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并列句与状语从句【考纲解读】根据考纲要求,考生应做到:1.掌握并列句中表并列、递进、选择、转折和因果关系的连词;2.掌握状语从句,尤其是时间、让步、条件和地点状语从句;3. 熟记常用的并列连词和引导各种状语从句的连词的基本和特殊用法；4. 根据上下文的逻辑关系确定合适的连词；【预习导学】一、并列句(一)并列句的4种类型1表并列、递进或顺承关系：and, both . and ., neither . nor ., not only . but also .The earth is one of the suns planets, _ the moon is our satellite.地球是太阳系中的一颗行星，月亮是地球的卫星。2表转折、对比关系：but, yet, whileThe problem was a little hard, _ I was able to work it out.这道题有点难，然而我却把它做出来了。The winter in Beijing is very cold _ that of Kunming is warm.北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很暖和。3表选择关系：or, otherwise, or else, either . or ., not . but .Now you can _ have a rest _ you can go to the cinema.现在你可以休息，也可以去看电影。4表因果关系：so, for (表“由于”，一般不放在句首)He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail.由于他视力开始下降，他发现读书越来越困难了。(二)并列句的2大句式1when “就在这时，突然”，常用以下句式sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when .某人正要做某事，突然sb. be doing sth. when .某人正在做某事，突然sb. had done sth. when .某人刚做完某事，突然One Friday, we _ to leave for a weekend away _ my daughter heard cries for help. 当我们周五在收拾行李要去度周末时，我的女儿突然听到了呼救声。She _ her homework _ her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday.昨天她刚完成家庭作业，妈妈就让她练习钢琴。2and与or/otherwise用于并列句祈使句and陈述句(and表示顺承关系)祈使句or/otherwise陈述句(or/otherwise表示转折关系)Find ways to praise your children often, _ youll find they will open their hearts to you.设法常常表扬你的孩子，这样你就会发现他们乐意向你敞开心扉。Hurry up, _ you will be late for class.快点儿，否则你们上课就迟到了。二、状语从句(一)时间状语从句1when, while和as的用法连词含义及用法例句when“当时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生_ you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证书。while“当时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生Mary made coffee _ her guests were finishing their meal.客人们就要吃完的时候，玛丽去煮咖啡了。as“一边一边”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生_ he grew older, he became less active.随着他逐渐长大，他变得不那么活泼了。名师指津：如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend.我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。 2before与since的用法(1)before表示“在之前；还未就；还没来得及就”。常用于以下句型：It will be一段时间before . 多久之后才It wont be long before . 不久之后就It was一段时间before . 过了多久才John thinks _ he is ready for his new job.约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。(2)since的用法since表示“自从”，其引导的从句在句中作状语时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时；从句常用一般过去时。I have returned home twice _ I settled down in the States.自从我定居美国后，我回过两次家。They have been living very happily _ they got married.自从结婚后他们一直生活得很幸福。since引导的从句的谓语若是持续性动词，常理解为某一状态的终止；若是终止性动词，则理解为某一动作的开始。He has written to me frequently _ he was ill.自从病好以来，他经常给我来信。He has written to me frequently _ he went abroad.他自出国以来，经常给我写信。since表示“自从以来”，常用于“It is/has been时间段since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。As is reported, _ Tsinghua University was founded.据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。3till, until和not .until .的用法(1)until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。Have you heard the meeting will be put off _ next Tuesday?这个会议将被推迟到下周二，你有没有听说？(2)not . until . 表示“直到才”，主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词。As far as I know, his mother _ go to bed _ he returns home every evening.据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。4表示“一就，刚就”的常用表达(1)表示“一就”的表达as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant_- I heard the voice，I knew Father was coming.我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。(2)表示“刚就”的表达no sooner . than ., hardly/scarcely . when .的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely后的句子谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。He had _ finished his speech _ the students started cheering. _ he finished his speech _ the students started cheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。