2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考前模拟强化练习题12（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题If you want to buy this house, the payment may be made in five（ ）.问题1选项A.installmentsB.piecesC.sharesD.parts【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项installments“分期付款”；B选项pieces“块，文章”；C选项shares“股份”；D选项parts“部分”。句意：如果你想买这栋房子，可以_。这句话表示是“可以分五期付款”，因此A选项符合题意。2. 单选题It is hard for the young people to imagine what severe conditions their parents once lived under.问题1选项A.sincereB.hardC.strictD.tight【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sincere“真诚的”；B选项hard“艰难的”；C选项strict“严格的”；D选项tight“紧的，密封的”。句意：年轻人很难想象他们的父母曾经生活在多么艰苦的条件下。B选项与划线词词义最接近，因此B选项符合题意。3. 单选题Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages.问题1选项A.crudelyB.rarelyC.originallyD.symbolically【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项crudely“粗糙地，天然地”；B选项rarely“稀有地”；C选项originally“最初，本来”；D选项symbolically“象征性地”。句意：在中世纪，水泥很少用于建筑。B选项与划线词词义最接近，因此B选项符合题意。4. 单选题No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you like to accomplish with your careers?” an American senator asked Time Warner executives recently. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over from the late Steve Ross in the early 1990s. On the financial front. Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer. Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat when we face any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of societys ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx. New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he proclaimed that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally”, says Luce, “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”1. An American senator criticized Time Warner for（ ）.2. The word “flap” (paragraph 3) here means（ ）.3. In 1992, Time Warner caused public outrage because it（ ）.4. In the face of recent attacks on the company, Levin（ ）.5. We can infer from the last paragraph that（ ）.问题1选项A.its raising of the corporate stock priceB.its self-examination of the soulC.its neglect of social responsibilityD.its emphasis on creative freedom问题2选项A.controversyB.fearC.disasterD.solution问题3选项A.sacked workers as a result of restructuringB.issued a record promoting violenceC.advocated the culture of the streetD.challenged the freedom of expression in democratic society问题4选项A.stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB.softened his tone and introduced a new initiativeC.yielded to objections and resigned from the companyD.requested unconditional support from the 15-member board问题5选项A.profits and social responsibility can rarely go hand in hand in the companyB.few people are concerned about corporate responsibilityC.the debate over Time Warners policy will soon involve other companiesD.the Time Warner Boards opinion of the companys policy is divided【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.（这是一种自我反省，在不同时期，涉及到责任、创作自由和企业底线等问题。）通过这句话我们可以推测出，华纳对于自己社会责任的无视，因此C选项“对社会责任的忽视”正确。而A选项“它提高了公司的股票价格”，这是确有其事，但并不是议员批评它的原因；B选项“它的灵魂的自我反省”，他们有没有反省并不确定；D选项“它强调创作自由”，这个也不是参议员的观点。2.语义推测题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.（对他来说，说唱带来的不安并没有使生活变得更轻松。）并且后文讲述了华纳因为发行的一些说唱歌曲而遭到抨击，因此说唱给他带来的应该是不好的事，因此A选项“争论”正确。B选项“恐惧”，不符合原意；C选项“不幸，灾难”，语义过重；D选项“解决方案”，和原文不搭。3.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer. （1992年，时代华纳因发行Ice-T的暴力说唱歌曲警察杀手而遭到抨击。）可知Time Warner“引起民怨”，主要是因为他出版了鼓励暴力的唱片。因此B选项“发布了一个宣扬暴力的唱片”正确。A选项“由于重组而被解雇的工人”；C选项“提倡街头文化”以及D选项“挑战民主社会的言论自由”都不正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第四段but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.（但有迹象表明，主席正在放弃他的强硬立场，至少在某种程度上是这样。）因此B选项“他缓和了语气，提出了一些新方案”正确。A选项“坚定捍卫言论自由的立场”；C选项“屈服于反对意见，从公司辞职”以及D选项“请求15名董事会成员无条件支持”都不是真实的。5.判断推理题。从最后一段Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally（我们中的一些人已经知道很多很多年了，第一修正案规定的自由并不是完全的），可知，宪法第一修正案中的言论自由不是没有限制的，因此他们应该同时考虑社会责任，对公司来说利益和社会责任通常不能兼顾。因此A选项“在公司里，利润和社会责任很少能齐头并进”正确。