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名词与冠词【考纲解读】关于名词,高考主要考查: 1.名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外,高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。这些问题主要出现在完形填空中。 2.名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。这些问题常出现在短文改错或语法填空中。3.名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象,主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。冠词的考查几乎每年都会在新课标卷中出现,主要是在语境中考查考生对冠词的理解和运用。考查要点主要包括: 1.考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法。 2.考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法,如抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前冠词的使用情况。3.考查冠词的泛指、特指、类指和专指用法。 4.考查零冠词的运用。另外,还涉及很多冠词与名词的固定搭配。【预习导学】名词一、名词的单复数1单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则(1)以o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加s，但下列名词要加es，它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即。但下列以o结尾的名词既可以加es，也可以加s，它们是：零，蚊子，火山。(2)以f或fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般f或fe去掉加ves，它们是：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即。但下列以f或fe结尾的名词直接加s，它们是：屋顶上的首领信仰保险箱，即。但下列以f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加ves，也可以直接加s，它们是：手帕，围巾。(3)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。如：女婿；过路人；_讲故事的人；_早餐；_ 家庭主妇。2常见单复数同形的名词_ 中国人；_ 日本人；_ 绵羊；_ 鹿；_ 系列；_ 方式；_ 工厂；_ 鱼；_ 水果；_ 十字路口；_ 马力；_ 斤等。其中fish, fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes, fruits。二、抽象名词具体化1具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功_pleasure乐趣_attraction吸引_beauty美；美丽_comfort安慰；慰藉_danger危险_delight高兴_failure失败_surprise惊奇_shock震惊_pride骄傲_Im disappointed the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.我很失望，这次试验证明又一次完全的失败。2抽象名词与a (an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。A serious explosion happened in Tianjin.Yes, news came as a shock to me.天津发生了一起严重的爆炸事件。是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。三、名词所有格1名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer.很多学生的视力变得越来越差了。From the top of the hill, you can get a birds view of the city.从山顶上，你可以鸟瞰整个城市。2由and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加s，表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加s：Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间Tom and Jims room 汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间3双重所有格指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格，即“of名词所有格”。a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的一个戏剧a friend of my wifes我妻子的一个朋友知识积累名词常见后缀集锦1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrect_改正attract_ 吸引conclude_ 结论；结束decide_ 决定admit_ 接纳；准许入学invite_ 邀请explain_ 解释expect_ 期望er/orteach_老师announce_ 播音员conduct_ 指挥；售票员mentpunish_ 惩罚achieve_ 功绩；成就argue_ 辩论；论据equip_ 装备；设备ance/enceappear_出现；外貌perform_ 表演；节目exist_ 存在；生存prefer_ 偏爱inghear-_ 听力；听觉begin_ 开始ure/turefail_ 失败；没做到press-_ 压力mix-_ 混合；混合物depart_ 离开；出发yrecover_恢复；痊愈discover-_ 发现其他choose-_ 选择vary_ 多样化；种类tend_ 趋向；趋势2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshort_ 不足；短缺cyefficient_效率；功效fluent_ 流利；流畅accurate_ 准确性private_ 隐私；私密domfree_自由；自主wise-_ 明智；智慧encedifferent-_ 差异silent_ 沉默nessweak_虚弱；弱点kind_ 仁慈；好意careless_ 粗心大意thstrong-_力气；强项warm-_ 温暖；热情ytyityhonest_诚实difficult_ 困难cruel_ 残酷；残暴safe-_ 安全disable_ 无能；伤残responsible_ 责任冠词一、不定冠词(一)不定冠词的基本用法1表示泛指某个_。I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work.今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。2用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示_。My friend John is a handsome young man, a young man everyone likes to work with.我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。3表示“某一个”，相当于_。I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon.我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。4用在序数词前，表示“_”。He missed the gold medal in the high jump, but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。5用在形容词的比较等级前，表示“_”。If we sit near the front of the bus, well have a better view.如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。6用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。Tony is a famous pianist. Im absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定成功。(二)固定搭配中的不定冠词不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有：have a gift for有的天赋have a holiday度假get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit to参观lend sb. a hand帮助某人 as a result因此as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地at a distance离一段距离 a waste of的浪费What a pity！真遗憾！ be/go on a diet节食a collection of一批 a knowledge of知道have a good time玩得高兴 make a living谋生as a matter of fact事实上 have a history of有历史in a sense/way在某种意义上 for a while暂时，一时all of a sudden突然 a matter of的问题have a population of有人口cover an area of占的面积You can ask anyone for help. Everyone here is willing to lend you a hand.(2014安徽高考单选)你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。二、定冠词(一)定冠词的基本用法1特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的_。I went to a university in New Zealand. The university was founded in the early twentieth century.我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。2用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示_。As we all know, the brain is the centre of thought.众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。As a matter of fact, the rich arent always happy.事实上富人并非总是快乐的。名师指津“the + adj”表示“一类人”的常用短语：the rich 富人 the dead 死者the poor 穷人 the aged 老人the old 老人 the living 活着的人the young 年轻人 the injured/wounded 受伤的人3用于序数词和_最高级以及形容词only, very, same等之前。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。Now, years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.(2014新课标全国卷语法填空)在数年之后的现在，这条河成为了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。4用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的_前。The village where I was born has grown into a town.(2014陕西高考单选)我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。5用于表示_的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。As is well known to us all, the Second World War broke out in the thirties.众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。6用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示_。The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。7用于世界上_的事物前。No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence, as it happened so long ago.没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。8用于被演奏的_前。As far as I know, he likes playing the piano.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。(二)固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词1固定结构中的定冠词(1)用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按计算”。Its said that John will be in a job paying over D|S60,000 a year.Right, he will also get paid by the week.据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。是的，他的工资还将按周支付。(2)用于“动词sb.介词the身体某一部位”结构中。His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face.那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。(3)用于the more . the more .(越越)结构中。The more love we give, the more respect we receive.我们付出的爱越多，得到的尊敬就越多。2固定短语中的定冠词at the moment此刻；目前in the end 最后，最终to tell the truth说实话 on the other hand另一方面by the way顺便说一下 in the middle of在中间at the same time同时 on the contrary相反on the whole总的来说 in the distance在远处to the point 中肯；切题make the most/best of充分利用go to the cinema/theater去看电影/戏剧Now that you have such a good chance, youd better make the best of every minute to achieve your goal.既然你有这么好的一次机会，你最好充分利用每一分钟去实现你的目标。三、零冠词(一)零冠词的基本用法下列情况下不用冠词。1表示泛指的_前。Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which youll make great progress.记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。Telephones are still playing an important role in peoples life.电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。2表示_名词前。A year can be divided into four seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter.一年可以分为四季春、夏、秋、冬。3与 _ 连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。Are you going there by plane or by ship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？4系动词_ 后的单数名词作表语时。After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。5表示头衔和职务的名词作_时。Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(二)固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词1固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词单数名词as/though主语谓语，主句”，意为“虽然但是”。Young man as he is, he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。2固定短语中的零冠词on purpose故意地by chance碰巧catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明face to face面对面 out of date过时的make room for让位 in debt负债in shape健康 on foot步行in danger在危险中 side by side并排from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手day after day日复一日地 heart and soul全心全意地Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does pushups too to stay in shape.(2014江苏高考单选)汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。【考点突破】考点1名词词义辨析，包括同缀、形近、意近和无关联词 1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_and then let me know.(2015安徽，30) A.thought B.support C.protection D.authority 2.One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江，15) A.production B.stress C.energy D.power3.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015江苏，32) A.judgments B.adjustments C.comments D.achievements 4.Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave. Id like to，but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _.(2015江苏，35) ArequestsBexcusesCapologiesDregrets5.When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.(2015湖北，21) AbalanceBchanceCmemoryDplace6.He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went to carry out the secret task.(2015湖北，22) AemotionBtalentCidentityDtreasure7.When Richard said，“You are much more agreeable and prettier now，” Joans face turned red at the unexpected _.(2014湖北，22) AcommandBcomparisonCcomplimentDcontribution8.Wind is now the worlds fastest growing _ of power.(2014天津，3) AsourceBsenseCresultDroot考点归纳名词词义辨析是高考的热点，主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力，因而在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查的名词词义辨析主要有以下几种形式：1“同缀”词的词义辨析，即相同词缀的名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现的有：expression (表情) attention (注意)satisfaction (满意) impression (印象)accommodation (住宿) occupation (职业)adaptation (适应，改编) appreciation (欣赏)equipment (设备) arrangement (安排)assessment (评估，估算) entertainment (娱乐)consequence(后果) independence (独立)competence(能力，权限) intelligence (智力)2“形近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的形近词有：command (命令) comparison (比较)compliment (赞美) contribution (贡献)commitment (承诺，保证) competition (竞争)ambition (野心) accompany (陪伴)3“意近”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现的意近词有：advice；question；offer；ideaanger；rudeness；regret；panic(惊慌)4“无关联”词的词义辨析，近几年高考中出现的有：symbol (象征) portrait (肖像)identity (身份) statue (雕像)difference(差异) comparison(比较)connection(连接) barrier(屏障，障碍)luck(运气) value(价值)time(时间) fact(事实)考点2名词的一词多义与熟词新义1.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full，definitely.(2016江苏，24) ArecipeBrecordCrangeDreceipt2.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.(2016天津，10) AeffectBsenseCchangeDchance3.The failure was a big _ to him，but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建，24) A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor 4.Could you tell me the _ of making such tasty cakes? Well，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建，26) AfeatureBplanCcostDtrick考点归纳名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点。掌握熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine. 患头疼的人会发现通过使用这种药，他们的头疼会得到缓解。relief的常见含义为“安慰，宽慰”，此处表示“缓解”。考点3抽象名词具体化抽象名词具体化通常可分为以下四类：一、表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词有：抽象名词抽象名词具体化drink饮料A drink一杯饮料comfort安慰；慰藉A comfort一件令人感到安慰的事或一个令人感到安慰的人feeling感觉；感情a good feeling一种愉快的感觉success成功a success一位成功的人或一件成功的事failure失败a failure一个失败的人或一件失败的事surprise惊奇a surprise一件令人惊奇的事experience经验an experience一次经历difficulty困难a difficulty一件难事coffee咖啡two coffees两杯咖啡beauty美，美丽a beauty美人，美丽的东西pleasure愉快，高兴a pleasure一件乐事，一个乐趣pride骄傲a pride令人骄傲的人或事reality实际a reality一件实现的事，现实honor荣誉，信誉an honor光荣的人或事二、表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时，常以a/an抽象名词，或a/an形容词抽象名词。常用短语、句型如下：have a wonderful supper；have a bright future；have a good time；have a population of；have a good knowledge/understanding of；have an income of；receive a good education；receive a warm welcome；cover an area of；reach a height of；Its a waste of time/money；Its a great help to me.；Its a pity that. 三、表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加a/an与某些动词(have，take，make，give)等词连用时，表示某一次短暂的动作。have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep；take a walk/bath；give/take a try；make an advance/an early start/an apology；take/have a great interest；go out for a walk 四、接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。die a heroic death；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream 考点4不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查1._ prize for the winner of the competition is _ two week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江，2) AThe；/ BA；/CA；theDThe；a2.I just heard _ bank where Dora works was robbed by _ gunman wearing a mask.(2015重庆，3) Athe；/ Ba；/Cthe；aDa；the3.Janes grandmother had wanted to write _ childrens book for many years，but one thing or another always got in _ way.(2015浙江，2) Aa；/Bthe；theC/；theDa；the4.Brian is gifted in writing music；he is very likely to be_ Beethoven.(2015四川，5) Aa Ban Cthe D/5._ more learned a man is，_ more modest he usually becomes.(2015陕西，14) AThe；theBA；aCThe；aDA；the考点归纳1不定冠词与物质名词连用，表示物质的“一种”或表示食品、饮料的“一份，一杯”或表示“一股，一场，一阵”等。Longjing is a wonderful tea.龙井是一种极好的茶。A strong wind blew off a lot of leaves. 一阵大风吹落了许多树叶。2不定冠词与抽象名词连用，表示某种动作的“一次，一例，一番”或表示人或事物等的某一品质或性质，有时表示引起某种情绪的事。