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Unit 2 EnvironmentPart One Teaching DesignGrammar and UsageStep 1: General introduction The grammar items in this unit focus on the verb-ing form as adjective and adverb and verb-ing phrase. You will learn how a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb and how a verb-phrase can be used as a verb-ing on its own. Step2: RevisionSince a verb-ing form can be used as an adjective or adverb, it can serve in a sentence as the attribute, the predicative or the object complement. Now lets read some sentences and try to identify the function of the underlined words or phrases.Its nice to see a familiar face here. (the attribute)He is greedy for knowledge. (the predicative)The news that I failed in the exam made me upset. (object complement)Last night the whole city was left getting into a mess because of power failure. (subject complement)Step 2: Explanation:1. Now can you tell the use of the verb-ing in the following sentences? A.There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park. She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai. He rushed into the burning house.The child standing over there is my brother.The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing form?1). A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it.2).It is said that nothing that lives can be found on Mars.3).The boy who was smiling ran to his mother.4).The woman who is coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.5).The young man who is looking at the map is lost.6).The man who is performing in the street can play five musical instruments.Sample answers:1). A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it.2). It is said that no living things can be found on Mars.3). The smiling boy ran to his mother.4). The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank.5). The young man looking at the map is lost.6). The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments.B. Our work is serving the people.The argument is very convincing. This food smells inviting.The news that the Chinese team won 32 gold medals in the Olympics games was encouraging .The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the predicative. They follow linking verbs.C. I watched the athlete jumping from the diving board into the swimming pool.The boy looked out of his window and saw a man entering his neighbourings house.I heard someone playing the violin in the next room.The verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the object complement. A verb-ing form may be used after verbs like see, watch, notice, hear and observe as an object complement.2. Read Part 2. You may notice that a verb-ing can be used after verbs after verbs like stand, sit and lie to show that the two actions are happening at the same time.Eg. The girl lay in bed reading her favorite novel. = The girl lay in bed while she was reading her favorite novel. The boy sat at the table eating his breakfast. = The boy sat at the table while he was eating his breakfast. The man sat on the sofa watching TV.= The man sat on the sofa while he was watching TV.3. Now read the sentences in Part 3. A verb-ing has a perfect form “having +verb-ed”to show this verb happens before the main verb.Eg. Having finished his homework, he sat down to watch. Having returned from the supermarket, she started to prepare the dinner.4. Go over Points 1-4 in Part 1 on Page 30. verb-ing phrases can express the time, the reason, the result and the condition. Eg. 1).Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didnt open the door. 2).Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. 3).Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins.4).The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home.5).Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch.Can you rewrite these sentences ,using clauses introduced by when,after,because,as a result,and if ect.Sample answers:1). Because he knew that there was a dog outside, the little boy didnt open the door.2). Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.3). Lucy and Lily, because they look so alike, are often mistaken for twins.4). The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home.5). If time permits, I will meet you for lunch.5.We can also use the pattern conj.+verb-ing to express the time. Go over Part 2 and here are more examples.Eg. While waiting for the bus, he read the newspaper. Whiling building a tunnel through the mountain, the workers discovered an underground lake.6. Notices: 1).The understood subject of a verb-ing phrase is usually the same as the subject of the main clause.2). The word “not” should be put before the verb-ing to create its negative form.Eg. Hearing the news, her face lit up.(误) Hearing the news, she felt happy.（正） While cleaning the window, her finger got hurt.（误） While cleaning the window, she had her finger hurt.（正） Not knowing much English, he found it difficult to communicate with others when he was traveling abroad. Not having received a reply, he wrote a letter to the professor again.For reference: 非谓语动词包括不定式，过去分词和动词的ing形式。动词的-ing形式包括动名词和现在分词。1动名词（Gerund）：1）动名词的功能：动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主语，宾语，表语和定语。例：1. Playing football is my favourite sport. 主语2.Tom made his aunt angry by not taking his medicine. 宾语3 Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.表语4.Theres a swimming pool in front of my house. 定语2）动名词用法注意点：A.时态和语态及动名词的复合结构 动名词的时态，语态见下表： 主 动被 动一 般writing being written完 成having written having been written 例：I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.（动名词的一般被动态） She admitted having opened the box.（动名词的完成被动态） How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) (动名词的复合结构) B.动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别。v-ing形式作主语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。但有时可以通用。C.作宾语时，有些动词后只能用动名词，有些动词后只能用不定式，有的两者都能,有时含义相同，有时含义不同。只能用动名词作宾语的动词如下：v advise, allow, avoid, admit, appreciate, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, 只能用动名词作宾语的动词词组如下：v feel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to ,insist on ,get used to ,devote to 既能跟动名词用能跟不定式作宾语的动词分三类：v 在begin, start, continue, intend 等动词后跟v-ing形式和不定式作宾语，含义相同。注意：下列三种情况， begin/start后只能接动词不定式：1 start/begin本身用于ing形式： beginning/starting to do2 无生命名词做主语: Ice begins to melt.3 宾语是表示心理活动的词: begin to understand/ know/realize/wonderv 在like, love, hate等动词后v-ing形式作宾语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作宾语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。下列动词后跟动名词或不定式意思完全不同。v 1.remember,forget, regret + doing 记得/忘记/懊悔曾做过某事+ to do记得/忘记/遗憾要做某事如：He regrets having told the news to his mother.他懊悔把着消息告诉了他妈。I regret to tell you that you are fired.我遗憾地告诉你你被解雇了。v 2.want,need,require+doing 需要被做+to do 需要做v 3.stop,try, mean,go on,cant help,be used togo on to do 接着又做另一件事/go on doing 继续做同一件事stop to do 停下来去做某事/stop doing 停止做某事try to do 努力做某事/try doing 试一试做某事mean to do 打算想做某事/mean doing 意味着意思是做某事cant help (to)do无法去帮助做/cant help doing禁不住做某事be used to do被用来做/be used to doing习惯于做如：She cant help laughing after hearing the news.听到这消息她禁不住大笑起来。She cant help(to)do any housework with so much homework to do.