考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考前自测提分卷12(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题If the state of our knowledge were （ ）it provided us with a model of unquestioned validity that completely explained human behavior, we can eliminate all disagreement.问题1选项A.such thatB.such asC.as suchD.so that【答案】A【解析】考查同位语从句。such that 连用时，such为代词，that引导的从句做such的同位语。句中such指代the state of our knowledge，后面that引导从句对这个词语作进一步解释，因此A选项符合题意。2.写作题Write a 100120-word summary of the article in question 3.【答案】The history of black liberation movements in the USA could be characterized as a struggle over images as much as a struggle for rights and equal access. However, the control over images met many setbacks: it was considered not as important as equal access; the power to segregate was mistakenly believed by many blacks as the greatest power against them; black people have made few revolutionary interventions in it; racial desegregation partly led many black people to be less attentive to it; nationalist black freedom movements often only cared about questions of “good” and “bad” imagery and did not promote a more expansive cultural understanding of the politics of essence and identity that ultimately restricted and confined black image production.3.单选题AAt its most basic, corporate culture is described as the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things are done around here”. It guides Bwhat employees think, act, and feel. It is a wide term Cused to define the unique personality or character of a particular company or organization, Dand includes such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.问题1选项A.At its most basicB.whatC.used to defineD.and includes【答案】B【解析】考查关系词。B选项后面的句子主语是employees，谓语think，act，feel都是不及物动词，不能接宾语，因此应将what改为how。4.单选题（ ） is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic.问题1选项A.WhatB.WhichC.ThatD.Whether【答案】A【解析】考查主语从句。空格后出现了两个be动词，可知前面部分为一个主语从句。从句中缺少主语成分，四个选项中只有what可以引导。因此A选项符合题意。5.翻译题Translate the following sentences into good English.（1）孔子被中国各阶层的民众所铭记的原因有很多，其中一个最主要的因素就是孔子所倡导的教育方法通过提问引导学生思考。他还坚持教育中最重要的是人格的塑造。从后人叙述的关于孔子的故事可知，他所倡导的是因材施教。（2）多年来，中国共产党和中国政府从基本国情出发，把人民的生存权、发展权放在首位，致力于减贫脱贫，努力保障和改善民生，发展各项社会事业，使发展成果更多更公平地惠及全体人民，保障人民平等参与、平等发展的权利。（3）最近的争论是关于修改欧盟的宪章问题。欧盟明年要增加十个成员国，需要有新的宪章来自我约束。因此各国政府正在构思修订有关外交事务、税收、政治避难和司法政策等问题的法规，并赋予欧洲议会更多的权利。【答案】（1）There are many reasons why Confucius can be remembered by Chinese people from all walks of life, one of the most important factors is the method of education advocated by him to guide students to ponder by asking questions. Moreover, he insisted that the shaping of personality was the most important thing in educational activity. The stories about Confucius told by later generations shown that he proposed teach students in accordance of their aptitude.（2）Over the years, based on the prevailing national conditions, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government have remained committed to a development concept that puts peoples right to subsistence and to development first. Committed to reducing and eliminating poverty, China has endeavored to guarantee and improve peoples well-being, and developed a full range of social undertakings, so as to ensure that the results of development benefit all the people in a fairer way, and that all enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.（3）The recent debate was about modifying EU Charter. Next year EU will have ten member states added to it and need a new Charter to restrain itself. Thus, each member state of EU is now thinking about how to revise the laws and regulations concerning foreign affairs, taxation, political asylum, judicial policies and son on, and give European Parliament more rights.6.单选题Taken together, these laws sought to reap the medical benefits of organ transplantation and to encourage individuals to become organ donors, while （ ） certain ethical limits against treating the body as property and the newly dead as simply natural resources.问题1选项A.cutting outB.offsettingC.reservingD.going over【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项cut out“切断；删去；停止”；B选项offset“抵消；弥补”；C选项reserve“预订；储备；保留”；D选项go over“复习，重温；转变”。句意：综上所述，这些法律寻求获得器官移植的医疗利益，鼓励个人成为器官捐赠者，同时一定的伦理限制，以免将人体视为财产，将死者仅仅视为自然资源。由后半句句意判断可知此处应选择C选项“保留”。7.