2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前模拟强化练习题72（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西安交通大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 写作题For this part you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words according to the following topic. Please write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet provided.TOPIC: In China there is a group of girls called leftover girls, generally referring to those girls who are well beyond the normal marriage age but still remain single, and who also usually have a higher salary, and advanced academic degree. In reality, it is not that they cannot find a partner from many. There are various reasons. Please analyze this social phenomenon from your own point of view. Please use enough support to illustrate your position. 【答案】My View on “Leftover Girls”2. 单选题The reason why they didnt get any people to help them in the work is （ ） they didnt want to trouble anyone.问题1选项A.becauseB.forC.sinceD.that【答案】D【解析】the reason why.is that.为特定句型。所以本题选D。3. 单选题Since World War II, there has been a clearly discernible trend, especially among the growing group of college students, toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence, go steady through high school, and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters, there is much shaking of graying looks and clucking of middle-aged tongues over the ways of wayward youth. However, emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays; it doesnt arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early, while others never do, even in three-score years and ten.Many students are marrying as an escape, not only from an unsatisfying home life, but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as a dictum that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves ones problems; more often, it merely accentuates them. Furthermore, it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying ail that the young are seeking to put into it; one might say in theological terms, that they are forsaking one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success” is the ultimate good, but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of lifes meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow.Shall we, then, join the chorus of Miserere, over early marriage? One cannot generalize: all early marriages are not bad more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology, but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore, each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape, if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or few false expectations, and if it is economically feasible, why not? Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty, and so can bad ones.1.According to this article, the tread toward early marriages（ ） .2.According to this article, successful marriages are determined by the emotional maturity of the partners and not by（ ） .3.More often than not, early marriage will（ ） .4.Youthful expectations of marriage can be described as （ ） .5.From the passage, we can conclude that （ ） .6.We can learn from the passage that （ ） .7.Young people can marry early（ ） .问题1选项A.is the result of the Great Depression of the 30sB.cannot be easily determinedC.is one that can be clearly seenD.is an outgrowth of the moral laxity brought about by World War II问题2选项A.financial considerationsB.parental consentC.educational backgroundsD.chronological age问题3选项A.not affect ones problemsB.solve a persons problemsC.intensify ones problemsD.ease ones problems问题4选项A.UtopianB.realisticC.materialisticD.tragic问题5选项A.people mature emotionally at different pacesB.people that marry early have a miserable lifeC.all young people marry earlier than their parents expectedD.early marriages are as bad as late marriages问题6选项A.it is natural for parents to believe success is the ultimate goodB.young people marry early for various reasonsC.young people date as early as they go to elementary schoolD.many old people and the middle-aged people think positively of early marriages问题7选项A.if they are not lonely and isolatedB.if they believe that they are emotionally matureC.if they are capable of dealing with personal problemsD.if they hold few illusions for a marriage and economically afford it【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据第一段的第一句“there has been a clearly discernible trend, especially among the growing group of college students, toward early marriage.”可知, 早婚是一个明显的趋势, 所以选项C符合原文。2.根据最后一段第三句“Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology, but by the emotional maturity of the partners.”令人满意的婚姻不是由时间顺序决定的, 而是由伴侣的情感成熟度决定的。选项D符合原文。3.根据第二段第三句“The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves ones problems; more often, it merely accentuates them.”可悲的事实是, 婚姻几乎不会解决一个人的问题；更多的时候, 它只是在强调问题。也就是使问题变得更激烈, 所以选项C正确。4.根据第二段倒数第二句“Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian.”可知选项A正确。5.根据第一段最后两句可知, 情感成熟与年龄无关, 有的人很早就实现了, 有的人从未实现过。由此可知, 选项A符合原文。其他选项均表述太绝对, 所以不正确。6.根据第二段第一句“Many students are marrying as an escape, not only from an unsatisfying home life, but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness.”许多学生把结婚作为一种逃避, 不仅是为了逃避不满意的家庭生活, 也是为了逃避自己的孤立和孤独。由此推断, 年轻人早婚的原因有很多。选项B正确。7.根据最后一段倒数第二句“if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or few false expectations, and if it is economically feasible, why not?”可知, 选项D与原文描述一致。4. 单选题All the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic. Though complex processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a childs development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them.What, then, are maturation and learning? All definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individuals body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.Learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training.A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion.Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivation and reward. I believe some learning does occur without them.1.According to the passage, learning （ ） .2.A childs development depends on （ ）.3.In the authors opinion （ ）.4.According to the passage, maturation means（ ） .5.The last sentence of paragraph 4 suggests that （ ） .6.The phrase “this view” refers to the view that （ ） .7.The best title for the passages is（ ） .问题1选项A.is a complex processB.is independent of maturation.C.is independent of external environmental conditionsD.refers to changes in behavior or performance.问题2选项A.learning processB.maturation processC.the interactions between the two processD.neither of the two processes问题3选项A.learning plays a very important role in most aspects of a childs development and changeB.there are hardly any principles of learning which are generally acceptedC.a child never learns anything unless he has some need or desire for itD.a child should not be rewarded until he has learned a response问题4选项A.being sophisticated mentally and sociallyB.development of the organism as a function of time or ageC.being fully grown in height and mentalityD.freedom of adult caring in daily life问题5选项A.some proposed principles of learning may have not been accepted generallyB.principles of learning are being proposed every dayC.only a few principles of learning are generally acceptedD.most of the principles of learning are not generally accepted问题6选项A.a child learns and matures fast.B.a child will learn a response better if he is rewardedC.a child learns slowly if he is in a bad mood.D.a child learns a response问题7选项A.A Childs DevelopmentB.Learning and ResponseC.Motivation in Relation to LearningD.Maturation and Learning【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据第三段第一句“Learning generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience.”可知, 选项D与原文描述一致。2.根据第一段的二三句可知, 学习和成熟这两个过程几乎总是相互作用的, 因此很难将它们的影响彼此分开, 也很难指定它们对儿童发展的相对贡献。所以选项C正确。3.根据第四段的第二句“learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change.”可知, 选项A与原文描述一致, 所以正确。4.根据第二段最后一句“maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age.”可知, 选项B符合原文。5.根据第四段最后一句话：在这次讨论中, 我们将只采用几个普遍接受的学习原则。由此可推断, 还有部分原则没有被公众所接受, 选项A符合原文。6.根据原文可知, “this view”指的是上文提出的观点“he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it.”如果他能得到学习的奖励, 他就能更好地学习反应。选项B符合原文。7.本文主要是围绕“学习和成熟”这两个关键词展开讨论的, 所以选项D最能概括全文。5. 单选题Human beings are capable （1 ） thought; they are swayed by emotions. We can leave to the philosopher and the physician such questions （2 ） the power of the mind to abstract, to comprehend and to reason, the nature of instincts, the action and interaction of intellect and will and emotions. （3 ） when men think and feel deeply, their normal reaction is to wish to communicate their thoughts and their feelings. The sharing fulfills a （4 ） need in human nature. Men live in society; they do not normally live in isolation. When one human being wished to convey his （5 ） to another, he has to make use of a medium, abridge. That bridge is language.The science （6 ） object is the study of language is known as Linguists. The student of Linguistics is concerned with every aspect of this conveying of ideas from one mind to another, with language as a means of inter-communication, whether it is spoken, pictured or written. The more specialized branch of this study which is concerned only with spoken language, more specifically with the sounds used in speech, （7 ） known as Phonetics.Now even in this scientific age, communication is still （8 ） oral. It is still true to say the great majority of information is conveyed by means of the spoken word. It is self-evident that before any language can be written it must be spoken. It is, （9 ） , quite possible, as we know from examples up to own times, to have literature without literacy. The pen and the printing press merely hive visual permanence to messages which would otherwise have to be transmitted by the tongue and received by the ear. Writing is, of course, a powerful defense against the ravages of time or distance, a more permanent and reliable storehouse （10 ） human memory.问题1选项A.inB.ofC.atD.for问题2选项A.ofB.inC.asD.to问题3选项A.SoB.AndC.ThenD.But问题4选项A.deep-seatB.deep-seatedC.deep seatD.deep-seating问题5选项A.thoughtB.thoughtsC.thinkingD.thinkings问题6选项A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what问题7选项A.isB.areC.beingD.as问题8选项A.largelyB.merelyC.specificallyD.particularly问题9选项A.thereforeB.as a resultC.on the contraryD.in fact问题10选项A.ofB.thanC.asD.in【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B第6题:C第7题:A第8题:A第9题:A第10题:A【解析】（1）be capable of为固定搭配, 意为“具有能力, 能够.”。选项B正确。（2）根据句意可知, 填空处应与such搭配使用, such as 意为“比如., 诸如.”。这里指“诸如.的问题”。所以选项C正确。（3）结合上下文及句意可知, 这里应该为转折的关系, 上一句提到“我们可以把这些问题留给哲学家和医生”；下一句“但当人们深入思考和感受时, 他们的正常反应是希望表达自己的想法和感受。”选项D符合原文语境。（4）deep-seated指“深层的, 根深蒂固的”。选项B正确, 其他选项的形式都不正确。（5）根据句意可知, 这里是把思想传达给另一个人。thinking是一个总的概念, 指人的思想；thought是具体的某个想法。且这里应为复数形式, 所以选项B正确。（6）分析句子结构可知, 这里为定语从句, 用关系代词whose表示“.的”。句意：以语言为研究对象的科学被称为语言学家。（7）填空处前面为插入语可暂时忽略不看, 句子的主语为the more specialized branch, 所以谓语动词用单数, 选项A正确。（8）根据下文可知, 这里要表达的是：现在, 即使是在科学时代, 沟通仍然主要是口头的。largely指“主要地, 大部分”。选项A正确。（9）结合上下句可知, 两者之间存在因果关系。任何语言都是先说出来再被写出来, 因此, 在人类没有读写能力之前文学就有可能是存在的。选项A符合原文句意。（10）根据句意：写作是人类记忆更持久、更可靠的宝库。所以用of表示“.的”。选项A正确。6. 