人文地理学专业英语

引言 Introduction人文地理学，作为科学王国中一支较小的学科，尽管常常不被人们关注和重视，然而它却是一支最具活力的学科，它的研究主题社会的空间组织和人与环境的关系为许许多多形式的研究和朝气蓬勃的地理学者提供了机遇和挑战。在最近30年来，西方人文地理学可以说是百家争鸣、百花齐放。人文地理学家不断地接受他们以前很少遇到的其它学科的新思想、新观念，这样就给人文地理学的发展带来无限的生机。Human geography is such a subject full of vitalities despite of being neglected sometimes.Its research themes, the social-spatial structure and the relationship between human and environments, have brought opportunities and challenges to both various forms of research and geographers.In recent 30 years, the western human geography has so many variegated theories and ramifications.Human geographers have kept absorbing new ideas and opinions from many other subjects, which gives tremendous vital force to the development of human geography. 一、人文地理学的性质 Characters of human geography1、地理学形成及分化 Formation and differentiation of geography地理学（geography）是希腊语中关于地球和书写两个词复合词，主要研究人类生活空间的地球表面（Haggett，1990）。 Geography mainly studies the earth sphere that people live in. 大学地理学的发展一开始就受到自然科学和人文社会科学两大类学科分化的影响，研究自然环境的地理学称为“自然地理学”，研究人工环境的称“人文地理学”。 Geography studied in university had ramifications about “physical geography” and “human geography” because its development had been affected by the differentiation of natural science and social science from the beginning.随着科学的进步和社会需求的出现，地理学的定义也在不断地发生变化。通过英国和美国地理学家学会研究组对大多数地理学系课程和学科体系的调查发现， 1990年代的地理学主要由人文地理学、自然地理学、混合人文和自然地理学和其它领域四个方面所组成 。 With the development of sciences and the emergence of social demands, the definition of geography has been evolving continuously. As shown in a survey about the curriculum and the subject system of geography, in the 1990s, geography was consisted of four branches: human geography, physical geography, human- physical geography together with other geography fields.2、人文地理学的发展Progress of human geography 18世纪后期到19世纪早期，德国和法国的人文地理学萌芽 From late 1800s to early 1900s, human geography germinated in German and France.19181939，两次世界大战之间，处在早期调查阶段 From 1918 to1939, the progress of human geography was in the period of early survey.二战后，主要从1960年代起，人文地理学与其他社会科学互动与接轨，实现了从区域描述到诠释人与社会、人与环境、及人与地点或地方关系的转变。 After the world War II, especially from the 1960s, human geography had interacted and linked up with other social sciences. It changed into interpreting the relationship between human and society, human and environment, human and site or place, while in the early time, it mainly aimed to describe region and place.20世纪60-70年代，地理学的数量革命涉及到 “社会经济”的诸多主题，为后来的诸如人口、社会、城市、经济、工业和农业地理学等一些专门人文地理学学科的发展奠定了基础。 From 1960s to 1970s, quantitative revolution in geography stepped into many themes of social sciences.It contributed to the development of many human geography specialties such as population geography,social geography,urban geography,economic geography,industrial geography and agricultural geography.20世纪70-80年代，世界人文地理学出现了两个主要趋势：内部的专门化和哲学上的多元化。 From 1970s to 1980s, two important trends of the world human geography, inner specialization and philosophical diversity, had come into being. 20世纪80年代，实证主义地理学、人文主义地理学和激进地理学成为人文地理学三种非常不同的学科方法。 In the 1980s, positivistic geography, humanist geography and radical geography had become three distinct subject methods.在过去20年里，其它学科思想给人文地理学科带来了新的增长点。人种地理学、人口地理学、聚落地理学、文化地理学、政治地理学、商业地理学、经济地理学、工业地理学、农业地理学、交通运输地理学等都是在此阶段形成并发展壮大起来。 In the past 20 years, various thoughts from other sciences have brought new growth points to human geography. Ethnic geography, population geography, settlement geography, cultural geography, political geography, commercial geography, economic geography, industrial geography, agricultural geography, transportation geography and so on have developed during the time.二、当代人文地理学研究内容当代人文地理学的基本理论主要涉及空间、全球化、城市化、人口、迁移、文化、景观、发展和地缘政治等。 The basic theories of contemporary human geography refer to space, globalization, urbanization, population, migration, culture, landscape, development, geopolitics and so on .