翻译题Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese.An aesthetic sense, an instinct for beauty, is one of the universal attributes of human beings.（1）While at its lowest level aesthetic appreciation is merely of anthropological or sociological interest, at its highest level, perhaps, it duplicates artistic creation and exists on the same plane. But certainly that “plane” is multi-dimensional.Many possible reasons why human beings are responsive to beauty and need art in their lives can and have been adduced.（2）My own theory is that art concentrates and channels emotions and experiences that would otherwise be inchoate and unformed in the psyche; that is to say, it brings into sharp focus and gives form to shadowy promptings, conflicting emotions, and half-glimpsed impressions of universal situations such as love, loss, questions of lifes origins and end, and so forth, and it allows us to see and feel these impressions clearly and intently.Judging from the evidence of the media, however, the emotional nature of aesthetic pleasure is a well-kept secret.（3）Almost every time run across a mention of aesthetics in the large circulation cultural organs and opinion magazines, the discussion centers around the deep appreciation of art as art. Its as if the only aesthetic pleasure there is in poetry or fiction or music is in the recognition of technical devices and form.Everything that makes art a powerful instrument in human life is dependent upon its being a medium for life, not a thing in itself（4）When the so-called aesthetic temperament wishes to expel from the holy citadel all that is extraneous to art, it ends up actually reducing art to the dry abstraction of mathematics. No, it cannot be emphasized enough: poetry is not words, music is not notes, painting is not brush strokes. Poetry is feeling: all art is feeling. The quality that makes a piece of art a great work is simply and only the depth of its humanity. While technical devices, form and genre are the flesh and bones ofan art, emotions are its soul.Ultimately all aesthetic moments, like the art that draws them forth, are individualistic the aesthetic moment, then, requires two equal partners.（5）The artist must present an intrinsically moving subject universal in scope, and the appreciator must bring to the work the willing suspension of disbelief and the intelligence and humanity to enter into the artists world. Since empathy, the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another, is the foundation of the moral sense, the aesthetic moment is also an ethical moment.【答案】1.虽然最低层次的审美鉴赏仅仅是出于人类学或社会学的兴趣，但是最高层次的审美鉴赏却可能复制艺术的创造且与它存在于同一水平上。2.我的理论是艺术集中并引导情感和体验，否则这些情感和体验在心理上是不成熟和不成形的。3.几乎每次我在大量发行的文学机构和舆论杂志中偶然遇到提及的美学时，该讨论都以作为艺术的深层次艺术鉴赏为中心。4.当所谓的审美情趣希望去将一切与艺术无关的东西从神圣的审美大本营中驱逐出时，这实际上把艺术简化为数学的枯燥抽象。5.艺术必须呈现一个在范围上广泛适用的本质上动人的主题，而艺术鉴赏者必须在作品中表现出自愿的不相信，以及进入艺术家世界的智慧和人性。8.单选题Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control. Production workers must be able to do just-in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a dont think, do what you are told to a think, I am not going to tell you what to do style of management.This shift occurs not because todays managers are more（1） than yesterdays managers, but because the evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more（2）than the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different models of behavior.To be on top of this situation, tomorrows managers will have to have strong background in organizational psychology, human relations, and labor（3）. The MIT Sloan School of quickly management attempts to（4）our understanding in these areas through research and then quickly bring the（5）of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equation.The first three decades after World War II were（6）in（7）the United States had a huge technological lead（8）all the rest in the world. In a very real sense,（9）technological competitive. American firms did not have to worry about their technological competitiveness because they were（10）.But that world has disappeared. Today we live in a world where American firms （11）have automatic technological（12）. In some areas they are still ahead, in some areas they are（13）, and in some areas they are behind, but on average, they are average.