(二)条件状语从句1条件状语从句的常见引导词if, unless (if . not), so/as long as (只要), on condition that (条件是), if only (if), provided that (如果), in case (万一，如果), suppose/supposing that (假设，如果), assuming that等均可引导条件状语从句。We will have a picnic in the park this Sunday _ it rains or its very cold.除非下雨或天很冷，否则我们将在本周日去公园野餐。My parents dont mind what job I do _ I am happy.我的父母不在意我从事什么工作，只要我高兴就好。2条件状语从句的时态在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。If everyone _ his part, the project _ be a success.如果大家都尽责，这个项目肯定会成功。(三)让步状语从句1although, though, while引导的让步状语从句。_ regular exercise is very important, its never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.尽管有规律的锻炼很重要，但临睡前锻炼不是个好主意。2as, though引导的让步状语从句需用部分倒装语序。Hot _ the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.在长途跋涉之后，尽管夜晚的空气很热，我们还是因为累睡得很熟。3“疑问词ever”引导的让步状语从句，意为“无论”。_ you choose to settle down, you should attempt to fit in with the local people.无论你选择在哪里定居，你都应该尝试做到入乡随俗。4whether . or .引导的让步状语从句，意为“不论还是”，表示正反两种情况都不会影响主句的意向或结果。Well go on with the work,_ we can find the necessary tools or we cannot.不管我们能否找到所需的工具，我们都要把这项工作做下去。(四)地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where, wherever引导，可置于句首、句中或句尾。I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise _ I am sitting.因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。名师指津：where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。The little girl who got lost decided to remain where she was and wait for her mother. (状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词)The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother. (定语从句)那个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她的母亲。 (五)原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because, as, since, now that, in that, considering (that)等词引导。1because译作“因为”，表示直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair _ he wanted to sit next to his wife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。2as译作“由于”，语气较轻，常表示显而易见的原因；since (既然), now that (既然), in that (因为)，表示双方都知道的原因，语气较弱。as, since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。_ you have got a job, you should learn to be independent of your parents.既然你找到了一份工作，你应该学会独立不依靠父母。(六)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句常用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。The house was greatly damaged by the truck.Wed better leave things _ they are until the police arrive.卡车对这座房子造成了严重的损坏。我们最好保持原样直到警察到来。The construction industry is no longer as depressed _ it was.建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了。The old lady treats the boy _ he _ her own son.这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。(七)结果状语从句1引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so .that ., such .that .。在非正式语体中，由so .that ., such .that .引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：He is _ a learned person _ we admire him very much. He is _ learned a person _ we admire him very much.他如此有学问，以至于我们非常赞赏他。It is _ fine weather _ we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。He earned _ little money _ he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。2当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时，还可简化为：so/such .as to .。He was _ clever a student _ he was able to work out all the difficult problems. He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems.他是一名如此聪明的学生，以至于他能够解决所有难题。(八)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, in case (that), lest等。1in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句两个连词都意为“以便；为了”，它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。When he goes out, he often wears sunglasses _ nobody/no one can recognize him.他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，以便没人能认出他。