其内容主要包括：（1）社会经济发展的全球化特征与地区差异之间的关系；（2）人类与其周围生活环境之间的相互关系;（3）不同空间尺度(包括世界、国家、地区和城市)的政治、经济演化特征与趋势；（4）与民族、种族、性别、年龄、阶级等因素相联的社会文化特征及其对空间发展的影响。 The main contents include: (1)the relation between globalization and regional differences; (2)the relation between human and circumstances; (3)the political and economic evolution of different-scale space(including the world, state, region and urban). (4)the social-cultural characters of factors relating to nationality, race, gender, age, class, and their effects on spatial development .1、经济地理学 Economic geography以阐释人类生产和生活资料的生产、流通和消费分配等人类经济活动的地域分布和空间组织为主要任务。 Main task: study the spatial distribution and arrangement of human economical activities, such as production, circulation and consumption.传统的经济地理学关心各种资源、生产及商业的分布同自然环境的关系，以生产布局、区位分析为研究核心。 Traditional economic geography was concerned with the connections between natural environment and the arrangement of resources, production and commerce. Its research highlighted production distribution and location analysis.现代经济地理学的研究开始注意政府决策以及人们的行为决策对经济布局的影响，出现了国土经济学，重视国土整治问题。 The contemporary economic geography has began to focus on the effects that the decision of government and people imposed on economic distribution and then territory renovation has been regarded.2、城市地理学Urban geography许多国家重建城市的需要、新的城市的迅速增加、城市规模日益扩大的趋势，促使城市化进程加快，使城市地理学在人文地理学中逐渐居于重要的地位。 Many factors,such as demands of urban reconstruction in many countries, the emergence of more and more new cities as well as growth of the urban scale, have accelerated the urbanization. Hence, urban geography is becoming more and more important in human geography category. 3、旅游地理学 Tourist geography 第二次世界大战以后，旅游业蓬勃发展，旅游收入对于国民经济收入的重要性日益提高，使得旅游地理学发展很快，成为人文地理学的一个新分支。 After the second world war, tourism industry developed vigorously and tourist income became increasingly important to the national income. Then, tourist geography developed quickly and became a new branch of human geography.4、政治地理学 Political geography 1897年拉采尔出版的政治地理学，将国家当作附着于地球上的有机物，并提出“生存空间”的概念。以后，麦金德于1904年提出陆心说。由于他们及其他学者的努力，政治地理学成为人文地理学的重要分支。 In 1897,拉采尔 published POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY, in which the state was regarded as organism attached to the earth, he also proposed the concept of EXIETENCE SPACE. After that 麦金德 raised the concept of “陆心说” in 1904. With their and other scholars efforts,political geography became an important branch of humanity geography.5、人口地理学 Population geography很早以来，地理学的著作中已注意到种族和民族的分布，以及自然环境对人类的影响。第一次世界大战后，鲍曼分析了中欧的人口地域分异现象，瑞典地理学家德耶尔深入研究瑞典人口分布并制出人口分布图。据此，人口地理学成为人文地理学的一门分支学科。人口普查、人口分布、迁移、人口问题等都是人口地理学研究的重要内容。 The distribution of race and folk, together with the effects nature took on human had been referred to in early geography works. After the first world war, 鲍曼analyzed the phenomena about population distribution differences. Sweden geographer 德耶尔 drew maps of population distribution pattern. From then on, population geography has become a ramification of human geography. the Census，population migration and distribution，population problems are all included in the categories of population geography. 6、社会地理学 Social geography 社会地理学分析空间中的社会现象，研究各种社会类型的区域分布并分析比较它们之间的相互关系。 Social geography analyzes the social phenomena in the space, studies regional distributions of kinds of social forms and compares the relationship among them.研究内容包括人口、聚落、民族、宗教、语言行为和感应等方面的地理问题，并致力于解决社会问题。 It studies such geography issues as population, settlement, nationality, religion, language behavior and response, and aims to resolve social problems7、文化地理学Cultural geography从人类文化的空间组合的角度，解释各种文化要素如何使不同地区具有各种区域特征。 From the aspect of cultural-spatial combination, explain how various cultural factors generated different regional characters.不同于社会地理学研究人类不同社会集团的地域特征及其与环境的关系，文化地理学主旨是研究人类创造的文化地域。 Contrast to social geography studying the spatial characters of different social groups and their relation to environment, cultural geography aims to study cultural region human creates.8、行为地理学 Behavioral geography70年代，行为研究在地理学中十分盛行，通过研究不同人类社会集团、阶层、阶级对不同环境的反应和行为决策这一过程，使地理学为解决实际问题的决策发挥更大的作用。 