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第四讲词性转换(构词法)英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词；转化是指一个单词的词形不变而由一种词性转化为另一种词性；派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性，后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。将构词法置于此处讲解，一是对前面基础词法的汇总，二是为攻克后面的重难动词做铺垫。动词、形容词转换为名词 全析考法单句语法填空/单句改错1(2018全国卷)This switch has decreased _ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.解析：pollutiondecrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，故填名词pollution。2(20186月浙江高考)Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in _(weigh) problems. 解析：weight根据语境可知，此处表示体重方面的问题，故此处填名词作定语。3(2017全国卷)She is determined to carry on with her _ (educate)解析：education前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。4(2016全国卷)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _ (attract)解析：attraction此处作表语且前面由its top修饰，应该用attract的名词形式attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。5(2016全国卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC., influenced the _ (develop) of chopsticks.解析：development根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需填develop的名词形式development。6(2016全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest._解析：honesthonesty根据句意和结构可知，此处应该使用名词形式。谨记规则1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词ion/tion/sion/ationcorrectcorrection改正celebratecelebration 庆祝；庆祝会attractattraction 吸引concludeconclusion 结论；结束discussdiscussion 讨论；辩论decidedecision 决定admitadmission 接纳；准许入学inviteinvitation 邀请explainexplanation 解释graduategraduation 毕业expectexpectation 期望er/ordrivedriver 司机；驾驶员gathergatherer 收集者；采集者teachteacher 老师announceannouncer 广播员conductconductor 指挥；售票员mentpunishpunishment 惩罚achieveachievement 功绩；成就argueargument 辩论；论据treattreatment 对待；治疗equipequipment 装备；设备governgovernment 政府ance/enceappearappearance 出现；外貌guideguidance 指引；指导performperformance 表演；节目existexistence 存在；生存preferpreference 偏爱referreference 参考；查阅=inghearhearing 听力；听觉beginbeginning 开始ure/turefailfailure失败；倒闭presspressure 压力departdeparture 离开；出发mixmixture 混合；混合物yrecoverrecovery 恢复；痊愈discoverdiscovery 发现其他choosechoice 选择varyvariety 多样化；种类tendtendency 趋向；趋势2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词ageshortshortage不足；短缺cyefficientefficiency 效率；功效fluentfluency 流利；流畅accurateaccuracy 准确性privateprivacy 隐私；私密domfreefreedom 自由；自主wisewisdom 明智；智慧encedifferentdifference差异silentsilence 沉默nessweakweakness 虚弱；弱点kindkindness 仁慈；好意carelesscarelessness 粗心大意thstrongstrength 力气；强项warmwarmth 温暖；热情y/ty/ityhonesthonesty诚实difficultdifficulty 困难cruelcruelty 残酷；残暴safesafety 安全disabledisability 无能；伤残responsibleresponsibility 责任名词、动词转换为形容词全析考法单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Running is cheap, easy and its always _ (energy)解析：energetic根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。2(2018全国卷)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _ (globe) fertilizer consumption.解析：global此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用其形容词形式global作定语。3(20186月浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be _ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.解析：affordable根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。4(2014全国卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and _ (disappoint)解析：disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。谨记规则后缀例词ableacceptacceptable 可接受的comfortcomfortable 舒适的fashionfashionable 时髦的suitsuitable 合适的reasonreasonable 有道理的almusicmusical 音乐的originoriginal 最初的personpersonal 个人的；私人的centrecentral 中央的；中心的naturenatural 自然的；天生的fuldoubtdoubtful 怀疑的forgetforgetful 健忘的harmharmful 有害的hopehopeful 有希望的peacepeaceful 和平的edscarescared 感到恐惧的confuseconfused 感到困惑的underlineunderlined 下划线的ingsurprisesurprising 令人惊异的convinceconvincing 令人信服的satisfysatisfying 令人满意的ibleaccessaccessible 容易取得的horrorhorrible 可怕的；恐怖的terrorterrible 可怕的iveactactive 积极的；活跃的effecteffective 有效的；生效的attractattractive 有吸引力的impressimpressive 给人深刻印象的ouscontinuecontinuous 不断的；持续的anxietyanxious 忧虑的cautioncautious 小心的；谨慎的curiositycurious 好奇的humorhumorous 幽默的sometiretiresome 令人厌倦的troubletroublesome 麻烦的ytastetasty 美味的；可口的healthhealthy 健康的wealthwealthy 富裕的；丰富的erneasteastern 东方的；向东的ishchildchildish 孩子气的foolfoolish 愚蠢的；可笑的selfselfish 自私的 特别注意ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到的”，通常修饰人；ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人的”，通常修饰物或事。