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名词性从句【考纲解读】1.了解名词性从句的基本用法;2.熟练掌握名词性从句的引导词及引导词在从句中的作用;3.what与that的区别；whether与if的区别；4. it作形式主语和形式宾语；5. that引导同位语从句与定语从句的区别。【预习导学】名词性从句指的是在主句中起的作用相当于_ 的从句，主要包括_、_、_和_。一、主语从句1引导主语从句的连接词：从属连词that, whether/if；连接代词what, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how, whenever等。_ they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial similarity between them.从她们的面貌相似度就能清楚地看出她们真是亲姐妹。_ struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son.影片中最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。2主语从句一般放在句首，但有时也可用it作形式主语，而将主语从句移到句子的末尾。常见的句型：(1)Itbe形容词(necessary/likely/important/uncertain等)that从句(2)Itbe名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder/no surprise等)that从句(3)Itbe过去分词(said/reported/decided/believed等)that从句(4)It不及物动词(seem, appear, happen等)that从句 _ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.尽管大约两千名患者已经服用了这种药，但是它会带来什么样的副作用还不清楚。 _ our team has won the game.我们队获胜一点都不令人吃惊。 _ the meeting will be put off till next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一召开已经定下来了。二、宾语从句1引导宾语从句的连接词：从属连词that, whether, if；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等；从句用陈述语序。We promise _ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.我们许诺，任何参加这个聚会的人都有跟那个电影明星合影的机会。I truly believe _ beauty comes from within.(2015北京高考单选)我确信美来自内在。We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.(2015重庆高考单选)我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。2it作形式宾语的宾语从句(1)一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有：find, feel, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。He _ the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。(2)动词hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”、“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。I shall _ he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我会确保把他照顾好。三、表语从句1引导表语从句的连接词：从属连词that, whether；连接代词what, who, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever等；连接副词when, where, why, how等；从句用陈述语序。Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt _ he could have expressed it differently.杰里不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方法来表达的。Id like to start my own business thats _ Id do if I had the money.我愿意自己创业那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。2as if/as though引导的表语从句as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在be动词，seem, look, taste, sound, feel, appear等动词之后。The thick smog covered the whole city. It was _a great black blanket had been thrown over it.浓雾覆盖着整座城市。好像把一个巨大的黑色的毯子扔到它的上面。3because, why引导的表语从句because, why也可引导表语从句，但because引导的表语从句，主语不能是reason或cause (该结构常用that引导)。常用于以下句型：China is developing fast. _ I think those of my colleagues who deal with China affairs should visit China.中国在飞速发展，这就是我为什么认为我的那些跟中国打交道的同事应该访问中国。_ he didnt pass the exam _ he was too careless.他没有通过考试的原因是他太粗心了。四、同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，位于该名词之后，用以说明该名词的具体内容。1常见的后跟同位语从句的名词有：advice 建议 conclusion 结论demand要求doubt 怀疑 fact 事实 hope 希望idea 主意 information 信息 message 消息news 消息 order 命令 possibility 可能性promise 诺言 question 问题 request 请求suggestion 建议 thought 想法 plan计划I made a promise to myself _ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.我对自己承诺：今年，我高中的第一年，会有所不同。Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport?No problem.你有可能到机场接我吗？没问题。2引导同位语从句的连接词有：that, whether, how, where, when, why等。