B选项“很少有人关心企业的责任”，过于片面；C选项“关于时代华纳政策的辩论很快就会牵涉到其他公司”，没有提及；D选项“时代华纳董事会对公司的政策意见不一”，不是真正的内涵。5. 翻译题Now as to the matter of lying, you want to be very careful about lying; otherwise you are nearly sure to get caught. Once caught, you can never again be, in the eyes of the good and pure, what you were before. Many a young person has injured himself permanently through a single clumsy and ill-finished lie, the result of carelessness born of incomplete training. Some authorities hold that the young ought not to lie at all. That, of course, is putting it rather stronger than necessary; still while l cannot go quite so far as that, I do maintain, and I believe I am right, that the young ought to be temperate in the use of this great art until practice and experience shall give them that confidence, elegance and precision which alone can make the accomplishment graceful and profitable. Practice, diligence, painstaking attention to detailthese are requirements; these in time, will make the student perfect; upon these, and upon these only, may he rely as the sure foundation for future eminence. Think what tedious years of study, thought, practice, experience, went to the equipment of that peerless old master who was able to impose upon the whole world the lofty and sounding maxim that “Truth is mighty and will prevail”the most majestic compound fracture of fact which any of woman born has yet achieved. For the history of our race, and each individuals experience, are sown thick with evidence that a truth is not hard to kill and a lie told well is immortal. There is in Boston a monument of the man who discovered anesthesia.【答案】现在要是说到说谎，你必须要非常小心地说谎；否则你几乎肯定会被抓。在善良和纯洁的人眼里，一旦你被抓住，你就再也不可能是你以前的样子了。许多年轻人就因为一个笨拙的、没有完成的谎言而永久地伤害了自己，这是缺乏训练而导致的粗心的结果。一些权威人士认为，年轻人根本不应该撒谎。当然，这是一种过于强烈的表达；尽管我不能做到那样，我还是会坚持，我相信我是对的，年轻人在运用这门伟大的艺术时应该有节制，直到实践和经验会给他们带来自信、优雅和精确，而只有这些才能使你优雅而有益地完成这门艺术。实践、勤奋、对细节的细心这些都是要求；这些假以时日，会使学生臻于完美；在这些基础上，也只有在这些基础上，他才能作为未来显赫的可靠基础。想想看，这位举世无双的老大师，经过多年枯燥乏味的学习、思考、实践和经验，才得以把“真理是强大的，并且将会获胜”这句崇高而响亮的格言传遍全世界这是迄今为止任何一位女性所取得的最宏伟的复合断裂事实。因为我们人类的历史和每个人的经历都布满了证据，证明真理不难消灭，而讲得好的谎言则是不朽的。波士顿有一座纪念麻醉术发明者的纪念碑。6. 单选题Government health organizations have fostered an awareness of the dangers in certain social habits.问题1选项A.includedB.discoveredC.cultivatedD.discouraged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项included“包括，包含”；B选项discovered“发现，找到”；C选项cultivated“培养，发展，教化”；D选项discouraged“使气馁”。句意：政府卫生组织_了对某些社会习惯的危险的认识。这里表达的是“培养人们对危险的认知”，因此C选项的意思与原文最符合，C选项正确。7. 单选题In accordance with the new regulations, you are entitled to three days of paid sick leave every month.问题1选项A.According toB.Carrying onC.Looking throughD.Putting out【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项According to“根据”；B选项Carrying on“继承，开始实施”；C选项Looking through“浏览，温习”；D选项Putting out“扑灭，搏出”。句意：根据新规定，你每个月可以享受三天的带薪病假。A选项与划线词的词义最接近，因此A选项符合题意。8. 单选题In this country it is against the（ ）not to wear seat belts in a car.问题1选项A.ruleB.regulationC.lawD.order【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项rule“规则”；B选项regulation“管理，校准”；C选项law“法律”；D选项order“指示，命令”。句意：在这个国家，在汽车里不系安全带是_的。这里考查固定搭配against the law“违反法律”，句子表达的意思是，不系安全带在这个国家是违法的，因此C选项符合题意。9. 单选题Recently the car factory had to carry out personnel（ ）because of financial trouble.问题1选项A.cutsB.demandsC.reductionsD.orders【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项cuts“切口，份额”；B选项demands“需求”；C选项reductions“减少，缩小”；D选项orders“顺序”。句意：最近，由于财政困难，汽车厂不得不进行人事_。根据前句说“财政困难”，可以推测应该是要进行人事减少，因此C选项符合题意。10. 单选题The English language contains a(n) （ ）of words which are comparatively seldom used.问题1选项A.altitudeB.latitudeC.multitudeD.attitude【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项altitude“高度，海拔”；B选项latitude“纬度”；C选项multitude “大量，多数”；D选项attitude“态度，看法”。句意：英语中有_相对较少使用的词。这里表达的意思是“有大量较少使用的词”，因此C选项符合题意。11. 单选题Nerve signals may travel through nerve or muscle fibers at speeds as high as two hundred miles per hour.