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题型三说明文或议论文说明文或议论文在完形填空中所占比例不大，只有2014年全国卷考查了议论文。说明文通常为了说明某一事物或者活动，要明确说明对象、理清段落逻辑、分析句子结构；议论文通常对某种观点发表意见或看法，包括论点、论据、论证三个部分。语篇出处：原创语篇类型：说明文主题语境：大脑记忆Whether youre eight years old or 80, everyone has certain basic types of memory. There is shortterm, longterm, and even skillandfactbased _1_ of recollection, just for starters. But think about itcan you _2_ exactly where you were and what you were doing on March 14th, 2007? Most people have no _3_. If you have Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM), however, youre _4_ to remember practically everything about that day.Sounds crazy, right? But the _5_ is solid. Studies show that while most people will forget a certain event after just one week, HSAM participants can _6_ it for over a decade. Only around 60 people in the world have been diagnosed with HSAM so far, Curiosity reports. Pasternak, now 23, is _7_ the youngest person with HSAM. Give her any date between 2005 and present day, and she will tell you what _8_ of the week it was and everything she did that day in extraordinary _9_. _10_ these habits of people with an impressive memory, and you could _11_ your own retention (保留，保持). _12_， researchers still dont understand exactly what gives certain people this amazing _13_. People who have HSAM have different _14_ of recalling dates. Pasternak describes her memory like a Candy Land board. In her _15_ she sees each month as a different _16_ square; June is green, August is golden yellow, November is dark red. The _17_ connect to form a path, _18_ back to February 2005, when she had her first HSAM memory.Lets face ithaving a perfect memory sounds pretty _19_. But if youre not blessed with a foolproof recall, you can always _20_ like a memory champion with these tricks to getting a superhuman memory.1.A.ways BformsC.chances Dabilities2.A.manageBmonitorC.rememberDinvolve3.A.clueBproofC.approachDattention4.A.casualBautomaticC.likelyDconfident5.A.consequenceBimaginationC.conclusionDevidence6.A.reciteBrecallC.connectDcontrol7.A.reallyBactuallyC.currentlyDsurely8.A.dateBkindC.dayDhour9.A.silenceBreturnC.vainDdetail10.A.BorrowBEquipC.ProvideDCombine11.A.createBconveyC.addDimprove12.A.InsteadBHoweverC.UnfortunatelyDTherefore13.A.powerBenergyC.forceDadvantage14.A.ideasBmeansC.seriesDmemories15.A.mindBopinionC.lifeDheart16.A.fixedBcoloredC.separatedDlighted17.A.hoursBweeksC.monthsDyears18.A.bringingBcallingC.returningDdating19.A.amazingBfunnyC.confusingDattractive20.A.competeBfightC.trainDstruggle由首句可知，本文介绍与“memory”相关的内容。结合与“memory”相关的语境，下文中几个空都是围绕这一语境选择答案。如题2、题3、题4、题6等。题1与首句中的types是同义词复现；题7与上文的“now”是复现信息；题8与下文“of the week”是复现信息；题9与上文“everything she did that day”是复现信息；题16与下文“June is green, August is golden yellow, November is dark red.”中提到的表示颜色的词是复现信息；题17可以从下文提到的“February”中推测答案。题12下文提到“研究者仍然不理解到底是什么使这些人具有特异功能。”可以锁定此处与上文内容构成转折关系。题18中可以利用固定搭配“date back to (追溯到)”解题。可以根据生活常识或者自己已有的知识解题。如题5、题10、题13、题19等。篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。据发现，全球或许只有60例具有超强记忆力的人。经测试，他们能够记起多年前每天发生的事情。1.B无论你多大年纪，每个人都有特定的基本记忆模式。有长期的、短期的、甚至也有一些基于技能与事实的记忆模式(form)。2.C试想一下：你能确切地记得(remember)2007年3月14日你在哪里、正在做什么吗？