形容词转换为副词全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)A taste for meat is _ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.解析：actually此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。2(201811月浙江高考)_ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.解析：Recently此处考查时间副词作状语，故填Recently。3(2016全国卷)The title will be _ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.解析：officially此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。4(2016全国卷)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks _ (regular)解析：regularly此处需要用副词修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。5(2015广东高考)_ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.解析：Luckily此处为副词用于句首修饰整个句子，表示状态。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)I felt happily that their life had improved._解析：happilyhappy动词felt在此处是系动词，意为“觉得，感觉”，其后应该使用形容词happy作表语。2(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road._解析：suddenlysudden此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。3(2016全国卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady._解析：steadysteadily谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。4(2016全国卷)At one time, I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them._解析：freelyfree此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them “摆脱他们”。5(2015全国卷)Dad and I were terrible worried._解析：terribleterribly此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。谨记规则类别例词直接加lyclearclearly清楚地greatgreatly 很，大大地以辅音字母y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加lyhappyhappily高兴地heavyheavily 沉重地词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加yterribleterribly可怕地；极度地gentlegently 轻轻地 词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加lytruetruly 真实地词尾为ll的形容词，直接加yfullfully充分地；完全地dulldully 迟钝地词尾为ic的形容词，加allybasicbasically主要地，基本上scientificscientifically 合乎科学地语法填空解题“2策略”1利用句子成分确定词性(1)如果要填的词在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式。(2)如果要填的词作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到用形容词；如果作状语，要想到用副词。2根据修饰词或被修饰词确定词性(1)如果要填的词被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰，此时要考虑用名词形式。(2)如果要填的词修饰名词，要想到用形容词；如果修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，要想到用副词。据第1条解题1This gives the paintings deeper meaning (mean) and more elegance.2Grassland is destroyed without mercy so that dust storms come into being affecting distant_(distance) cities.3The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully. 4After some time, when both of you have renewed your confidence (confident) in each other, go back to the time when you nearly fell apart. 5Therefore, lets take the responsibility (responsible) to build up a lowcarbon city by riding bicycles. Come on and join us! 据第2条解题6However, behind his physical appearance (appear), Carry is a warm, funloving, intelligent person.7Your ideas are very interesting, but we need practical (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble.8During that time a number of productive (product) poets turned out as many as 50,000 classical poems.9It was always a pleasure (pleasant) to visit these two sisters.10They all come from the plant Camellia sinensis (茶树), and are simply (simple) processed in different ways. 短文改错解题“2视角”1看被修饰词或平行成分(1)如果修饰名词，要用形容词；(2)如果修饰动词、形容词、副词和分词应用副词；(3)修饰人，表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到的”， 用ed形容词；修饰物或事，表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人的”， 用ing形容词；(4)注意其平行成分的词性。2看句子成分(1)作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语，要想到应用形容词。(2)作状语要想到应用副词。 据第1条解题1I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certain help me do the job better.certaincertainly2It was when I brought them in at the dusk that I found something terribly happened._terriblyterrible3“Today is my fathers birthday？” Zhangwei was a little puzzling. puzzlingpuzzled4At this moment, I found the city was so interested. interestedinteresting5Everyone praised Ah Bao for his brave and kindness.bravebravery据第2条解题6I restarted to pick up my confident again. confidentconfidence7The next morning when he was out, the hotel worker hammered a nail exact where the “fly” had been.exactexactly8I was lost in happy because I did a little for a stranger but I gained a lot._happyhappiness9To my joyful, he replied that he gave it to a homeless man. joyfuljoy10To conclude, I am readily to take on the job.readilyready10
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