中考英语复习讲义 第11章 被动语态

中考英语复习讲义 第11章 被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式.表示主讲与谓讲之间的关系。英讲有曲种讲态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。对于被动语态的考查，多集中在被动讲态的结构及时态，以及被动语态的判断、动词过去分词的正确拼写方面。在学习过程中，.要注意揣摩句子的含义，掌握动词过去分词的不规则变化。内容导视知识点1被动语态的构成知识点2被动语态的用法知识点3主动语态变被动语态知识点4主动形式表示被动意义知识点5不能使用被动语态的情况知识详单知识点1被动语态的构成1. 被动语态的句型句型构成例句肯定句主语+be十过去分词(十by. )English is spoken everywhere.到处有人说英语。否定句主语+be+not+过去分词(+by.)English isnt spoken by people here.这里的人不说英语。一般疑问句Be+主语+过去分词(+by. .)?-Was Tom asked to e early?汤姆被要求早点来吗?-Yes，he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasnt.不，他没有。特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词(+by.)?Why was this bridge destroyed by the government?政府为什么要拆毁这座桥?2.被动语态的各种时态形式时态结构例句一般现在时主语+ am/is/are十过去分词+其他History is made by the people历史是人们创造的。These books are designed for children.这些书是为孩子们设计的。一般过去时主语+was/were+过去分词+其他The letter was written in English这封信是用英语写的。The cars were made in Shanghai.这些车是上海生产的。一般将来时主语+will be+过去分词+其他Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作将保留到你回来。When will the work be finished?这项工作什么时候完成?现在进行时主语+am/is/am+being+过去分词+其他A new railway is being built.一条新铁路正在修建。Because my car is being repaired , I have to go to work by taxi.因为我的车正在修理，所以l我不得不坐出租车去上班。过去进行时主语+was/were+being+过去分词+其他The hall was being built last year. Im not sure if it is pleted.这个个大厅去年正在修建，我不清楚选择完成了没有。The road was being widened when I passed by the village.当我经过那个村庄时，道路正在加宽。现在完成时主语+have/has been+过去分词+其他He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已经被派往上海工作了。Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗?过去完成时主语+had been+过去分词+其他The room had been broken into before we came.我们来之前已经有人强行进过这间屋。A new hotel had been built when I got there.我到那儿时，一座新旅馆已经建好了。情态动词主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+其他Her temperature should be taken twice a day.她的体温应该一天量两次。，If heated，water can be turned into vapour.如果受热，水会变成蒸气。知识点2被动语态的用法用法例句不知道或者不必说出动作的执行者How is this word pronounced?这个单词怎么发音?The book was published in xx.这本书是xx年出版的。强调动作的承受者School will be opened in our village.我们村将开办一所新的希望学校当动作的执行者是泛指时He is suspected of robbing the bank.有人怀疑他抢劫银行。表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者I have been told many times not to make noises有人多次告诉我不要吵闹。句法修饰的需要The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy.乔要做这个报告他是意大利的一位年轻的音乐家。有些动词习惯上常用被动语态He was born in this city.他出生在这个城市。It is reported that he is a professor from New Zealand. 据报道，他是来自新西兰的一位教授。知识点3主动语态变被动语态说明例句含有单个宾语的主动句，即“主语+谓语动词十宾语”:把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，并依据上表(被动语态的各种时态形式)把谓语改为被动形式;如果需要说明动作的发出者，则需加上“by.+主动句的主语(人称代词用宾格)”。The famous professor gave two lectures in English(那位著名的教授用英语作了两次报告。)Two lectures were given (by the famous professor)in EnglishThey often ask some question after class。(他们经常在课后问一些问题。)Some questions are often asked(by them)after class.含有双宾语的主动句，即“主语+间接宾语+直接宾语”:当直接宾语是名词或代词时，可把间接宾语和直接宾语中的任意一个变为被动句的主语，而另一个保持不动。但是，当直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前应加上介词to或for。The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation(老师给我提了一些关于发音方面的好建议。)1 was given some good advice on the pronunciation.Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation.含有复合宾语的主动句，即“主语+宾语+宾语补足语”:把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾补保持不动(成为主语补足语，简称主补)。We call him Li Hua.(我们叫他李华。)He is called Li Hua.They painted the room white.(他们把房间粉刷成白色。)The room was Painted white.【易错警示】感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾补，变为被动语态时，需要在动词原形前加上省略的不定式符号to，即“be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth。”