2for fear that, in case (that)和lest引导的目的状语从句引导目的状语从句时，for fear that表示“害怕，担心某事会发生”；in case (that)/lest表示“以防出现某种情况”。The boy hid himself behind the tree _ his father should see him.那个男孩藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。Take your raincoat _ it should rain.带上雨衣以防下雨。【考点突破】考点1时间状语从句1_ the average age of the population increases，there are more and more old people to care for.(2016天津，7)AUnless BUntilCAs DWhile2If you miss this chance，it may be years _ you get another one.(2015重庆，4)Aas BbeforeCsince Dafter3We need to get to the root of the problem_ we can solve it.(2015天津，12):_Awhile Bafter Cbefore Das考点归纳1从句中用现在时代替将来时。 2as soon as，the minute，the second，the instant，immediately，directly，instantly，no sooner.than，hardly.when等引导的时间状语从句，意为“一就”。3在no sooner.than.，hardly/scarcely.when.结构中，no sooner与hardly/scarcely引导的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。当no sooner和hardly/scarcely位于句首时，应用倒装语序。 4be doing sth.when.正在做某事突然；have hardly/just/scarcely done sth.when.刚做完就；be about to do sth.when.正准备突然。5before 可表示“还未就；不到就；才；还没来得及”。常见句式： It was时间段before过去时，多久之后才；It will be时间段before一般现在时，多久之后才；It wont be long before.过不了多久就。6“since状语从句”表示“自从有多长时间”。since从句的时态若是一般过去时，主句中的时态则应该是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。常见句式：It is时间段since过去时，意为“自从以来多久了”。7as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成，可译为“一边，一边”或“随着”。8until或till表示“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”，此时主句谓语动词是延续性动词，主、从句都为肯定式。这两个词可以换用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。 not.until.表示“某动作直到某时间点才开始”，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，从句为肯定式。 考点2让步状语从句1_ online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive.(2016浙江，5)ASince BAfterCWhile DUnless2My grandfather still plays tennis now and then，_ hes in his nineties.(2016北京，27)Aas long as Bas ifCeven though Din case3_scientists have learned a lot about the universe，there is much we still dont know.(2015安徽，23)AOnce BSinceCThough DUnless4_ the job takes a significant amount of time，most students agree that the experience is worth it.(2015湖南，33)AIf only BAfterCAlthough DIn case考点归纳1although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet，still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 当as或though引导的让步状语从句放在主句之前时，常用倒装语序，此时从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。 Although he is poor，hes still happy.虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。Ill try it，though/although I may fail.即使我可能失败，我也要试一下。Child as he was，he knew what was the right thing to do.虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。2while可引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然；尽管”，引导的从句要放在主句前边。While he loves his students，he is very strict with them.虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。3疑问词ever和“no matter疑问词”。“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不管”；疑问词ever不但可以引导让步状语从句(等于no matter疑问词)，还可引导名词性从句(如宾语从句、主语从句等)，意为“任何”。考点3条件状语从句1I believe you will have a wonderful time here _ you get to know everyone else.(2015陕西，20)Athough Bas ifConce Dso that2You wont find paper cutting difficult _ you keep practicing it.(2015北京，28)Aeven though Bas long asCas if Dever since3You will never gain success _ you are fully devoted to your work.(2014湖南，26)Awhen BbecauseCafter Dunless考点归纳引导条件状语从句的连词除了if，unless等之外，下列连词也可引导条件状语从句：once，as/so long as，on condition that，suppose/supposing，provided/providing，in case(如果、万一)等。Suppose/Supposing (that) I dont have a day off，what shall we do?假如我没有一天假，那该怎么办？You may borrow the book，on condition that you wont lend it to others.你可以借这本书，条件是你不能再借给别人。考点4地点状语从句 1_ he once felt like giving up，he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.