During 1970s, behavioral study was prevailing in geography. By studying responding and behavior-deciding of different social groups, hierarchies and classes to different environments, geography has exerted better effects in solving practical problems.9、区域地理学 Regional geography传统的人文地理学以小区域研究、经济区划和文化景观类型为其主要论题，现在则转向分析解决现实社会问题为主，涉及国土整治、环境保护、贫穷和饥饿、种族歧视、资源合理利用以及改善人民生活等问题。 Traditional human geographys main issues are research of small areas, economic zoning and cultural landscape types. Now it has changed to analyze and solve realistic social problems, concerning about territory renovation, environmental protection, poverty and hunger, racial discrimination, rational use of the resources and improving peoples life. 10、历史地理学 Historical geography人文地理学的研究与历史学关系密切。英国的学者达比等自20世纪30年代以后，开始研究历史自然地理，使历史地理学不仅研究历史时期人文地理现象的变化，也研究历史时期自然地理现象的变迁，从而成为地理学的一门独立分支。 After 1930s, English scholar 达比 began to study historical physical geography. From then on, historical geography studied not only changes of human geography phenomena but also physical geography phenomena in history. Hence it became a independent ramification of geography.11、应用地理学 Applied geography 人文地理学同经济学、人口学、政治学以及环境科学、生态学、区域科学、行为科学结合，可以为解决世界性的资源短缺、人口危机、自然灾害、环境污染和生态平衡以及城市问题等作出贡献，尤其是对于国家和地区的经济发展规划起到重要作用。 Human geography combined with economy, demology, politics, environment science,ecology, regional science and behavior science can contribute to solve world resource shortage, population crisis, natural disasters, pollution,ecological balance and urban problems, especially useful to the the planning of state and regional economic development. 人文地理学的主要应用领域有：（1）城市与区域规划；（2）制图与遥感；（3）工业区位与市场营销；（4）公共设施规划与管理；（5）土地开发与管理（6）公共卫生与疾病生态研究。 Main application areas: (1)Urban and Regional Planning; (2) Cartography and Remote Sensing; (3) Marketing and Location of Industry; (4) Location and Management of Public Facilities; (5) Land development and management；(6) Disease Ecology三、当代人文地理学研究方法Contemporary human geography research approaches(一)研究方法论 Research approaches 人文地理学是研究社会、空间、地方和环境相互关系的科学，在不长的时间内形成了很多思想学派，尤其当代人文地理学的十分多元化，不仅在调查研究课题上，而且在探索的方法上也十分多样，概括起来，主要有如下12种地理思想中常用的方法。 Human geography is the science studying the relationship between society, space, place and environment. It hasnt taken long time to form various theory-ramifications. Contemporary human geography is very diverse both in research themes and approaches. There are 12 kinds of common approaches in geographic thoughts, as shown below:1、经验主义方法Empirical approach 经验主义者坚持科学只能关心世界的客观事物并寻求其本来的真实面目。人们的价值观和意图的规范问题被排除在科学研究之外，因为它认为我们无法对此进行测度。术语“经验主义”是一种思想学派，认为事实会为自己说话，而无需理解进行解释（梅尔，1993） Empiricist insists that science can only care for impersonal matter in the world and seek its original features. Human values and purposes are excluded from scientific research because they cant be measured. The term “empiricism” refers to such a school which believes that reality speaks itself and we need not to understand and explain it (May,1993).实证主义方法Positivistic approach实证主义认为，通过详细和客观的收集与社会现象有关的数据，我们能够确定一些规则来预测和解释人类行为的原因和效用。当代实证主义主要可分为两类思想：以证实为基础的逻辑实证主义和以证明为基础的批判理性主义。在人文地理学研究中，与实证主义最接近的方法是数量分析方法的应用。Positivism believes that we can make sure some principles to forecast and explain the reasons and effects of human behavior through objectively collecting detailed data about social phenomena. Contemporary positivism can be divided into two branches: logical positivism and critical rationalism. The application of quantitative statistical approach is most close to positivism. 3、行为主义方法Behaviorist approach行为主义者寻求通过解释空间选择来模拟空间行为，通过对人类记忆能力、处理和评价地理信息的测度模拟决策过程。行为主义研究方法的原始数据的来源是有确定答案的调查表和专门的以知识为基础的心理学测试为主体。1970年代，行为地理学具有两种形式：（1）在空间模式中综合入行为的变量，称为分析行为主义；（2）彻底放弃空间分析，对价值、心理和现象进行探索。