3.A大部分人都没有印象(clue)了。4.C然而，如果你有超强记忆功能，你有可能(likely)记得那一天发生的任何事情。5.D听起来很怪异，是吧？但是，证据(evidence)是确凿的。6.B研究表明，尽管多数人一个星期之后就忘记了某些事情，具备超强记忆功能的人可以回忆起(recall)十年以上的事情。7.C由上文的“now”可知，是目前(currently)年龄最小的。8.C由下文中的“of the week”可以推知，此处应该是一周的每一天(day)。9.D由上文中的“everything she did that day”可知，她能够详细记得以前发生的事情。in detail “详细地”。10.A借用(borrow)这些具有超强记忆的人的习惯，11.Dimprove your retention “提高记忆力”。12.C由下文“研究者仍然不理解到底是什么使这些人具有特异功能。”可知，此处应该是表示“不幸的是(unfortunately)”。13.A具有超强记忆功能的人应该是具备这种惊人的记忆力(power)。14.B具有超强大脑记忆力的人有不同的方法(means)去回忆以前做过的事情。15.A在她的头脑(mind)中， 她把每个月看作一个不同的彩色方块。16.B由下文中的“June is green, August is golden yellow, November is dark red.”可知选B。17.C由下文提到的“February”可以推知这里指的是月份。18.D这些颜色联系起来形成一种路径，追溯到2005年的2月。date back to “追溯到”。19.A具有惊人的记忆听起来令人惊讶(amazing)。20.C但是，如果你不具备这些简单的回忆起往事的能力，你可以像记忆冠军一样运用这些技巧进行训练(train)，成为一个具有超强记忆的人。技巧7固定搭配，速答题典例片段(2018全国卷)We chatted about everything and then Ben _1_ to me. “I just want to say thank you，” he said. “You _2_ my life！”1.A.jokedBturnedC.listenedDpointed2.A.createdBhonoredC.savedDguided1.识别：turn to sb.是固定搭配 “转向某人”；listen to “听”；point to “指着”。2.save ones life也是固定词组 “挽救某人的生命”。3.结合语境，应该是转向某人说“谢谢”，谢谢他救了自己的命。第1空选B，第2空选C。技巧8语法规则，辨明细典例片段(2019北京东城二模)However, the unease increased for Glenda. The card was unsigned. She was wondering why a stranger would send money to her son and _1_ he would know it was Zacks birthday. A variety of scenes can go through parents minds, especially when they hear stories about Internet crimes.1.A.whoBwhatC.whenDhow1.观察：选项都是从句连接词。2.分析：在句中作动词wonder的宾语。3.句意：她纳闷他是怎么知道那是Zack的生日的。故选D。技巧9生活常识，巧利用典例片段(2018全国卷)The bay was bathed in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore. Getting a little _1_， I realized one kayak (皮划艇) was in trouble. “Somethings not right！” I took off my Tshirt and _2_ into the water.1.A.fasterBcloserC.heavierDwiser2.A.staredBsankC.divedDfell1.语境：描述水上皮划艇出现故障的事。2.常识：只有离得近一些(closer)，才能看到皮划艇出了故障，第1空选B。3.常识： 脱下T恤，跳入(dive)水中，第2空选C。(原创)语篇类型：说明文主题语境：航空市场In its annual forecast, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) shifted its expectations about the center of gravity of world air travel eastward, away from the US and Europe.The global airline industry group expects that 7.8 billion _1_ will travel by air by 2036.Thats nearly _2_ the 4 billion that it expects will fly this year.The IATA _3_， released Tuesday, said it expects that half of the new passengers who will fly over the next 20 years will live in Asia. _4_ IATA predicts significant changes over the next two decades, the most _5_ shifts will happen in the next five years.China will _6_ the US as the worlds largest aviation market by 2022, two years _7_ than previously expected, the IATA forecast _8_. An aviation market is defined as traffic to, from and within a country.Chinese airlines have been rapidly expanding their international _9_ in recent years. Air China and Hainan Airlines this week _10_ three new routes to the US, including Shenzhen to Los Angeles, and Chongqing and Chengdu to New York.Emerging markets in Asia will _11_ the next 20 years, according to IATA. The UK, today the third largest market, will _12_ to fifth place, falling behind India in 2025 and Indonesia