写作题For this part, you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words according to /he following topic. Please write your composition clearly on the Answer Sheet providedTOPIC: Do you want to take a job that is well-paying but demands highly or a job that pays you moderately but demands lightly? Please choose one option and write an essay of at least 150 words. Please use adequate material to support your position. 【答案】My Choice on Job7. 单选题When one leaves his car （ ） , he assumes that the mechanic will repair the car well.问题1选项A.repairedB.to be repairedC.repairingD.being repaired【答案】A【解析】leave sth. done常用来表示宾语所处的状态或表示动作已经完成, 宾语和宾补为被动关系, 翻译为让.保持.的状态, 留下.被做。由此可知选项A正确。8. 单选题For untold centuries man depended almost entirely on his hunting ability to obtain food. From sunrise to sundown, armed with clubs and spears, and aided by trained wild dogs, he searched for game his foremost source of food with his primitive weapons, the largest and swiftest animals often eluded him, and the hunter and his family frequently went for days without meat.While the men were hunting game, the women and children searched for edible vegetation. From nearby plants and trees they gathered berries, nuts, grain, and roots. These meager staples stayed the pain of hunger when the hunters returned empty handed. When the supplies of game and plants in an area were exhausted, the entire tribe was forced to move on to a new and hopefully better region. Thus man led a nomadic existence. He could never settle in one place for long because his growing population outstripped the available supply of food in the area.Then man made one of his greatest discoveries agriculture. This revelation of raising plants and domesticating animals was one of the major steps in civilization. Agriculture did not by itself create civilization, but without it man could not have settled in one place long enough to build a permanent home. Anthropologists are uncertain about when or how man first learned to farm. They suggest it may have resulted from casual observation. A tribe or many tribes over a wide area might have stayed in one place long enough to see a true bear fruit for more than one season. They may also have observed that young plants grew out of ground to produce food as they matured.Or, as one anthropologist suggests, a handful of wild groin may have thrown onto the ground, and later the seeds grew into new plants. Regardless of the exact circumstances, man did eventually recognize that he could have a dependable source of food if he planted seeds and later harvested his crop.After man learned that he could grow food, the next step was mastering crop cultivation. The early farmer realized that he could grow more food if the seeds were covered with broken ground. This insight led to the making of the first farm equipment - sticks shaped into spades and hoes. From examination of the remains of the earliest known farming tools, archaeologists have determined that this occurred about seven thousand years ago. These implements were found in the area known as the Fertile Crescent, which lies between the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf. Evidence also indicates that the farmers of this area possibly the first in the world cultivated large wheat crops. To tend these crops, the hoe and spades were transformed into plows.About the same time as the growing of the first crops, man, relying on the experience he had gained in training wild dogs to aid in hunting, began domesticating other animals. Over the years, he developed herds of animals for food and to aid in his work.With the cultivation of crops and the domestication, of animals, man had a fairly dependable and permanent food supply. This accomplishment allowed him time for other work. Instead of spending most of his waking hours hunting for food, he was able to establish villages, and he had leisure time to ponder new ideas and keep records of events in his life. With the discovery of agriculture, man ceased his animal-like existence and began to build the foundation for civilization.1.The word elude in the first paragraph most probably means （ ） .2.What is the significance of raising plants and domesticating animals?3.From this passage we can conclude that （ ） .4.According to the passage, with the discovery of agriculture（ ） .5.During the period in which man was hunting for animals for food, man could never live in one place permanently because（ ） .6.With regard to when and how man first learned to farm, the passage （ ） .7.Man stopped his animal-like living after he （ ） .问题1选项A.abandonB.desertC.escapeD.mummify问题2选项A.Men didnt have to lead a nomadic life.B.They didnt have to search for edible vegetation.C.The largest and swiftest animals couldnt elude them anymore.D.This indicates that men entered the civilized society.问题3选项A.men mastered cultivation method from their experiencesB.they learned how to chase animals from watching them runC.men searched for game with primitive weaponsD.sometimes they were aided by some trained wild dogs问题4选项A.men spent most of their time hunting for foodB.civilization beganC.the early farmer made the first farm equipmentD.men began domesticating other animals问题5选项A.he lived a nomadic lifeB.the population grew so quicklyC.the food supplies were exhaustedD.the animals often escaped his hunting问题6选项A.explains in detailsB.provides some guessesC.doesnt mention it at allD.offers sure answers by anthropologists问题7选项A.stopped hunting animalsB.learned to make tools for huntingC.trained dogs to aid in huntingD.discovered agriculture【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D【解析】1.根据下文“the hunter and his family frequently went for days without meat.”猎人和他的家人经常几天吃不到肉, 说明这些动物都躲着猎人, 所以“eluded”指的是躲避, 逃避；选项C正确。2.根据第三段的内容可知, 饲养植物和驯养动物的启示是人类文明的重要步骤之一, 并没有说明人类进入了文明社会, 所以选项D不正确；农业本身并没有创造文明, 但是如果没有农业, 人类不可能在一个地方定居足够长的时间来建立一个永久的家园。也就