(2015安徽，34)AWhere BAsCIn case DNow that2“We will do the right thing and do what we have to do to investigate crimes _ they exist，” claimed the police officer in chief.Awhatever BwhereverCwhichever Dhowever考点归纳引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where，wherever。 Wherever there is smoke，there is a fire.无火不生烟(无风不起浪)。 Lifting off at sunrise，the hot air balloon goes wherever the wind blows.热气球在日出时升腾到空中，随风飘动。 考点5原因状语从句 1I really enjoy listening to music _ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.(2016北京，33)Abecause BbeforeCunless Duntil2I am not afraid of tomorrow，_ I have seen yesterday and I love today.(2016北京，35)Aso BandCfor Dbut考点归纳1引导原因状语从句的从属连词有because，as，since，now (that)，seeing that，considering that等。另外，when也可表示原因。并列连词for加分句也可表示原因，for引导的分句对前面的内容进行补充说明。 Now (that)/Since it is so hot，I guess we cant do anything until after dark.既然天这么热，我想我们只有等天黑之后才能做事。 It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.既然你步行5分钟就能到那里，却打车，真够愚蠢的。 2一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有because of，thanks to，due to，owing to等。考点6目的状语从句 Cathy had quit her job when her son was born _ she could stay home and raise her family.(2014浙江，15)Anow that Bas ifConly if Dso that考点归纳1in order that与so that这两个连词意为“以便，为了”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词；in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。 When he goes out，he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody can recognize him.他出门的时候常戴着墨镜，这样的话就没人能认出他了。 2for fear that与in casefor fear that与in case引导的目的状语从句中，一般用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。 The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.那个男孩藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。 Take your raincoat in case it should rain.带上雨衣以防下雨。 考点7where和when引导的状语从句与定语从句的区别1It was the middle of the night _ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.(2014江西，35)Athat Bas Cwhich Dwhen 2I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.(2014湖南，31)Aas Bwhy Cwhen Dwhere考点归纳where既可以引导定语从句，也可引导状语从句。引导定语从句时，从句前边一定要有一个表示地点(或类似地点)的先行词；同理，when引导定语从句时，从句前边要有表示时间的先行词。Have you been to the island where there is a mountain?你去过那个上面有座山的小岛吗？(定语从句)Please put all these books where they used to be.请把所有这些书放回它们原来在的地方。(状语从句)【方法总结】方法1句意翻译法对于状语从句的解答来说，最重要的一点是能够正确地翻译句子的意思，这样就能够判断出该从句是状语从句中的哪一种，选择也就很容易了。(1)_ they decide which college to go to，students should research the admission procedures.AAs BWhile CUntil DOnce答案D解析句意为：一旦学生们决定了要上哪所大学，他们就应该研究申请此大学的入学程序了。as当时，由于；while当时，尽管；until直到；once一旦。根据句意可知选择D项。(2)Our holiday cost a lot of money.Did it？Well，that doesnt matter _ you enjoyed yourselves.Aas long as BunlessCas soon as Dthough答案A解析句意为：我们这次度假花了很多钱。是吗？哦，没关系，只要你们玩得高兴就行。as long as只要，符合句意。unless除非；as soon as一就；though尽管，虽然。方法2分清句子类型法对于一些试题来说，掌握和分清一些固定的句型结构是很重要的。同时也要注意该从句与其他一些从句的区别，如地点状语从句和定语从句、结果状语从句和定语从句等。(1)John thinks it wont be long _ he is ready for his new job.Awhen Bafter Cbefore Dsince答案C解析所填词引导状语从句，构成It wont be long before.句型，意思是：过不了多久就，选C。(2)Youd better not leave the medicine _ kids can get at it.Aeven if Bwhich Cwhere Dso that答案C解析句意为：你最好不要把药放在孩子们能够得着的地方。本句相当于：Youd better not leave the medicine in the place where kids can get at it.(此处where引导的是定语从句，先行词为the place，这也说明选项B不合适。)【扩展交流】典题精选我来改正常设误点(2015新课标全国卷)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in the countryside. There the air is clean or the mountains are green.(2015四川高考)And I started to see this as a timewasting activity! In fact, I dont like to go anymore, so Im afraid Ill lose their friendship._(1)并列连词的错用常见的并列连词有：and(表示顺承)，but(表示转折)，or(表示选择)，so(表示因果)。(2013新课标全国卷)He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful._(2)并列连词的缺失在并列句中，必须要有并列连词连接，特别是表示递进和并列关系的and不能缺少。(2015浙江高考)If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.