in 2030, it said.Both India and Indonesia have been at or near the top _13_ of new jetliners from Airbus (EADSF), Boeing and others as budget airlines improve the affordability of _14_ by air.Airbus and Boeing (BA) are _15_ production of their most _16_ singleaisle and twinaisle jetliners to meet demand for growth and to _17_ older, lessefficient airliners.Both companies have established industrial _18_ in China to court buyers who need the blessing of the central government. Airbus assembles its competing A320s in Tianjin, and Boeing is _19_ a new factory near Shanghai where its 737s will have their interiors fixed prior to delivery to Chinese carriers.While Airbus and Boeing focus on China, the country this year began testing its _20_ homegrown C919 airliner from the Commercial Airplane Corporation of China, or Comac.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了航空事业的迅速发展，预计到2022年中国将取代美国成为最大的航空市场。1.A.adventurersBairlinersC.passengersDbusinessmen答案：C由下文中的“travel by air”可知，应该是乘客(passenger)。2.A.doubleBoverC.beyondDwithin答案：A上文提到“7.8 billion _1_ will travel by air”，下文提到的是“4 billion”，所以此处表示将近两倍(double)。3.A.expectationBforecastC.documentDrepresentative答案：B上周二发布的IATA的预报(forecast)说，它希望在接下来的20年中，乘飞机的一半新乘客都来自亚洲。由后面提到的“release”可知，只能选forecast。4.A.UnlessBOnceC.WhileDWhen答案：C尽管(while)IATA预测接下来20年或发生重大变化，5.A.permanent BmaximumC.instantDdramatic答案：D此处表示很大的(dramatic)变化。6.A.acknowledgeBdisplaceC.swallowDprohibit答案：B到2022年中国将取代(displace)美国，成为世界上最大的航空市场。7.A.soonerBfasterC.laterDquicker答案：A将比以前预期的提早(sooner)两年。此处表示将来的时间，比预期来得更快。8.A.promisesBdeclaresC.protestsDpredicts答案：D句中用的是一般将来时，说明只是预测(predict)。9.A.competitionsBcommunicationsC.destinationsDcontributions答案：C中国航空在最近几年已经在迅速扩大国际航线(destination)。10.A.announcedBcreatedC.promotedDreported答案：A本周国航和海航宣布(announce)了飞往美国的三条新的航线，包括深圳到洛杉矶、重庆和成都到纽约。11.A.serveBseizeC.purchaseDcontrol答案：D根据IATA预测，亚洲新兴市场将控制(control)未来的20年。12.A.reduceBwithdrawC.dropDamount答案：C今天位居世界第三大市场的英国在2025年会落后于印度、2030年会落后于印度尼西亚，而降到(drop)第五的位次。13.A.producersBspeakersC.conductorsDbuyers答案：D印度和印度尼西亚已经处于或者即将成为从空中客车公司、波音和其他公司购买喷气客机的最大买家(buyer)。14.A.tradingBtravelingC.transportingDspeeding答案：B此处是解释原因。因为便宜的航线提高了人们乘飞机旅游(travel)的支付能力。上文也提到了“7.8 billion _1_ will travel by air by 2036”。15.A.acceleratingBsubstitutingC.accessingDaccomplishing答案：A此处表示在加快(accelerate)其生产。16.A.transparentBpopularC.valuableDappropriate答案：B生产出受欢迎的(popular)单通道喷气飞机和双通道的喷气飞机，以满足增速以及替换掉旧的、低效率的飞机。17.A.abolishBremoveC.replaceDsweep答案：Creplace意为“替换”，而remove意为“移除”。这里指替换。18.A.terminalsBpresencesC.administrationsDaccumulations答案：B两家公司都已经在中国设立部门来招待那些需要得到中央政府批准的买家。19.A.openingBadmittingC.adoptingDbudgeting答案：A由下文的“a new factory”可知，此处表示新开设(open)的一家新工厂。20.A.cheapBcentralC.formerDown答案：D由下文的“homegrown”可以推测出，开始测试自己(own)制造的C919客机。gravity n. 重力，地心引力be defined as 被看作affordability n. 可承受定价；价格可承受性；购买力倒数第二段第一句：Both companies have established industrial presences in China to court buyers who need the blessing of the central government.译文：两家公司都已经在中国设立部门来招待那些需要得到中央政府批准的买家。分析：这是一个主从复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词buyers。