Behaviorists sought to simulate space behavior through explaining spatial choices and decision-making process through measure of human memory capacity and handling and valuing geographic information. Throughout the 1970s, there were two forms of behaviorist geography: (1) analytical behaviorism, which introduced the factor of behavior into spatial mode; (2) the one which entirely abandoned spatial analysis and explored values, mentalities and phenomena instead. 4、现象学方法Phenomenological approach现象学拒绝实证主义和行为主义的科学的数量分析的方法。现象学认为，我们应该集中理解而不是解释客观世界。现象学的目的是重新构建个体及其行为以及客观世界中的现象的意义，以便认识个体的行为，不必提出假设的理论。在本质上，该方法强调“地方的社会构建、考虑了感情、审美的和象征主义的感觉等方面”，并寻求反应个体与环境之间的关系。Phenomenology refused the quantitative analytical approach empiricist and behaviorist science employed. Phenomenology thought that we should focus on understanding the world instead of explaining it. The purpose of phenomenology is to reconstruct the meaning of individuals and their behavior as well as phenomena in the objective world, thus understanding individual behavior without proposing assuming theories. 5、存在主义方法Existentialist approach存在主义方法主要关注个体如何产生和支配他们的世界的意义，以及如何认同客体和其它事物的价值。存在主义研究的原始数据来源是深入的访谈、人种志、以及参与观测。现象学主要考虑意义，而存在主义则考虑价值观。萨缪尔（1981年）是人文地理学中最著名的采用存在主义方法的学者。Existentialist approach was mainly concerned with the meaning of how individuals form and control their world and how did they identify with the values of object and other things. The original data of existentialist research came from penetrating interviews, ethnics records and observation. It focused attention on VALUES. Samuel(1981) is the famous human geographer to utilize it.6、理想主义方法Idealist approach理想主义本体论假定，真实世界不外于个体的观察和表达而存在。不同于存在主义关注的是真实世界的存在，理想主义认为真实世界是心灵的构建。理想主义通过认识隐藏于行为背后的思想而解释行为的类型。其研究的原始数据来源于深入的访谈和人种志。吉尔科（1974年，1981年）是地理学中应用理想主义研究方法的主要倡议者。Idealist assumed that the real world wasnt beyond individual observation and expression. Different from existentialism, idealism regarded the real world as construction of mind and explained behavioral types through cognizing thoughts beneath behavior. Its original data came from profound interview and ethnical records. Guelke (1981) is the primary advocator to employ idealist approach in geography.7、实用主义方法Pragmatist approach实用主义的创始者是北美作家沛尔斯（18391914年），杜威（18591952年）以及詹姆斯（1842-1910年），这个学派提倡通过实践活动来构建对现实世界的认识。实用主义提出不应关注个体，而应该关注社会和个体在社会中的相互作用。并认为，认识必须从根植于经验的行为中获得，而不是从知识中获得。The father of pragmatism is沛尔斯（18391914），杜威（18591952）and 詹姆斯（1842-1910）. They suggested understanding the real world by practice. Pragmatism proposed that we should focus on the interrelationship between society and individuals and that cognition should be gained from behaviors embedded in experience instead of knowledge.8、马克思主义方法Marxist approach地理学中马克思主义方法是为了反对空间科学的实证主义而出现的。马克思主义者认为：空间科学不能认识到社会运作强加在空间类型上的经济和政治的约束。马克思主义地理学家寻求辨别空间和时间上的社会关系，以便重新产生和维持生产和消费方式，提出其替代模式。In geography, Marxist approach was first used to oppose pragmatism of spatial science. Marxists believed that spatial science couldnt recognize the economical and political restraint that the society forced on spatial types. Marxist geographers sought to distinguish temporal and spatial social relationships in order to reproduce and maintain producing and consuming patterns and propose their substitution. 9、唯物主义方法Materialist approach 唯物主义者关心社会关系之下的机制和结构的调查研究，以及辨识真实世界的“建筑方块”。唯物主义者不是研究人与人之间的沟通和相互作用，而是寻求政治和实践的机制以及使这些可能性首先发挥作用。唯物主义关心事件如何发生的辩识（原因机制）以及现象的扩展（经验规则）。塞耶尔（1985，1992年）是地理学中唯物主义方法的积极倡导者。the “constructing blocks “ to recognize the real world. Materialists, not studying the communication and interaction among people, searched for the mechanism of politics and practice and tried to make the possibility work immediately. Materialism concerned more about the mechanism of an occurrence and expanding or generalizing the phenomena and regulations.10、后现代主义方法Postmodernist approach后现代主义以没有任何一个答案，任何一个论述是超越于众的或对另外一个占统治地位的，以及没有一种声音必须排除在对话之外这种观点为基础。后现代主义者认为没有绝对的真理，没有任何真理是不可以解释的。后现代主义，提供“解读”而不是“观察”，提供“解释”而不是“发现”，寻求相互的关系而不是因果联系。