Evidence has been found through years of study _ childrens early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.通过多年的研究发现：有证据表明孩子的早期睡眠问题很有可能会随着他们的成长继续下去。She asked a question _ there was a delay.她问了发生延误的原因。I have no idea _ he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回家。名师指津在同位语从句中，that, whether不作句子成分。that无实义，whether意为“是否”，if一般不引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。【考点突破】考点1what和that引导的名词性从句1It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016江苏，21)Awhy Bwhat Cas Dthat2The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _ one can be entirely free from dust.(2016北京，29)Awhat Bthat Cwhether Dwhy3A ship in harbor is safe，but thats not _ships are built for.(2015安徽，25)Awhat BwhomCwhy Dwhen4If you swim in a river or lake，be sure to investigate _ is below the water surface.Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.(2015浙江，6)Awhat BwhoCthat Dwhoever5Reading her biography，I was lost in admiration for _ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.(2015陕西，19)Awhat BthatCwhy Dhow考点归纳1what引导名词性从句的五种用法：(1)表示“的东西或事情”：Theyve done what they can to help her.他们已经尽力帮助了她。He saves what he earns.他赚多少，积蓄多少。(2)表示“的人或的样子”：He is no longer what he was.他已经不是以前的那个样子了。Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的？(3)表示“的数量或数目”：Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation.现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。(4)表示“时间”：After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。The young girl was too frightened to speak，standing there for what seemed like hours.小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。(5)表示“的地方”：This is what they call Salt Lake City.这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。In 1492，Columbus reached what is now called America.1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。2what 与that引导名词性从句时的区别：两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句。that 可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句；what 可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所的”，而 that 仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略，如果有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句，第一个从句的引导词that可以省略，其余的不能省略)。He doesnt know what she likes.他不知道她喜欢什么。I believe (that) he will come to see us.我相信他会来看我们的。I had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这儿。考点2同位语从句与定语从句的区别1The manager put forward a suggestion _ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2016天津，11)Awhether BthatCwhich Dwhat2After investigation，the police found out one clue _ voices were heard calling for help from some very distant place that day.Awhere BwhenCthat Dwhose考点归纳1判断是同位语从句还是定语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。The notice that the meeting had to be put off was true.(同位语从句)The notice was that the meeting had to be put off.The notice that he read just now was true.(定语从句)2在某些名词后的同位语从句中，其谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式：(should)动词原形。常见的名词有demand，request，advice，suggestion，order，plan，proposal等。The suggestion that a new bridge (should) be built was accepted.在这里修建一座新桥的建议被采纳了。考点3名词性从句中whether与if的比较1We have offered him the position，but I dont have the slightest idea _ he will accept it.Ahow BifCwhether Dthat2It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.Awhether BwhenCwhich Dwhere考点归纳whether和if在宾语从句中经常可以互换，但与or或or not连用时只能用whether；从句作介词的宾语时只能用whether；在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般用whether不用if。