由此可见恰当的道歉并没有看起来那么简单。A项“合理道歉是需要立即关注的社会问题”文中未提及；B项“合理道歉在家庭成员中不必要”与文中提到的“A 12-year-olcl might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not.”不符；C项“合理道歉是社会进步的标志”与文中内容无关。故答案D5. 单选题The annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of attitudes towards public education released this week found that a majority of Americans feel it is important to put a “qualified, competent teacher in every classroom”. Bob Chase, president of the National Education Association（NEA., the main teachers union, wasted no time in pointing out that this will require raising teachers salaries so that more qualified candidates will enter the profession and stay there. A study by two economists suggests that the quality of Americas teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much.The pay of American public school teachers is not based on any measure of performance instead, it is determined by a rigid formula based on experience and years of schooling factors massively unimportant in deciding how well students do. The uniform pay scale invites what economists call adverse selection. Since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions, they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity. For dullards（笨蛋），the incentives are just the opposite. The data are striking: when test scores are used as a proxy（代替物）for ability, the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture. Clever students are the least likely to choose education as a major at university.Among students who do major in education, those with higher test scores are less likely to become teachers. And among individuals who enter teaching, those with the highest test scores are the most likely to leave the profession early. The study takes into consideration the effects of a nationwide 20% real increase in teacher salaries during the 1980s. It concludes that it had no appreciable effect on overall teacher quality, in large part because schools do a poor job of recruiting and selecting the best teachers. Also, even if higher salaries lure more qualified candidates into the profession, the overall effect on quality may be offset by mediocre teachers who choose to postpone retirement.The study also takes aim at teacher training. Every state requires that teachers be licensed, a process that can involve up to two years of education classes, even for those who have a university degree or a graduate degree in the field they would like to teach. Inevitably, this system does little to lure in graduates of top universities or professionals who would like to enter teaching at mid-career.1. What can we learn from the passage?2. According to the passage, the reason why clever students refuse to enter the teaching profession is that（ ）.3. “The data are striking: when.the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture”（in Paragraph 2）means that（ ）.4. Increase in teacher salaries did not turn out so effective mainly because（ ）.5. We can conclude from the passage that（ ）.问题1选项A.NEA is the largest society for teachers.B.The pay of American teachers is based on their performance.C.Some teachers in the U.S. are not qualified enough.D.How much the teachers are paid is the most important factor.问题2选项A.it offers low pay.B.they have interest in other professions .C.it does not value productivityD.it uses poor recruiting strategies问题3选项A.students doing well in study are willing to take teaching as a careerB.students doing well in study cant avoid choosing teaching as a careerC.students doing well in study are reluctant to be teachersD.students doing well in study are not reluctant to be teachers问题4选项A.schools did a poor job of choosing teachersB.mediocre teachers always postpone retirementC.the salaries were not attractive enoughD.teachers didnt have equal opportunities问题5选项A.training is necessary for those who want to become a good teacherB.those who want to become teachers in the U.S. have to be licensedC.many graduates of top universities would like to enter teachingD.there is annual increase in teacher salaries in the U.S.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第二句话提到NEA, the main teachers union，由此可知选项A的说法是错误的，可以排除；文章第二段第一句话the pay of American public school teachers is not based on any measure of performance，由此可知选项B说法错误，可以排除；文章第一段最后一句话提到Americas teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much，由此可知选项D说法错误，可以排除。综上，选项C符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第二段提到有才华的老师可能擅长其他领域的职业，所以他们有强烈的动机离开教育行业，转而从事其他那些薪酬与生产效率挂钩的工作（since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions, they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity），这也说明教育行业的薪酬与生产效率无关，所以那些聪明学生并不愿意套入教育领域，选项C符合题意。3.判断推理题。划线句子的大意是那些最聪明的学生并不愿意踏入教育领域，选项C“那些学习成绩好的学生不愿意成为教师”符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章第三段提到because schools do a poor job of recruiting and selecting the best teachers，因此选项A符合题意。5.细节事实题。文章倒数第一段提到every state requires that teachers be licensed（每个州都要求老师有执照），选项B符合题意。6. 单选题In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher5s me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public（including other scientists）receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search，not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second，novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each, others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”1. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its（ ）.2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires（ ）.3. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it（ ）.4. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that（ ）.5. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?问题1选项A.uncertainty and complexityB.misconception and deceptivenessC.logicality and objectivityD.systematicness and regularity问题2选项A.strict inspectionB.shared effortsC.individual wisdomD.persistent innovation问题3选项A.has attracted the attention of the general publicB.has been exam