专题强化训练(三)(1)Recently, some readers are invited to join the experts in a live webchat to discuss the future of cars in cities. They hold a heated discussion on whether we ban cars from city centres? Opinions are _1_.Some people are _2_ the idea. Clearly, cars have come to control our _3_： It is hard to find anywhere away from background traffic noise. Pollution isnt the only problem from traffic. Highspeed cars makes public space _4_ to the pedestrian (行人). In some places, streets are fenced off to _5_ pedestrians taking up car space. As city centres are _6_ populated, not everyone is young or fit enough to walk distances especially _7_ their way through crowds.However, some people hold the _8_ view. They wonder whether it is _9_ to carry the kids around on public transport. Walking or _10_ in the city centers are easy ways. But walking and biking doesnt work if youve got three kids under 5. Whats the _11_？ Besides, driving takes ten minutes to the city center _12_ taking buses has to travel 10 miles to get to the shopping centre 5 miles away. Does it make sense？Still, some speak out their mind. They say, “I _13_ the idea of making the car redundant (多余的)but the reality is that lots of us _14_ some form of powered transportbecause of heavy bags, kids, disability issues etc. I wish people who make these lovely statements would _15_ those of us for whom walking/cycling is actually pretty _16_.”As far as Im concerned, we need to find transport solutions so inviting, enjoyable, affordable and wellplanned that people will not _17_ to use cars. The best way to do that will vary, but I suspect that mostly it is a matter of _18_ public transport from the elderly, and the poor, making it the most _19_ choice for those who can choose. But getting the pricing right will _20_.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文，是关于能否开车进入市中心展开的讨论。1.A.dividedBdiscussed C.heldDarranged答案：A由下文的论述可知，对于市中心是否禁止车辆通行的问题，大家意见不一。2.A.toBagainstC.forDbeyond答案：C由本段内容可知，此处表示有的人赞成这个做法。be for “赞成”；be against “反对”。3.A.livesBenvironmentsC.transportsDtravels答案：B由下文“It is hard to find anywhere away from background traffic noise. Pollution isnt the only problem from traffic.”可知，此处指的是环境。4.A.suitableBconvenientC.dangerousDimpossible答案：C车辆速度过高对行人是危险的(dangerous)。5.A.freeBallowC.offerDstop答案：D在一些地方，街道与人行道隔离开来，阻止(stop)行人占用车道。6.A.poorlyBhighlyC.hardlyDbadly 答案：B在人口密集(highly populated)的市中心，不是每个人都是年轻人或足够瘦，能够走那么远或者从拥挤的人群中挤过去。7.A.pushingBfindingC.losingDtelling答案：Apush ones way “挤过去”。8.A.objectiveBpositiveC.similarDdifferent答案：D本段是与上一段相反的看法，所以是不同的观点。9.A.certainBavailableC.practicalDchallenging答案：C由语境可知，他们想知道带着孩子穿行在公共交通中是否现实(practical)。10.A.cyclingBdrivingC.runningDliving答案：A由下文的“But walking and biking doesnt work”可知，此处表示骑行。cycling与biking意义相同。11.A.concernBconceptC.pointDsolution答案：D上面提出问题，此处表示遇到类似情况，解决办法(solution)是什么呢？12.A.untilBthoughC.whileDonce答案：C此外，开车十分钟到市中心，而(while)坐公交需要绕行10公里到只有5公里远的购物中心。13.A.believeBproveC.hateDlove答案：D由下文的but可知，此处应该是赞成或喜欢这个观点。14.A.createBneedC.dislikeDbuy答案：B但是，实际情况是我们许多人需要(need)使用马力大的交通方式(即开车)，因为沉重的包裹、孩子还有残疾问题等。15.A.considerBsponsorC.supportDhandle 答案：A“我”希望说出这些冠冕堂皇的话的人为我们考虑(consider)一下。16.A.easyBdifficultC.helplessDcomfortable答案：B由上面提到的“because of heavy bags, kids, disability issues etc”可知，此处指的是步行或骑行困难。