I asked the teacher whether/if it was true.我问老师这是否是真的。The question was whether Tom has gone to Shanghai.问题是汤姆是否到上海去了。The problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been discussed.这个问题是否正确还没讨论。It all depends on whether theyll help us.这完全取决于他们是否帮助我们。考点4when，where，how，why引导的名词性从句1We must find out _ Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him.(2015重庆，8)Awhen BhowCwhere Dwhy2_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.(2015北京，35)AWhere BHowCWhy DWhen3The exhibition tells us_we should do something to stop air pollution.(2015四川，8)Awhere BwhyCwhat Dwhich4_ Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the public，but some wont accept it.(2015江苏，25)AThat BWhyCWhere DHow考点归纳连接副词指的是既具有副词的特点，同时又能引导从句的词，主要有when，where，how，why等。这些词在从句中既作特定的成分，又有具体的含义，不能省略。大多数连接副词表示疑问意义。When we shall meet again is unknown.我们何时才能再相见还不知道呢。(when引导主语从句，表示疑问)I dont know how I can get out of such trouble.我真不知道如何才能摆脱这种困境。(how引导宾语从句，表示疑问)This is where the accident happened.这是事故发生的地方。(where引导表语从句，不表疑问)I have no idea why he left here.我不知道他为什么离开这里。(why引导同位语从句，表示疑问)考点5疑问词ever引导的名词性从句1Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps.(2016北京，24)AHowever BWhoeverCWhatever DWherever2Some people believe _ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.(2014北京，33)Awhatever BwheneverCwherever Dhowever考点归纳whichever，whatever，whoever引导名词性从句，它们本身有词义，既有连接从句的作用，又在从句中分别充当主语、宾语、定语成分，起强调作用，意思是“无论，不管”。The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者奖励。(宾语从句)I believe whatever he says.我相信他所说的一切。(宾语从句)Whoever wants to reach a distant goal must take many small steps.不论谁，要想达到一个远大的目标，就必须采取许多细小的步骤。(主语从句)【方法总结】方法1位置判断法根据名词性从句的句子特点及其所处的位置，判断出属于哪一种从句，从而确定连接词的种类，也有助于对句子的理解。What he said astonished us.他所说的话使我们很惊奇。(从句在主语位置，为主语从句)Everything depends on whether you have enough money.一切都看你是否有足够多的钱。(从句在介词后，作介词的宾语，为宾语从句)The question is where well go this Sunday.问题是我们这个周日去哪儿。(从句在is后，为表语从句)He expressed the hope that he would come to China again.他表达了再来中国的愿望。(从句在抽象名词后，对名词进行解释说明，为同位语从句)(1)_ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.AWhether BWhatCThat DHow答案B解析句意为：一些人眼中的缺点是别人眼中的优点。分析句子可知，_ some people regard as a drawback为主语从句，且从句中缺宾语，只能用what来引导；that引导主语从句不作成分。(2)One reason for her preference for city life is _ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.Athat BhowCwhat Dwhy答案A解析系动词is之后是一个表语从句，而从句的结构完整，不缺少任何成分，所以用that引导。方法2语序判断法一般来说，名词性从句中(当然不只是名词性从句，其他从句也是如此)，从句的语序要用陈述语序，这样也就很容易作答了。When changing lanes，a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _.Ahe is entering which laneBwhich lane he is enteringCis he entering which laneDwhich lane is he entering答案B解析which引导的句子作know的宾语，句子用陈述语序。故B项为正确答案。方法3句子成分分析法看从句缺不缺成分，不缺就用that，whether或if；缺成分就用wh类连接词(包括how，because等)。(1)We havent discussed yet _ we are going to place our new furniture.Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwhere答案D解析句意为：我们还没有讨论把我们的新家具放在哪里。分析句子可知，此题考查宾语从句。宾语从句中缺少地点状语，因此选择D。(2)As a new graduate，he doesnt know _ it takes to start a business here.Ahow Bwhat Cwhen Dwhich答案B解析句意为：作为一名新毕业生，他不知道需要什么才能在这里开始经营。空格后的宾语从句中takes是动词，其后缺少宾语，所以引导该宾语从句的连接词要用what。【扩展交流】典题精选我来改正常设误点(2015新课标全国卷)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing._(1)从属连词与连接副词之间的错用从属连词有that/whether/if等，连接副词有when, where等。从属连词不作成分，而连接副词作状语。(2013辽宁高考)That is which other teachers say._(2)连接代词(what, which和who等)之间的错用引导名词性从句且在从句中作主语或宾语时应用what(什么)；which(哪一个)；who(谁)等，注意它们之间意义的差别。