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阅读理解 议论文精选大题A【2018全国II】Weve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. Its more likely that none of us start a conversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think its annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,” says Dunn. “But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.1. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphones.B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.C. Absence of communication between strangers.D. Impatience with slow service.2. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?A. Showing good manners.B. Relating to other people.C. Focusing on a topic.D. Making business deals.3. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships.B. It raises peoples confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk.D. It makes people feel good.4. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversation CountsB. Ways of Making Small TalkC. Benefits of Small TalkD. Uncomfortable Silence【答案】1-4 CBDC【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。1.C主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。由此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。2.B推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断B符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。3.D推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。4.C主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。B【2018江苏】In the 1760s, MathurinRoze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有）a special meat soup called consomme. Although the main attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Takevisual hints that influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and tastier.Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none the wiserthey didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places. fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way toencourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longerand spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding,high prices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not be overly concerned about bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.5. The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A. not aware of eating more than usual B. not willing to share food with othersC. not conscious of the food quality D. not fond of the food provided6. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?A. Playing classical music.B. Introducing lemon scent.C. Making the light brighter,D. Using plates of larger size.7. What does the last paragraph talk about?A. Tips to attract more customers.B. Problems restaurants are faced with.C. Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.【答案】5-7 AAD【解析】本文是一篇议论文。论述了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，通过对比快餐店和正规餐馆提出，现代餐饮业可以通过味道（比如薰衣草相比柠檬更能刺激消费者的食欲）、灯光的明暗（比如暗的灯光更能够刺激顾客食欲）等吸引顾客。5. A词义猜测题。根据该句中“they didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert”可知，他们没有感觉更饱，想要再吃一点甜点；据此可以判断，划线词表示“他们没有意识到比平时吃得多”，故选A项。6. A 细节理解题。根据第四段第三、四句“One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners spent more.”可知，在餐馆播放古典音乐能延长顾客在餐馆的时间，从而促进餐馆赢得更多的利润，故选A项。7.D 主旨大意题。通读尾段可知，该段第一句“Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending “bad tables, crowding, high prices dont necessarily”为该段的主题段；结合全段内容可知，该段主要论述了人们对餐馆的常见误解，故选D项。模拟精做A【中原名校2018-2019学年高三第四次质量考评英语试题】I have an entrepreneur friend, Arthur, who always wears a suit. I take the mick that Ive never seen him in casual clothes and his response is: “The suit is the uniform of business.” But in my business, the uniform has often been torn jeans and glitter or computer programmer T-shirts. Either way, work clothing can be flexible, as long as its appropriate. At WAH Nails, many of the team say that one of the special benefits is that they dont have to suppress(抑制) their identity at work. But when we opened in a new location, I thought we needed a uniform to make the nail artists easily identifiable. In the team meeting showing potential branded T-shirts, one of the artists, Holli, said sheepishly: “But when Im wearing a plain black logo T-shirt, I just dont feel my Stylebrat self.” (Stylebrat is her name.) She was right. We hired women with unique taste, so why was I trying to turn them into a homogenous(同类的) worker army? We got rid of the shirts and everyone was relieved.On the other hand, without a uniform or loose dress code, I personally struggle to keep the style bar high every day. I love going into offices where I see that the founder has a distinct style that has moved slowly down to the team. In the fashion industry especially, this appropriation of crew style shows