由于有很多作业要做，她无法帮着做家务。D.作定语时，与现在分词的区别。 动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。现在分词动名词a sleeping child一个正在睡觉的孩子a sleeping car一辆卧车a flying bird一只正在飞翔的鸟a flying course飞行课程a swimming girl一个正在游泳的女孩a swimming pool一个游泳池the running water自来水the running track跑道2现在分词(present participle)现在分词的形式与动名词相同，但功能不同。可在句中充当定语，表语，状语和补语。1）作定语an interesting book the man sitting by the window boiling water falling snow the bridge being builtA. 与动名词作定语的区别B. 与过去分词,不定式 作定语的区别过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间在逻辑上是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作已完成。现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词在逻辑上是主谓关系。boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 the changing world 变化中的世界 the changed world 变化了的世界 the developing countries 发展中国家 the developed countries 发达国家falling leaves 正在落下的叶子fallen leaves 落叶rising sun 正在升起的太阳risen sun 已经升起的太阳 不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。the house being built/to be built/built by them正在被建/将要被建/建好了的房子2). 作表语 与过去分词作表语的区别分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in，若人/物本身令人感到有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感兴趣的-interested感兴趣的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的confusing令人困惑的/confused感到困惑的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3).作状语1 .Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.2. Being a student, he was interested in sports.3. Having written the letter, John went to the post office.现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点：v 相当于相应连接词引导的状语从句v 分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语v 现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态4).作补语Can you get the machine going again? The boys were seen walking on the grass.非谓语动词的否定式均为not+非谓语动词For reference: Relative items in recent years college entrance examination:1. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children.(01上海)A. set up B. setting upC. have set up D. having set up2 I really appreciate _ to relax with you on this nice island.（01上海A. to have had time B. having timeC. to have time D. to have time3 In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.(02上海).A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting4_ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(03上海).A. The president will attend B. The president to attendC. The president attendedD. The presidents attending5Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.(04 上海) .A. his being not able B. him not to be ableC. his not being ableD. him to be not able6. Alice returned from the managers office _me that the boss wanted to see me at once.（04 全国IV）A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling7._ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.(04北京)A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited8.The flowers _sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name.(04上海)A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt9. The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.(04江苏)A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked10. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket into a passenger.(04春季北京)A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting11. The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area.(05全国 I)A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused12. “You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _away.(05全国II)A. run B. running C. to run D. ran13. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready will be of great help.(05 北京)A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having14. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.(05 北京)A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.(NMET 03)A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic games _in Beijing in 2008.(06 四川)A. hold B. holding c. held D. to be held17. My cousin came to see me from the country, _ me a full basket of fresh fruits.(06)A. bought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought18. Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.(06山东) A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly 19. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _ the same thing.(06江苏) A. sayingB. saidC. to sayD. having said 20. - There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. - My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. (06江苏) A. to beB. to have beenC. beingD. having beenKEY:15 BBADC 610 DCBDD 11-15 DBDAB 16-20 DBAACStep 3: practice:1. Read the letter to the editor of a newspaper on Page 29. Fill in the letter using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets .Answers:1. shocking 2. relaxing 3. tiring 4. disappointing 5. interesting 6. living2. Read the news report on Page 29. Fill in the blanks using the words from the box and then check the answers .Answers:1. Exciting 2. walking 3. falling 4. following 5. moving 6. sleeping 7. keeping 8. pleasing3. Read the conversation on Page 31.Please change the highlighted sentences into verb-ing clauses.Answers:2.Looking back, I find I didnt like some of the questions the audience asked though.3.Hearing what you said about the environment and the economy needing to work together more, I was very impressed.4.Making that statement forcefully, you impressed all the audience.5.After talking to you today, I think we should work on some projects together.Step 4: Consolidation:I. Multiple choice:1.Where is my passport? I remember it here.You shouldnt have left it here. Remember it with you all the time.A. to put；to takeB. putting；taking C. putting；to take D. to put；taking2.After finishing his homework he went on a letter to his parents.A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write 3.Only English doesnt mean the language.A. to learn；to learn B. learning；learningC. learning about；learn D. learning about；learning 4.Would you mind quiet for a moment? Im trying _a form.A. keeping；filling out B. to keep；to fill outC. keeping；to fill out D. to keep；filling out 5. the news of his fathers death, he burst into tears.A. After hearing B. On hearingC. While hearingD. Having heard 6.Our father often told us in the past that _is believing. A. to see B. seeing C. see D. to be seen7._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk8.There was a terrible noise _the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed9. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned10._a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not receivedII. Translation:1. 在辩论中，持有相反观点的双方展开了激烈的讨论。 2. 夏天在池塘中洗个澡真令人放松。 3. 他们大声谈笑着离开了咖啡店。 4. 当你将潮湿的衣服挨着火悬挂时， 你会看见衣服冒出蒸汽。 5. 沿着海岸走时，我们发现水非常的脏。 6. 他们看见许多的旅游者站在公园前，等候进入。 Keys : I.15 CDDCB 610 BBBCCII. 1.In the debate, the two sides having opposite views held a heated discussion.2.Its very relaxing to take a dip in the pool in summer.3.they left the caf, talking and laughing loudly.4.When you hang wet clothes near a fire, youll see steam rising from them.5.While walking along the shore, we saw that the water was very dirty.6.They saw many travelers standing in front of the park, waiting to enter.用心 爱心 专心 116号编辑
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