2022年外研版高中英语选修8 Module 2《The Renaissance》（Grammar and Usag）教案

2022年外研版高中英语选修8 Module 2The Renaissance（Grammar and Usag）教案Goals To review ing form, the ed form and to + infinitive; ProceduresStep 1: Review the participles used as adverbials1) A present participle phrase is used to replace a sentence.A. When two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it is usually possible to express one of them by a present participle. The participle can be before or after the finite verb.e.g. He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling.B. When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle. The participle must be put first. e.g. He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.= Opening the drawer and took out a revolver.It would seem more logical here to use the perfect participle and say Having opened, but this is not necessary except when the use of the present participle might lead to ambiguity。C. When the second action forms part of the first, or are a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle. e.g. She went out, slamming the door.2) The perfect participle (active) -having doneThe perfect participle emphasizes that the first action is plete before the second one starts, but it is not necessary in the binations of this kind, except when the use of the present participle might lead to confusion.Reading the instructions, he snatched up the medicine. “might” give the impression that the two actions were simultaneous. Here therefore the perfect participle would be better.Having read the instructions, he snatched up the medicine.3) The past participle (passive) and the perfect participle (passive) A. The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb just as the present participle can replace subject +active verb: She enters. She is acpanied by her mother. = She enters, acpanied by her mother. As he was convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything.= Convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything.B. The perfect participle passive (having been done) is used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb. e.g. Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.一、分词的形式 语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。分词作状语分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：（1）表示时间Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎，我迷了路。The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：Dont talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。When crossing the street, do be careful. 过马路时要小心。（2）表示原因表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital. 由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。（3）表示结果The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable. 大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。（4）表示方式I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。（5）表示条件United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心，你会犯更少的错误。强调条件时，可以在前面加上unless, once等。如：You shouldnt e in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。Once losing this chance, you cant easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。二、分词的独立主格结构 分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。如：Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic. 吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next weeks show. 所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street. 足球赛五结束，从群便涌到大街上。Nobody (being) in, I didnt enter the hall. 里面没有人，我没进大厅。3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with宾语宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如：He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。 The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides (=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。with宾语宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我，我会错过火车的。The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如：Talking of the puter, I like it very much. 谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning. 考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。Step 2: Review of infinitive and gerund constructionVerbs which may take either infinitive or gerundadvise, need, permit, allow, prefer, begin, propose, can/could bear, remend, regret, continue, remember, forget, require, hate, start, intend, stop, like, try, love, used to, mean, wantA. Verbs taking infinitive or gerund without change of meaning1) begin, start, continue, cease2) bear3) intend4) advise, allow, permit, remend5) needs, wants, requiresB. regret, remember, forgetThey are used with a gerund when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action. e.g. I regret spending too much money.=Im sorry I spent so much money.I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.(“reading” is the first action, “remember” is the second)C. go on to do sth. 做完一件事接着做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做原来所做的同一件事 mean to do sth. 想或企图做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 try to do sth. 想或企图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事Step 3: Exercises concerning non-finite 1.非谓语动词的用法对比练习 A. I want one magazine _. (read) My teacher wanted me _ this question. (answer) The woman wanted her husband _ at once. (examine) My bicycle wants _. (repair) B. What made you _ so? (think) The girl was made _ a man she didnt love at all. (marry) The show made me _ in the study of science. (interest) He raised the picture to make everyone _ clearly. (see) He raised his voice to make himself _. (hear) My father himself made some candles _ light. (give) The boss made the workers _ day and night. (work) C. Youd better get your own room _. (clean) Yesterday he got his wallet _. (steal) You should get your friends _ you. (help) The lecture got us _. (think) Dont get _ in the rain. (catch) D. Did you see somebody _ into the room? (steal) I saw him _ in the room at that time. (read) She was glad to see her child _ good care of. (take) I saw her _ at the windows, thinking. (seat) She was seen _ here. (e) E. I like _ very much. (swim) I dont like _ TV at this time. (watch) He never likes _ at the meeting. (praise) I feel like _ to the cinema. (go) Would you like _ with me ? (go) F. The man _ at the meeting now is from the south. (speak) I dont know the professor_ at the meeting tomorrow.(speak) He is the professor _ to dinner. (invite) G. It was so cold and he had the fire _ all night long. (burn) I have a lot of exercises _ today. (do) “Do you have nay clothes_ today ?” asked Mother.(wash) Youd better have that bad tooth _ out. (pull) I want to have him _ a car for me. (find) H. He doesnt do anything but _ all day. (play) We have no choice but _ . (obey) Im thinking of how _ my English. (improve) He made an apology for _ late. (be) I. He told us about his trip in an _ voice. (excite) He told us his story in a _ voice. (tremble) At the sight of a snake, the little girl was very _. (frighten) The boy was _, so I didnt believe him again. (disappoint) J. He is looking forward to _ college. (enter) He is looking forward to _ nothing. (see) K. When he heard the news, he couldnt help_ with joy. (jump) I couldnt help _ by the beauty of nature. (strike) Sorry , I cant help _ the housework today. (do) L. _ enough time, well do it better. (give) _ a candle , he went on reading. (light) _ from the hill , the park looks more beautiful. (see) _ the people well, we must work hard at our lessons.(serve)