harmonious, which is essential for business success. Work clothing can unite you in your goals. It also removes distraction.I have no hesitation wearing the same(clean) outfit two days in a row. Id say my look is Busy Working Style Mom, mixing sportswear with suiting. I have 10 black jackets that I pair with one of 20 blue Zara jeans. Sometimes youre just there to get the job done, not to worry a lot about your appearance.8.What is the clothing style of the staff at WAH Nails?A.It is formal.B.It is fashionable.C.It is characteristic.D.It is traditional.9.What does the paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A.A style loved by all workers in a company.B.The benefits of wearing a uniform in work.C.The importance of the founders taste in fashion.D.The importance of a friendly atmosphere in business.10.What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph?A.Women should have their own style.B.Workers can wear jeans instead of dresses.C.People can wear the same clothes for several days.D.People should not care too much about their appearance.11.Who may the text be intended for?A.Artists.B.Computer programmers.C.Working staff.D.Women teachers.【答案】8-11CBDC【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者就上班时人们究竟该如何穿着这一话题给出了她自己的看法：不要过于在意自己的外表，把工作做好才是关键。8.C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“We hired women with unique taste, so why was I trying to turn them into a homogenous(同类的) worker army?”可知，我们雇佣了有独特品味的女性，所以我为什么要把她们变成同质的工人大军？由此可知，WAH Nails 的工装风格是有特色的，故C项正确。9.B主旨大意题。根据第二段内容，特别是“Work clothing can unite you in your goals. It also removes distraction.”可知，工装能让你们在目标上团结一致，还能消除干扰，由此可知，本段主要介绍了穿工装的好处，故B项正确。10.D细节理解题。根据最后一段“Sometimes youre just there to get the job done, not to worry a lot about your appearance.”可知，有时候你在那只是为了完成工作，而不是太在意自己的外表，由此可知作者建议人们不必太在意自己的外表，故D项正确。11.C推理判断题。通读全文可知本文主要讨论工作时应该如何着装的问题，由此可知文章的目标读者应该是是上班族，故C项正确。B【江苏省南通泰州七市2019届高三第一次调研考试】When a driver slams on the brakes to avoid hitting a pedestrian crossing the road illegally, she is making a moral decision that shifts risk from the pedestrian to the people in the car. Self-driving cars might soon have to make such ethical (道德的)judgments on their own but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task, suggests a survey.The largest ever survey of machine ethics, called the Moral Machine, laid out 13 possible situations in which someones death was unavoidable. Respondents were asked to choose who to spare in situations that involved a mix of variables: young or old, rich or poor, more people or fewer. Within 18 months, the online quiz had recorded 40 million decisions made by people from 233 countries and territories.When the researchers analysed these answers, they found that the nations could be divided into three groups. One contains North America and several European nations where Christianity has been the dominant (占支配地位的)religion; another includes countries such as Japan, Indonesia and Pakistan, with strong Confucian or Islamic traditions. A third group consists of countries in Central and South America, such as Colombia and Brazil. The first group showed a stronger preference for sacrificing older lives to save younger ones than did the second group, for example.The researchers also identified relationships between social and economic factors in a country. They found that people from relatively wealthy countries with strong institutions, such as Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally than did respondents in nations with weaker institutions, such as Nigeria or Pakistan.People rarely face such moral dilemmas, and some cities question whether the possible situations posed in the online quiz are relevant to the ethical and practical questions surrounding driverless cars. But the researchers argue that the findings reveal cultural differences that governments and makers of self-driving cars must take into account if they want the vehicles to gain public acceptance.At least Barbara Wege, who heads a group working on autonomous-vehicle ethics at Audi in Ingolstadt, Germany, says such studies are valuable. Wege argues that self-driving cars would cause fewer accidents, proportionally, than human drivers do each yearbut that people might focus more on events involving robots.Surveys such as the Moral Machine can help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents that might develop trust. “We need to come up with a social consensus,” she says, “about which risks we are willing to take.”12Why is it difficult to set universal moral rules for programming self-driving cars?ASocial values always change with the times.BMoral choices vary between different cultures.CDrivers have a preference