问题1选项A.velocitiesB.impulsesC.ratiosD.atrocities【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项velocities“速度”；B选项impulses“脉冲”；C选项ratios“比率”；D选项atrocities“暴行，残忍”。句意：神经信号通过神经纤维或肌肉纤维的速度可达每小时200英里。句子中的划线部分含义 “速度”，与A选项最为接近，因此A选项符合题意。12. 单选题The planets wild creatures face a new threatfrom yuppies(雅皮士), empty nesters and one parent families.Biologists studying the pressure on the planets dwindling biodiversity today report on a new reason for alarm. Although the rate of growth in the human population is decreasing, the number of individual households is exploding.Even where populations have actually dwindled in some regions of New Zealand, for instancethe numbers of individual households has increased, because of divorce,career choice,smaller families and longer lifespan.Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University and colleagues from Stanford University in California report in Nature, in a paper published online in advance, that a greater number of individual households, each containing on average fewer people, meant more pressure on natural resources.Towns and cities began to sprawl (蔓延) as new homes were built. Each household needed fuel to heat and light it; each household required its own plumbing, cooking and refrigeration. “In larger households, the efficiency of resource consumption will be a lot higher, because more people share things.” Dr Liu said. He and his colleagues looked at the population patterns of life in 141 countries, including 76 “hotspot” regions unusually rich in a variety of local wildlife. These hot spots included Australia, New Zealand, the US, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, and Italy. They found that between 1985 and 2000 in the “hotspot” parts of the globe, the annual 3.1% growth rate in the number of households was far higher than the population growth rate of 1.8%. “Had the average household size remained at the 1985 level,” the scientists report, “there would have been 155 million fewer households in hotspot countries in 2000”.Dr Lius work grew from the alarming discovery that the giant pandas living in Chinas Wolong reserve are more at risk now than they were when the reserve was first established. The local population had grown, but the total number of homes had increased more swiftly, to make greater inroads into the bamboo forests.Only around 1.75 million species on the planet have been named and described. Biologists estimate that there could be 7million, or even 17million, as yet to be identified. But human numbers have grown more than six-fold in the past 200 years, and humans and their livestock are now the greatest single consumer group on the planet. The world population will continue to soar, perhaps leveling off around 9 billion in the next century. Environmental campaigners have claimed that between a quarter and a half of all the species on earth could become extinct in the next century.56. Biologists report that the biodiversity is decreasing because（ ）.57. Researchers state that（ ）.58. The example in paragraph 8 indicated that（ ）.59. Some environmentalists warn that the soaring population will cause（ ）.60. The passage mainly tells us that（ ）.问题1选项A.more individual households are increasing greatlyB.human beings are threatening many wild creaturesC.human populations have been decreasing in recent yearsD.wild creatures depend on more individual households问题2选项A.larger families are more efficient in consuming natural resources than smaller familiesB.both larger and smaller families need the same amounts of natural resourcesC.smaller families are more extravagant in livingD.larger families are more frugal in living问题3选项A.the local people do not mind conserving the natural environmentB.the local people should further control the rise of populationC.the increase of local population led to the decrease of biodiversityD.the increase of individual households led to the