。例如:They saw her enter the meeting room just now.(刚才他们看见她进入了会议室。)She was seen to enter the meeting room just now含有动词短语(作谓语)的主动句:谓语为及物动词短语的主动句方可变为被动语态。They take good care of these children.(他们把这些孩子照顾得非常好。)These children are taken good care of.We should make full use of the good chance.(我们应该充分利用这次好机会。)The good chance should be made full use of.【易错警示】动词短语用于被动语态时，把它们看作一个整体变成被动结构，其后的介词和副词不可丢掉。知识点4主动形式表示被动意义情况例句说明主语的性质、特征的动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如:lock，open，read，sell，teach，wash，write等.:;.The cloth washes well. 这种布料很容易洗.A freshly baked cake doesnt cut easilv.刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切。表示感官的连系动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如:smell，feel，taste，look，sound等This piece of music sounds good.这段音乐听起来不错。Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来很美味。某些动词后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义，如:need，want，require，worth等The bike needs repairing. 这辆自行车需要修理。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。【知识拓展】常见的被动形式表主动意义的词组:be seated坐着，就座; be hidden躲藏;be lost迷路;be drunk喝醉;be dressed穿着知识点5不能使用被动语态的情况情况例句不及物动词和系动词无被动语态A fire broke out last night.昨晚发生了火灾。某些表示状态的及物动词或及物动词短语也不能用被动语态This coat doesnt fit me.这件外套不适合我。The hall can contain two hundred people。这个大厅可以容纳200人。反身代词或相互代词作宾语的句子不能用被动语态We have helped each other for over two years.我们相互帮助有两年多了。宾语是不定式或动名词的句子不可用被动语态Most people want to have their own house，.许多人想要有自己的房子。当谓语动词和宾语构成一个不可分割的整体时，即固定短语，句子不可变为被动语态It took him a long time to make up his mind.他用了很久才下定决心。Whos going to take his place after he leaves?他走了谁来顶替他?【知识拓展】这样的短语常用的有:do ones best尽力，尽最大努力; make a face做鬼脸; lose heart失去信心，丧失勇气 -.考点突破考点1考查及物动词的被动语态1.(北京中考)A new hospital _ in my town next year. A .builds B. built C. is built D. will be built 【解析】选D。主语hospital与谓语动词build之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态，next year说明要用一般将来 时。故选D。2.(矜南中考)The Spring Festival_ in January or February. A .celebrate B. was celebrated C. celebrated D. celebrated 【解析】选D。主语The Spring Festival与celebrate之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态，春节在一月或二月过 是常态，故用一般现在时。3.(安顺中考)一Wow! You have a ticket to the Expo! 一It_ by my uncleHe 15 working in ShanghaiA. has bought B. had bought Cis bought Dwas bought【解析】it与buy之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态，票已经买过了应该用一般过去时。故选D。4.(巴中中考)English_ widely all over the world.A. speaks B. is spoken C. are spoken 【解析】选B。English是单数形式，且句子为被动语态，谓语应用is spoken。考点2 考查情态动词的被动语态5.(沪州中考)The dictionary may _ for three weeks.A.keep B. be kept C. borrow D. be borrowed 【解析】选B for three weeks 表示一段时间，要用延续性动词，排除C、D；dictionary与keep之间是动宾关系，用被动语态结构，may 是情态动词，系动词要用be。故选择B6、(咸宁中考)-Food safety is very important.-So some rules _ to stop people from polluting food.A. must make B. must be made C. must made D. be made【解析】选B、rules和make.之间是动宾关系，故用被动语态结构.排除A、C；D项be动词原形有误，应该为are，排除D； must是情态动词.后面的系动词耍用be，B项正确。7(衡阳中考)Teenagers _ allowed to drive.A. Shouldnt be B. should be not C. not should be【解析】选A。情态动词的被动语态的否定形式为:情态动词+not+be+动词的过去分词。故选A。考点3 考查及物动词短语的被动语态8.(鄂州中考)The meeting _ because of the smog in Northern China last week.A. put out B. was put out C. put off D. was put off【解析】选D。由句意可知，会议被推迟了，要用被动语态结构。排除A、C; Put out意为“扑灭，熄灭，与句意不符，故选D。9.(哈尔滨中考)On June 11th，xx，Shenzhou-10 carrying three astronauts _ into space from the space center in Jiuquan. All the Chinese people are proud of its successful launch.Asent up B. are sent up C. was sent up【解析】选c。由on June llth，xx可知该句为一般过去时，排除B项;主语Shenzhou-10与谓语动词存在被动关系，应用被动语态，故选C。