Do you care for a smoke?抽支烟好吗？Its a shame to lie.撒谎是不光彩的事。3序数词表示依次递增的新的序数词时，前面用不定冠词，而不用定冠词，这时表示的是“再一，又一”的意义。I really must buy a second pair of shoes.我真得必须再买一双鞋了。4序数词在句中用作副词时，其前不用冠词。He was only a child when I first saw him. 我第一次见到他的时候他还是个孩子。5序数词作名词用，表示“第几名”或“属于第几”时，其前不加定冠词，但它有单复数之分。He took a first in the exam. 他在这次考试中得了第一名。These are all firsts. 这些都是一等品。6在“a most形容词”中，most表示“很；非常”之意。She told us a most touching story. 她给我们讲了一个非常动人的故事。7a/an比较级，表示“比更的一个”，是泛指。The book is too old.Can you give me a newer one? 这本书太旧了。你能给我一本更新的吗？8在对两者进行比较时，可用“the比较级”结构。The picture is the prettier of the two. 两张图画之中，这一张更漂亮。【方法总结】名词解题方法方法1利用固定搭配和习惯表达It is said that dogs will keep you _ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely. A. safety B.company C.house D.friend 方法2利用句子的平衡、对比等结构To make members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses. AstrengthsBbenefitsCtechniquesDvalues方法3充分把握具体的语境Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine. AexplanationsBinstructionsCdescriptionsDintroductions冠词解题方法方法1语境暗示法在解答冠词试题时，要注意下面的原则：一是根据句子的意思判断是特指(定冠词表示特指)还是泛指(不定冠词表示泛指)，其次看是可数名词还是不可数名词。这样就能够根据句子的意思判断出是选定冠词还是不定冠词。First impressions are the most lasting. After all，you never get _ second chance to make _ first impression. Aa；theBthe；theCa；aDthe；a方法2准确翻译法冠词a/an表示“一个，一种，某一个”，一般泛指任意一个；而the表示“这个，那个”，是特指。所以在大多数情况下，如果我们能准确地把泛指或特指的意思翻译出来，就能够正确地解答该题。The caf provided _ satisfactory service for me，so I ordered _ second coffee. Aa；a Ba；the C/；the Dthe；/方法3固定短语搭配法掌握冠词的习惯用法，冠词活用和固定词组中用不用冠词或用什么冠词对于解答冠词试题也是很重要的。There are over 58,000 rocky objects in _ space，about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. Athe；theB/；theCthe；/Da；the【扩展交流】典题精选我来改正常设误点(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.(2015陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking.I insisted on doing most of the baking myself._(1)可数名词单复数的错用可数名词前有数词、数量词、some或one of .等修饰，则该名词应用复数形式；在指示代词this, that后用单数名词；在these, those后用复数名词。(2014辽宁高考)Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.(2016长春市质检)Looking back on the progresses that I have made so far, I really appreciate your support._(2)混淆名词的可数与不可数有些词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词，例如time表示“次数”为可数名词，表示“时间”为不可数名词；experience表示“经历”时为可数名词，表示“经验”时为不可数名词；误把不可数名词当作可数名词，例如纯抽象名词：progress, luggage/baggage, advice, weather, information, equipment, furniture等都只能用作不可数名词。(2016济宁市一模)Ive learned English for so long that I can communicate with native speakers of English without difficult._(3)词性错用误把动词、形容词等当作名词。典题精选我来改正常设误点(2014陕西高考)That day I didnt learn much about animals, insects or trees, but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!(2016邢台市高三摸底考试)But he had only an 100yuan note.(2016嘉峪关市一中三模)He was an European billionaire who got everything he wanted._(1)不定冠词a和an的错用在元音音素前应用不定冠词an；在辅音音素前应用不定冠词a；有些单词以元音字母开头但却是以辅音音素开头，前面应用冠词a而不用an；还有一些单词以辅音字母开头但却是以元音音素开头，前面应用冠词an而不用a。(2015新课标全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents . A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.(2016郑州二模)Most of us feel nervous whenever were taking the important exam._(2)不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的错用表示特指时用定冠词the；表示泛指时用不定冠词a(n)。(2013新课标全国卷)This custom soon became another meal of day.(2016江西九校联考)Forrest Gump was born in small village._(3)单数可数名词前冠词的缺失一般情况下，单数可数名词前应有适当的冠词a(n)或the。 a(n)表示类指或泛指，the 表示特指。(2013浙江高考)Tomorrow is first day of school.(2016衡水一中模拟)In order to realize his dream, Bill Gates, richest man in the world, gave up studying in Harvard University._(4)定冠词the的缺失在序数词前常用定冠词the；在形容词最高级前也常用定冠词the。(2014新课标全国卷)There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.(2016南昌市一模)I think its a great fun and I can make more friends._(5)冠词的多余可数名词复数或不可数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。(2015浙江高考)I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning. (2014新课标全国卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere._(6)常见固定搭配中冠词的缺失与多余在固定搭配中，有的用不定冠词a(n)，有的用定冠词the，而有的不带任何冠词，如：in a hurry, on the right, in fact, as a result等。【当堂达标】1(2016高考全国乙卷语法填空)The nursery team switches him every few _(day) with his sister .2(2016高考全国甲卷语法填空)Recent _(study) show that we are far more productive at work .3(2016高考全国甲卷短文改错)If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books._4(2016高考全国丙卷短文改错)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me. _5(2016高考全国乙卷语法填空)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed，_ other is with mumshe never suspects.6(2016
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