decrease of biodiversity问题4选项A.the degradation of peoples living standard in the next centuryB.the deterioration of living environment in the next centuryC.the reproduction of more wild species in the next centuryD.the extinction of more wild species in the next century问题5选项A.the increase of human population leads to more destruction of the natural worldB.the decrease of animal no population results from the dwindling biodiversity in the natural worldC.the planets biodiversity is also related to the number of householdsD.the planets biodiversity relies on the balanced increase of larger and smaller households【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:D【解析】56.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第二段Biologists studying the pressure on the planets dwindling biodiversity today report on a new reason for alarm. Although the rate of growth in the human population is decreasing, the number of individual households is exploding.（生物学家研究地球上日益减少的生物多样性所带来的压力，今天报告了一个新的警报理由。尽管人口的增长率在下降，但个体家庭的数量却在激增。）也就是说生物多样性的减少是由于个体家庭数量的激增，因此A选项符合题意。B选项“人类正在威胁许多野生动物”；文章没有提到；C选项“近年来人口一直在减少”，不是原因；D选项“野生动物依赖更多的个体家庭”，无关项。57.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到第六段的第一句话In larger households, the efficiency of resource consumption will be a lot higher, because more people share things.（在规模更大的家庭中，资源消耗的效率会高得多，因为更多的人分享东西。）因此A选项“大家庭在消耗自然资源方面比小家庭更有效率”正确。B选项“无论是大家庭还是小家庭都需要相同数量的自然资源”；C选项“小家庭生活更奢侈”以及D选项“大家庭生活更节俭”都是原文没有提到的。58.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第八段的最后一句The local population had grown, but the total number of homes had increased more swiftly, to make greater inroads into the bamboo forests.（当地人口增长了，但房屋的总数增长得更快，从而对竹林产生了更大的影响。）可知，小规模家庭的增多，意味着对自然生态的破坏就越多，生物的多样性就会减少，因此D选项“个体家庭的增加导致了生物多样性的减少”正确。A选项“当地人不介意保护自然环境”，并没有体现；B选项“当地人应该进一步控制人口的增长”，过度推断；C选项“当地人口的增加导致了生物多样性的减少”，并不是人口的增多，而是小规模家庭的增多，错误。59.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段最后一句话Environmental campaigners have claimed that between a quarter and a half of all the species on earth could become extinct in the next century.（环保人士声称，地球上四分之一到一半的物种可能在下个世纪灭绝。）通过这句话可知，人口的增多，将导致更多的生物物种在下个世纪灭绝。因此D选项“下个世纪将有更多的野生物种灭绝”正确。A选项“下个世纪人们生活水平的下降”；B选项“下个世纪生活环境的恶化”以及C选项“下个世纪更多野生物种的繁殖”都不符合原文。60.主旨大意题。在第二段中Biologists studying the pressure on the planets dwindling biodiversity today report on a new reason for alarm.Although the rate of growth in the human population is decreasing, the number of individual households is exploding.（生物学家研究地球上日益减少的生物多样性所带来的压力，今天报告了一个新的警报理由。尽管人口的增长率在下降，但个体家庭的数量却在激增。）以及最后一段中The local population had grown, but the total number of homes had increased more swiftly, to make greater inroads into the bamboo forests.（当地人口增长了，但房屋的总数增长得更快，从而对竹林产生了更大的影响。）都可以得知研究人员发现小规模家庭的增多，势必会消耗更多的能源，破坏更多的生态平衡，也就导致了生物多样性的减少，因此C选项“地球的生物多样性也与家庭的数量有关”正确。A选项“人口的增长导致了对自然世界更多的破坏”；B选项“动物数量的减少是由于自然界生物多样性的减少”以及“地球的生物多样性依赖于大大小小的家庭的平衡增长”，都不能阐释文章的主题。13. 单选题Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, which is a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it: population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the worlds last isolated locations; mass tourism; global tele-communications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the worlds peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that?Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism (mastery of two languages). Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres-at home, among friends, in community settings-and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient, however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.6. Minority languages can be best preserved in（ ）.7. According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is（ ）.8. According to the author bilingualism can help（ ）.9. Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it（ ）.10. In the authors view, many endangered languages are（ ）.问题1选项A.an increasingly interconnected world