17.A.refuseBaffordC.chooseDlearn答案：C“我”认为，我们需要有吸引人、让人喜欢、人们支付得起各方面都完美的交通方式，这样人们才不会去选择(choose)开车。18.A.preventingBchangingC.introducingDlinking答案：B“我”认为最重要的是先从老年人和贫困的人开始改变(changing)。19.A.personalBperfectC.cautiousDattractive答案：D只有成为最吸引人的方式，人们才会选择。20.A.helpBoperateC.payDoccur 答案：A使价格合理会有效果(help)。pedestrian n. 行人；步行者transport n. 交通工具inviting adj. 吸引人的，诱人的最后一段倒数第二句：The best way to do that will vary, but I suspect that mostly it is a matter of changing public transport from the elderly, and the poor, making it the most attractive choice for those who can choose.译文：做这件事的最好方法因人而异，但我想主要是从老年人和贫困的人的公共交通方式开始改变，使之成为他们最好的选择。分析：这是一个并列复合句，but连接两个分句。第二个分句中that引导宾语从句，作动词suspect的宾语；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。(2)The art of drinking and serving tea is an important and special event in China. It is a(n) _1_ to relax and enjoy the _2_ and the smell of the tea.The Chinese tea _3_ is all about the tea. The smells and taste are the most important parts of the ceremony, so the rules for making and _4_ the tea are not always the same.In most areas of China the tea is _5_ in small clay teapots. The pot is rinsed (洗) with boiling water and then the tea leaves are _6_ to the pot using chopsticks or a bamboo scoop. The tea leaves are rinsed in hot water in the pot and then hot water is added to the _7_ to make the tea.The _8_ of the water is important. It needs to be _9_ but if it is too hot it can _10_ the taste. The art of _11_ and making tea is called Cha Dao.In less than a minute, the _12_ pours the tea into small narrow cups but he doesnt pour one cup at a time. _13_， the cups are arranged in a circle and the server pours the tea in all of them in one go. He fills the cups just over half _14_. The Chinese believe that the rest of the cup is _15_ friendship and affection.The server passes a cup to each guest and invites him or her to _16_ the tea first. You should thank him by _17_ on the table three times with your finger. Next each guest pours their tea into a drinking cup and they are asked to smell the empty narrow cup. _18_ they drink the tea. It is most _19_ to empty the cup in three swallows, which is suitable.When you drink tea in a teahouse or restaurant it is _20_ Yum Cha; yum is to drink and cha is tea.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国的茶道，包括准备工序、制作过程和饮茶时的注意事项。1.A.pointBeventC.timeDstage答案：C在饮茶期间可以让人放松。所以表示的是“时间”。2.A.tasteBdrinkC.colorDtouch答案：A由下文提到的“and the smell of the tea”以及“The smells and taste are the most important parts of the ceremony”可知，此处表示味道(taste)。3.A.traditionBceremonyC.practiceDroutine答案：B由下文“the most important parts of the ceremony”可以判断出来，此处表示的是中国的茶道，即泡茶的礼仪(ceremony)。4.A.previewingBproducingC.pouringDadmiring答案：C由下文“pours the tea into small narrow cups but he doesnt pour one cup at a time.”可知，此处表示泡茶和倒(pouring)茶的规矩。5.A.treatedBsuppliedC.boiledDmade答案：D在中国的大部分地区，茶都是在小的瓷茶壶中泡制(made)而成的。6.A.exposedBaddedC.adjustedDtransported答案：B此处表示把茶叶添加(added)到茶壶中。7.A.leavesBpotsC.spotsDchopsticks答案：A洗茶之后，在装有茶叶(leaves)的茶壶中倒进热水，就可以泡茶了。8.A.quantityBcolorC.qualityDtemperature答案：D由下文提到的“if it is too hot”可知，此处指的是茶水的温度(temperature)。9.A.coolBwarmC.hotDcold答案：C由下文的转折连词but可以判断出，此处应该用hot。