Postmodernism held it essential that neither one answer nor one argument could surpass anything else or took an overwhelming position and no one sound must be excluded. Postmodernist held that there was no absolute truth and every truth was explainable. Postmodernism provided not “observation”but “read”, concerned more about not “discovering” but “explanation”, and sought for not causality but interrelation.11、后结构主义方法Poststructuralist approach后结构主义者认为，社会与空间之间的关系通过语言文化性加以调解。与后现代主义相反，后结构主义比较关注个体，方法论和认识论的问题，而不是社会文化批判（罗素诺，1992年）。后结构主义者认为，认识是形成我们的生活环境因素的方式，是解构我们所遇到的客观事物的多种信息。Poststructuralist held that the correlation between society and space was mediated by language culture. Contrast to postmodernism, post structuralism attached more attention to individual, methodology and epistemology, nor social-culture criticism（ Rosenau,1992）. Poststructuralist also thought that it was cognition that helped form our living circumstance and analyze what we meet.12、女性主义方法Feminist approach女性主义者认为：地理学研究极大地忽视了妇女的存在和社会的父权制。在现阶段，女性主义方法，其观念和实践正运用于从事其它受压迫群体如残疾人及精神障碍的少数人的研究工作中。Feminist held that the research of geography greatly overlooked the female being and the patriarchy in society. Recently the opinion and practice from feminist approach has been adopted by the research of the minorities such as the underdog and handicapped and so on.（二）分析方法 Analysis approach1.宏观分析方法 Macro analytical approach 该方法注重于对全国范围和区域范围的国民生产总值和国民收入的增长率以及它们的国际、区际的差异同工业区位形成的关系的考察，重点分析全国范围和区域范围资本形成的特征和投资率的差异，失业率和通货膨胀的地区差异，从而探讨这些因素对区位移动的影响。同时，它还注意诸如环境经济、生态平衡等问题。 Contemporary macro analytical approach paid attention to study the growth ratios of GNP and national income in national and regional dimension, investigate the correlation between international & interregional differences and the forming of manufacture location. It mainly analyzes the character of the capitals engendering and the investment-ratio gaps in the national & regional areas, the regional differences of unemployment and inflation. It thus discusses these factors effects on the locations shift. Besides, environmental economy and ecological balance are also included in its research2.微观分析方法 Micro analytical approach微观分析方法经历了从工业区位研究到成本因素分析的发展，以及对信息成本分析的重视。除了传统的关于供给弹性、需求弹性分析、关于平均成本、平均收益、边际成本、边际收益和规模经济的分析；关于不同收入水平下家庭消费支出的形式以及市场上商品价格波动条件下家庭消费结构变化的分析仍在作进一步的深入研究。Traditionally, micro analytical approach mainly analyzed supply elasticity, demand elasticity, average cost and profit, marginal cost and profit as well as scale economy. Nowadays, the research about expenditures patterns of different families at every level of income and the changing expenditure structure caused by prices change in the market is being further scrutinized.3.计量方法Quantitative approach数学方法在观察和分析方面的应用促进了人文地理学的发展。地理学者对一些空间规律的研究采用新的统计方法和技术手段，进行精确的度量，并用数字形式表达人地关系，说明区域差异及其变化。国外现代区位已采用投入产出分析、成本效益分析、经济增长模型、最优化模型、仿真模拟模型等数学方法。计量研究方法，实质上是宏观经济分析和微观经济分析的共同手段之一。The quantitative application in the areas of observation and analysis greatly contributed to the progress of the human geography. By means of new statistic methods and techniques, geographers can measure with greater precisions and present man-land relationship with formula, explaining the regional differences and transformations.结语 Epilogue 中国的人文地理学与西方国家相比要逊色许多。总体水平始终停留在西方国家60-70年代人文地理学的发展水平上。中国需要发展人文地理学，而且也已具备了人文地理学发展的肥沃土壤。在过去的20多年里，人文地理学并没有明确表现出标志其时代来临所应具有的成熟特征，与此相反，代之而起的是它所展示的旺盛的生命力和科学领域的异常活跃。 可以肯定地说，近几十年来，世界人文地理学发生了许多变化，而且这种变化还将继续下去。 Compared with western countries,human geography is less developed in China. The overall level of human geography in China is at the stage of 1960-1970s of western countries .China needs to develop human geography and the environments here are good enough to develop human geography.The past twenty years failed to see the mature characters which could mark the age of human geography was coming. Nevertheless, human geography showed strong vitality and the other scientific areas were also very active.In recent years, many changes have take