(2013新课标全国卷)In fact, he even scared my classmates away during they came over to play or do homework with me.(2016洛阳市统考)She kept on turning back to see me unless we couldnt see each other any longer.(2016长春市质检)It is three years when I became a high school student._(3)状语从句连接词的错用应搞清是何种状语从句以及它们的连接词；不要把介词误用作连接词，例如during和with为介词，不能引导状语从句；应注意容易混淆的连接词，如when, while和as；before和since；unless和until等；应注意常见的固定句式，如“Its一段时间since .”等。(2013陕西高考)As soon as we arrived, so we dropped the lines into the water._(4)并列连词和状语从句连接词的同时使用前后两个分句不能同时由并列连词和从属连词连接。【当堂达标】.在空白处填入适当的连词1_ the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover.2It is so cold that you cant go outside _ fully covered in thick clothes.3We need to get to the root of the problem _ we can solve it.4Just _ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.5_ scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still dont know.6_ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.7_ the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.8_ the job takes a significant amount of time, most students agree that the experience is worth it.9I believe you will have a wonderful time here _ you get to know everyone else.10There is only one more day to go _ your favorite music group play live.11If you miss this chance, it may be years _ you get another one.12The meaning of the word “nice” changed a few times _ it finally came to include the sense “pleasant”13You will never gain success _ you are fully devoted to your work.14The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left _ I could ask for their names.15It was the middle of the night _ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.语篇填空(在空白处填入适当的连词)My sister is a determined girl, who believes that _1_ long as she works hard, she will succeed sooner or later. Hard _2_ she tries, she fails sometimes. _3_ times goes by, she has made progress in her studies. It is two years _4_ she entered senior high school and it will be one year _5_ she graduates from high school. Every night she doesnt go to bed _6_ eleven oclock. She wont give up learning _7_ she falls ill. She works so hard _8_ I admire her a lot. _9_ she is at school or at home, she wont change her mind that she will be admitted to a key university. _10_ happens or where she goes, she keeps her duty in mind.参考答案【预习导学】一、并列句(一)并列句的4种类型1. And2. yet while3. either or4. For(二)并列句的2大句式1. were packing when had just finished when 2. and or/otherwise二、状语从句(一)时间状语从句1. When while As 2. (1) it wont be long before (2) since since since since it has been/is over 100 years since3. (1) till/until (2) wont until4. (1) The moment (2) no sooner than No sooner had than(二)条件状语从句1. unless as long as2. does will surely(三)让步状语从句1. Though/Although/While2. as/though3. Wherever4. Whether(四)地点状语从句Where(五)原因状语从句1. Because 2. Now that(六)方式状语从句 as as as if were (七)结果状语从句1. such that so that such that so that2. so that(八)目的状语从句1. so that/in order that2. in case/for fear that in case/lest【考点突破】考点1时间状语从句1. 答案C解析句意为：随着人口平均寿命的延长，越来越多的老人需要照顾。as在此处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”。2. 答案B解析句意为：如果你错过这次机会，可能得过好多年才能再有一次机会。该句考查“It will/may be一段时间before.”句式，表示“得过多久才”。3. 答案C解析句意为：我们在解决问题之前需要找到其根源。根据逻辑关系可知，“找到问题的根源”在“解决问题”之前发生。before在之前，引导时间状语从句，符合题意。考点2让步状语从句1. 答案C解析考查连词。句意为：尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但并非它的所有影响都是积极正面的。while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”；since既然，自从；after在之后；unless除非。故选C。2. 答案C解析句意为：尽管我的祖父已经九十多岁了，但他有时还打网球。由句意可知，本句的前后两部分之间为让步关系，故选C。3. 答案C解析句意为：尽管科学家们对宇宙已经了解甚多，但仍有许多我们还不知道的东西。once一旦；since自从以来；though尽管；unless除非。A、D两项常用来引导条件状语从句；B项常用来引导时间或原因状语从句；C项常用来引导让步状语从句，故选C。4. 答案C解析句意为：虽然这份工作要花大量的时间，但大多数学生都同意这次经历是值得的。句中的a significant amount of time与worth
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