for sacrificing the weak.DCar makers are faced with decisions of life or death.13The researchers conducted the study by_.Ausing a massive online quiz worldwideBcomparing different cultures and customsCdividing the respondents into three groupsDperforming a series of controlled experiments14According to the study, in which country are drivers more likely to hit a pedestrian crossing the road illegally?ANigeria BColombiaCFinland DIndonesia15Barbara Wege would probably agree that _.ASelf-driving cars will greatly improve the traffic environmentBAccidents caused by self-driving cars might receive more attentionCProblems involving self-driving cars might shake the public trust in societyDCar makers neednt take the risk of solving self-driving car ethical dilemmas【答案】12-15BACB【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了当一名司机猛踩刹车以避免撞到非法穿越马路的行人时，她是在做一个道德上的决定，将风险从行人转移到车内的人。自动驾驶汽车可能很快就不得不做出这样的道德的判断了。12B推理判断题。根据题目定位到第一段but settling on a universal moral code for the vehicles could be a tough task,suggests a survey. 看到下一段讲了这个survey，第三段揭示了研究结果：nations could be divided into three groups，第四段also identified in a country，通过nations，country可知实验结果按照不同国家划分，可见是文化差异different cultures，故选B。13A细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二行online quiz可知A正确；B选项作者只是展示不同文化的moral choices，未提及比较；C选项根据第三段开头analyzed these answers, they found that nations could be divided into three groups说明divided是研究结果得出的，而非conduct the study使用的方法；D选项文章未提及experiment，research是通过analyzed these answers得出的，故选A。14C细节理解题。根据题目定位到第四段第三行Finland and Japan, more often chose to hit people who stepped into traffic illegally可知根据这项研究，芬兰的司机更有可能撞上非法穿越马路的行人，故选C。15B细节理解题。根据人名定位到最后两段，最后一段Surveyscan help to begin public discussions about these unavoidable accidents可知Barbara Wege可能会同意无人驾驶汽车引发的事故可能会受到更多关注，B正确；A选项倒数第二段只提到cause fewer accidents, proportionally不等于greatlyimprove；C选项最后一段that might develop trust可知C错误；D选项car makers neednt take risk文章完全没有提及，故选B。C【2017江苏卷】A new commodity brings about a highly profitable，fastgrowing industry, urging antitrust (反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of newborn giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern. The Internet has made data abundant, allpresent and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a “Gods eye view” of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is requiredand as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets (资产) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat. When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of online services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments dont want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon. 16.Why is there a call to break up giants?A.They have controlled the data market.B.They collect enormous private data.C.They no longer provide free services.D.They dismissed some newborn giants.17.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?A.Data giants technology is very expensive.B.Googles idea is popular among data firms.C.Data can strengthen giants controlling position.D.Data can be turned into new services or products. 18.By paying attention to firms data assets, antitrust regulators could _.A.kill a new threatB.avoid the size trapC.favour bigger firmsD.charge higher prices19.What is the purpose of loosening the giants control of data?A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure.C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.D.Small companies could get more opportunities.【答案】16-19 A C B D【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了数据信息垄断企业的发展导致的后果以及反垄断的措施、对反对数据垄断的未来展望。16. A细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants (巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age.”和第二段第一句“Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.”可知，人们呼吁打破垄断的原因是数据信息垄断机构控制了数据市场，故选A项。注意B项中的private data，文中并没有提到私人数据，此题易误选B项。17. C推理判断题。根据第三段第四、五句“But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies.Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power.”可知，数据可以转化为新的服务和商品，被卖给其他公司；因特网公司对数据的控制给了它们巨大的权力。据此可以判断，数据可以增强垄断公司的控制地位，故选C项。18. B推理判断题。根据第五段第二、三句“When considering a merger (兼并)，for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets (资产) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，传统意义上的反垄断组织用公司的大小来决定何时介入，而现在评估时则要考虑公司的数据资产规模。据此可知，关注数据评估，旨在避免陷入传统的“以公司大小”评估的陷阱，故选B项。19. D推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a newborn threat. When this takes place, especially when a newborn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.”以及对第六段的理解可知，反垄断部门应该采取行动，使几大因特网巨头放松对数据的控制，使新生的小公司得到更多的发展机会，故选D项。D【2017天津卷】I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient socie
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