(2016银川二中一模) For one thing, that you are studying is badly needed nowadays in our country._(3)that与what之间的错用what在名词性从句中可作主语、宾语或表语；而that本身没有意义，不作任何成分，只起连接作用。(2016山东师大附中模拟)There is no doubt whether it is of great help to their study and future life._(4)从属连词that与whether/if之间的错用that不作成分，没有实际意义；whether/if也不作成分但有实际意义，有“是否”之意。(2016遵义航天高级中学模拟)And you should also have a belief you are sure to succeed as long as you keep your direction all the time._(5)从属连词that的缺失that引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时一般不能省略，引导宾语从句时可以省略。【当堂达标】.用适当的引导词填空1I truly believe _ beauty comes from within.2_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.3_ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some wont accept it.4If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate _ is below the water surface. Often there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.5We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.6A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not _ ships are built for.7I wonder _ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.By working out every day.8You have to know _ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.9Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for _ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.10The exhibition tells us _ we should do something to stop air pollution.11Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.12I think _ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.13It is difficult for us to imagine _ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.14Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah, but I have no idea _ he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.15Pick yourself up. Courage is doing _ youre afraid to do.语篇填空(用适当的引导词填空)It was reported _1_ there was an accident at a corner of the Roman Street this morning. No one saw _2_ on earth happened then. A car ran into a truck but fortunately, nobody got injured. _3_ will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation. The police were uncertain about _4_ the driver was guilty. _5_ the police should do now is _6_ they must find out what led to the accident.They said it was difficult for them to judge because _7_ the accident happened is not clear. Perhaps the reason was _8_ the driver was too tired to stop the car in time. The driver didnt admit the fact _9_ he was overspeed driving at the turning. The police doubted _10_ what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation.参考答案【预习导学】名词 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句 同位语从句一、主语从句1. That What2. It is uncertain what Its no surprise that It is decided that二、宾语从句1. whoever that when2. (1) has made it clear that (2) see to it that三、表语从句1. that what2. as if3. Thats why The reason why was that四、同位语从句1. that that2. that why when【考点突破】考点1what和that引导的名词性从句1. 答案D解析考查主语从句的引导词。句意为：通常情况下，对于那些心存希望的人来说，一切皆有可能。本句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的名词性从句，从句结构完整，不缺成分，故要用that引导。2. 答案B解析考查表语从句。句意为：雨季最令人愉快的事情是人可以完全不受灰尘的袭扰。分析句子结构可知，is后的表语从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故选B。3. 答案A解析考查表语从句的引导词。句意为：船停在港口里是很安全的，但这并非建造船的目的。空格处引导的从句作表语，表语从句中的for后缺少宾语，用what引导，故选A。why和when是连接副词，不能作宾语；whom指人。4. 答案A解析考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为：如果你在河里或湖里游泳的话，务必调查清楚水面之下有什么。水中经常隐藏着石头或树枝。分析句子结构可知，此处investigate后跟宾语从句，从句缺少主语，故用what引导。who与whoever都可以作主语，但是不符合句意；that在名词性从句中仅仅起连接作用，不作句子成分。5. 答案A解析考查宾语从句的引导词。