10.A.spoilBremoveC.replaceDpromote答案：A如果水温太热，会破坏(spoil)茶的味道。11.A.presentingBservingC.appreciatingDpreparing 答案：D茶的准备工序以及制作的艺术叫做“茶道”。泡茶之前要洗茶壶和茶叶，即在泡茶前的准备工作。12.A.guestBownerC.serverDhost答案：C由下文提到的“and the server pours the tea in all of them in one go”可知，此处指的也应该是倒茶的人(server)。13.A.BesidesBThereforeC.HoweverDInstead答案：D上文提到，他不是一次只倒一杯茶。而是(instead)，杯子放成一圈，倒茶的人一次性地把所有杯子倒满。14.A.cupBwayC.waterDspace答案：B此处表示他倒茶时，每个杯子只倒半杯(half way)多一些。15.A.filled withBabsorbed inC.devoted toDintended for答案：A中国人认为杯子其余(没倒满茶)的部分由友谊和爱来装满。be filled with “装满了”。16.A.swallowBsmellC.chewDpray答案：B喝茶前，先闻一闻(smell)茶的香味。17.A.dancingBbeatingC.tappingDmeasuring 答案：C由下文提到的“on the table three times with your finger”可知，用手指在茶桌上轻敲(tapping)三次，以表示感谢。18.A.DirectlyBEventuallyC.NormallyDNaturally答案：B上文提到了“first . Next .”，此处表示最后(Eventually)，该喝茶了。19.A.politeBmeaningfulC.ridiculousDmagic 答案：A由下文“which is suitable”可知，此处表示三口喝完一杯茶是礼貌的(polite)。20.A.confirmedBrecognizedC.consideredDcalled 答案：D当你在茶馆或者饭店喝茶的时候，这就叫 “饮茶”。teapot n. 茶壶scoop n. 铲；勺arrange v. 整理，排列，布置affection n. 感情倒数第二段最后一句：It is most polite to empty the cup in three swallows, which is suitable.译文：三口喝完杯子里的茶是最礼貌的，这很合适。分析：这是一个主从复合句，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。empty用作动词“喝完；使变空”；swallow用作名词“一次吞咽的量”。(3)(原创题)Working in an office comes with its share of ups and downs. On the positive side, we get to work with a variety of people who can _1_ our creativity and keep us motivated. The downside to that spacesharing, of course, is that not all of us are on the same _2_ schedule. The weirdlooking helmet might just help you _3_ the noise of your officemates when you need to _4_ yourself from the noise for a while.The design comes from the _5_ minds at Hochu Rayu, who call it the Helmfon. The designers _6_ this bubbleheaded helmet as a portable fiberglass and polyethylene foam (聚乙烯泡沫) privacy booth. Inside, not only is the noise from your _7_ reduced; the interior headphones can also _8_ your favorite music or relaxing sounds.In fact, theres even enough _9_ on the inside to keep your smartphone nearby for _10_ important conversations or watching videos in _11_. Thanks to an integrated system board, theres even the _12_ of adding custom functions to the helmet in the future.The designers even imagine the _13_ coming in a variety of colors and _14_ designs. Youd have to work in a very special kind of environment to feel _15_ wearing a giant head to escape your coworkers _16_ all day.As _17_ as this idea is for a workplace productivity tool, it could _18_ be adapted to help those with sensory issues _19_ and thrive in their environments. Shutting out audio and visual stimulation can help the person with sensory processing issues “reset” his or her brain and _20_ calmer and ready to return to their day.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。一顶神奇的头盔可以帮助你逃离办公室的环境噪音，你想拥有这样的头盔吗？1.A.ruinBproveC.share Dfuel 答案：D结合下文的“keep us motivated(使我们处于激励的状态)”，说明在办公室和其他人们一起工作，会激发我们的创造性。fuel “激发，给加燃料”。故选D。2.A.mental BphysicalC.spiritual Dpsychological 答案：A结合下文讲述的是这个发明，可以帮助人们摆脱噪音，说明了人们的精神方面的结构是不同的。人与人之间的精神状态会受到噪音的影响。3.A.bear BresistC.escape Dabsorb
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