句意为：读了多丽丝莱辛的传记，我对她在文学上取得的成就钦佩不已。分析句子结构可知，介词for后接的是宾语从句，从句中缺少achieve的宾语，故用what引导。考点2同位语从句与定语从句的区别1. 答案B解析考查同位语从句。句意为：经理提了个建议我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构可知，空格后的同位语从句用来解释说明suggestion的具体内容，从句中不缺成分且意义完整，故选B项。2. 答案C解析句意为：在调查之后，警察发现了一条线索，那天有人听到远处某个地方传来了呼救声。设空处引导同位语从句，从句意义、结构完整，应用that引导，补充说明one clue的具体内容。考点3名词性从句中whether与if的比较1. 答案C解析句意为：我们给他提供了这个职位，但是不知道她是否会接受。本题考查同位语从句。whether he will accept it是对前面名词idea内容的补充说明。在同位语从句中表“是否”只可用whether不可用if。2. 答案A解析句意为：老汽车站是否应该被一个现代化的宾馆代替仍然在讨论之中。由or not可知此处应用连接词whether，whether.or not意为“是否”。考点4when，where，how，why引导的名词性从句1. 答案A解析考查宾语从句。句意为：我们一定要搞清楚Karl什么时候来，以便我们给他订房间。由句意可知，要给Karl订房间，那么就要清楚他来这里的时间，故选when。2. 答案B解析考查主语从句。句意为：我们怎样理解事物与我们所感觉到的东西有很大关系。 分析句子结构可知“_ we understand things”为主语从句，结合句意可知选B。3. 答案B解析考查宾语从句。句意为：这个展览告诉了我们为什么我们要做些事情来阻止空气污染。宾语从句中缺少状语，故选项C、D错误；where引导地点状语从句，不符合题意，故选why，表示“的原因”。4. 答案C解析考查主语从句。句意为：李白，一个伟大的中国诗人，其出生地是众所周知的，但也有一些人不接受它。“Where Li Bai.was born”作该句子的主语，表示“李白出生的地方”。考点5疑问词ever引导的名词性从句1. 答案C解析考查主语从句。句意为：你们的支持对我们的工作很重要，无论你们做什么都会有帮助。从句动词do需要宾语，且引导主语从句，故用whatever，表示“无论什么”。2. 答案A解析考查宾语从句。believe后是宾语从句且从句中缺少主语，四个选项中只有whatever可以作主语。【扩展交流】wherethat或去掉wherewhichwhatthatwhatwhetherthat在belief后加that【当堂达标】.用适当的引导词填空1that句意：我确信美丽源自内在。“_ beauty comes from within”为宾语从句，该从句结构完整，故用 that。2How句意：我们理解事物的方式与我们的认知有很大关系，“_ we understand things”为主语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语(如何)，故用 How。3Where句意：李白，中国伟大的诗人，出生的地方人人皆知，但是有些人对此并不接受。“_ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born”为主语从句。该从句缺少地点状语，故答案为 Where。4what句意：如果你在河里或湖里游泳，一定要查明水下的状况。经常会有岩石或树枝隐藏在水中。“_ is below the water surface”为宾语从句，作动词 investigate 的宾语，该从句中缺少主语且表示“事物”，故答案为 what。5when句意：我们必须弄清楚卡尔什么时候来，以便我们可以为他预订房间。“_ Karl is coming”为宾语从句，作动词短语 find out 的宾语，该从句中缺少时间状语，故答案为 when。6what句意：在港口的船是安全的，但是那并不是船被建造的目的。“_ ships are built for”为表语从句，该从句中缺少宾语且表示“事物”故答案为 what。7how句意：我想知道这么些年来玛丽是如何保持体形的。通过每天锻炼身体。“_ Mary has kept her figure after all these years”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少方式状语，故答案为 how。8where句意：如果你要计划到那里的最好路线，你就得知道你将要往哪儿走。“_ youre going”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少地点状语，故答案为 where。9what句意：读着她的自传，我沉浸在对 Doris Lessing 在文学上获得的成就的崇拜之中。“_ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少宾语且表示“事物”，故答案为 what。10why句意：这个展览告诉我们为什么我们应该做一些事情来阻止空气污染。“_ we should do something to stop air pollution”为宾语从句，该从句中缺少原因状语，故答案为 why。11when句意：土豆被引入欧洲的确切时间不能确定，但很可能是1565年左右。分析句子结构可知，设空处为主语从句的引导词，从 around 1565判断，这里指时间，故填 when。12what句意：我认为他的画使我印象深刻的是他对色彩的使用。分析句子结构可知在主语从句_ impresses me about his painting 中，所缺的词作主语且表示“物”，所以填 what。13what句意：我们很难想象古代奴隶们的生活是什么样子的。分析句子结构可知在该空引导的宾语从句中介词 like 后面缺少宾语且设空处表示“事物”，所以填 what。14why句意：迈克昨天拒绝了耶鲁大学给他的录取机会，这是真的吗？是的，但是我不知道他为什么会这样做，那可是他最喜欢的大学之一。根据句意填 why。why 引导同位语从句。15what句意：振作起来，勇气就是去做你害怕去做的事情。分析题干可知 doing 后为宾语从句，从句中缺作宾语的连接词。在宾语从句中，what 可以作主语或宾语，所以填 what。.语篇填空(用适当的引导词填空)1that“It be过去分词that”为固定句式，其中 it 为形式主语，that 从句是真正的主语。2whatwhat 引导宾语从句作 saw 的宾语，从句中缺少主语且表示事物，故用 what 引导。3Who“_3_ will be responsible for the accident”为主语从句，该从句中缺少主语且表示“人”，故用 who 引导。4whether根据题干中的 uncertain 可知设空处表示“是否”，介词后不能由 if 来引导宾语从句，所以此处应用 whether。5Whatwhat 引导主语从句，在从句中作 do 的宾语。6that“_6_ they must find out what led to the accident”为表语从句，该从句中结构完整，不缺少任何成分，所以用 that 引导。7how根据句意可知设空处应为表示方式的连接副词 how。8thatThe reason was that.为固定句式，意思是“原因是”。9thatthat 引导同位语从句，解释 fact 的具体内容。10whetherdoubted (肯定式)后面的宾语从句常用 whether 引导。doubt 在否定句或疑问句中时，后面常用 that 来引导从句。16
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