（14）this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of technical change in ways（15）were not necessary in the past. Conversely, managers from the rest of the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitors if they understand the forces of technical change better than their American competitors do.In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically（16）（17）their functional tasks within the firm. They dont have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies, （18）they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not bet on new technologies. If they（19）what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box, they（20）to make the changes. They will be losers, not winners.问题1选项A.enlightenedB.enlighteningC.enlightenmentD.enlighten问题2选项A.sterileB.producingC.productiveD.extravagant问题3选项A.economicsB.economicC.economyD.economies问题4选项A.takeB.arouseC.riseD.advance问题5选项A.resultsB.evidenceC.contentD.fruits问题6选项A.usualB.flawedC.unusualD.unessential问题7选项A.whichB./C.thatD.those问题8选项A.byB.overC.onD.upon问题9选项A.was the world notB.the world was notC.did the world be notD.was not the world问题10选项A.superiorB.superC.inferiorD.junior问题11选项A.stillB.evenC.neitherD.no longer问题12选项A.superiorityB.inferiorityC.majorityD.minority问题13选项A.commonB.averageC.ignorantD.exceptional问题14选项A.HowB.ThatC.WhatD.Which问题15选项A.thatB.theyC.thoseD.who问题16选项A.illiterateB.sophisticatedC.literateD.omniscient问题17选项A.regardlessB.in spite ofC.despiteD.regardless of问题18选项A.andB.likewiseC.furthermoreD.but问题19选项A.didnt understandB.dont understandC.havent understoodD.hadnt understood问题20选项A.failedB.would have failedC.would failD.would be failed【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:C第8题:B第9题:B第10题:A第11题:D第12题:A第13题:B第14题:C第15题:A第16题:A第17题:D第18题:D第19题:B第20题:C【解析】第1题:（1）考查形近词辨析。由选项可知此题考查的是enlighten“启发；启蒙”在具体语境中的变形。空格前是more，后面是than，可知此处需要填入一个形容词来构成形容词比较级。再看句中前后的比较对象是“todays managers现在的管理者”和“yesterdays managers以前的管理者”，因此空格处的形容词需要用来修饰“人”的特性。A选项enlightened“开明的；有觉悟的”，形容人；B选项enlightening“使人领悟的；有启发作用的”，形容事物；C选项enlightenment“启迪；启蒙运动”，名词；D选项enlighten“启发；启蒙”，动词。综合选项分析可知A选项符合题意。第2题:（2）考查形容词辨析。空格前后照样是more和than，表明此处应填形容词。前一个比较对象是“the second style of management 第二种管理方式”，是指第一段第三句中的“think, I am not going to tell you what to do style of management 请思考，我不会告诉你做什么的管理风格”；后一个比较对象是“the first style of management 第一种管理方式”，是指第一段第三句中的“ dont think, do what you are told style of management 不要思考，别人叫你做什么你就做什么的管理方式”。根据常识判断，对于公司或企业来说，管理方式对公司产出影响非常重大。A选项sterile“不育的；无菌的；枯燥乏味的”；B选项producing“生产的”；C选项productive“多产的；富有成效的”；D选项extravagant“奢侈的；浪费的”。综合句意和选项可知，好的管理方式应该是让公司更加“多产”。因此C选项符合题意。第3题:（3）考查名词辨析。由选项可知本题考查economy及同根词的辨析。本句表示：要想控制这种局面，未来的管理者必须具备很强的组织心理学背景、人际关系背景和劳动 背景。A选项economics“经济学”；B选项economic“经济的；经济学的”；C选项economy“经济”；D选项economies“节约；经济（economy 的复数）”。C和D选项指的是广义上的“经济”，而本句中说的是未来管理者应具备的素质，要有组织心理学储备，要有人际关系背景，自然空格处应表示labor economics“劳动经济学”这一知识储备更合适。因此A选项正确。第4题:（4）考查动词辨析。由四个选项及空格前的attempts to可知空格处应填入动词。逻辑主语是“The MIT Sloan School of quickly management麻省理工斯隆快速管理学院”，宾语是“our understanding in these areas 我们在这些领域的理解”。A选项take“拿；获得”；B选项arouse“引起；唤起；鼓励”；C选项rise“攀升”，作动词使用时一般为不及物动词；D选项advance“提出；预付；将 提前”。文中表示，斯隆学院试图通过研究来 我们在这些领域的理解。综合选项与句意可知B选项arouse“唤起”符合句意。第5题:（5）考查名词辨析。空格前是定冠词the，后面是所有格of this new research，并且有定冠词the表示特指，因此空格处词语指代前面提到的麻省理工斯隆快速管理学院做的研究发现。A选项result“结果”；B选项evidence“证据”；C选项content“内容”；D选项fruits一词以复数形式出现时表示“水果种类；成果；收益”。本句表示，麻省理工斯隆快速管理学院在做了上述研究后，迅速把研究发现带给学生，在涉及人性的一方面时，以便使学生成为引领前沿的管理者。句意说明这项研究的发现是会给学生带来好处的，因此理解为“研究成果”而不是简单的“研究结果”更合适。因此D选项符合题意。第6题:（6）考查形容词辨析。本句出现了两个谓语动词（were 和had）且没有并列连词，因此此句为复合句。第一个主谓结构“The first three decadeswere”前面没有关系词，可知为主句。后面从句由in+关系词+the United States had，修饰主句的主语中心词the three decades 。本句大意：二战后的第一个三十年，在此期间，美国在技术上领先于世界其他国家。A选项usual“平常的；惯例的”；B选项flawed“有缺陷的；有裂纹的”；C选项unusual“不寻常的”；D选项unessential“非本质的；不重要的”。由后半句判断，这个三十年里，美国技术有飞跃性进展并且领先于世界其他国家，因此这三十年必然“不同寻常”，因此C选项符合题意。第7题:（7）考查状语从句用法。本句存在两个完整句子结构，结合选项可知为主从复合句。前一句表示“二战后的第一个三十年不同寻常”，后一句说到“美国在技术上领先于世界其他国家”。空格前有介词in，in which用来引导定语从句，本句前面并没有名词或名词短语，不存在修饰情况；in that在状语从句中可引导原因状语从句，结合句意理解“因为美国在技术上领先于世界其他国家，所以二战后的第一个三十年不同寻常”，语义逻辑完整，因此C选项正确。第8题:（8）考查固定搭配。本句表示美国的技术在全世界处于领先地位，而have a lead over正表示“领先”的含义，因此B选项符合题意。第9题:（9）考查倒装句用法。空格前虽是介词短语in a very real sense“实际上”作状语，但空格后是形容词作表语而不是名词作主语，因此本句并不构成倒装。空格处填入正常语序的主谓结构即可。B选项正确。第10题:（10）考查上下文语义。本段第一句说到：美国在第一个三十年内，技术领先于世界其他国家。说明在这一段时间内美国比其他国家都要更优秀。因此本句句意：美国公司不必担心自己的竞争优势是因为美国处于优势地位。A选项superior符合题意。第11题:（11）考查上下文语义。本段开头有转折连词but，说明文意发生了转折。上文说的是美国技术在全世界处领先地位，下文说到“But that world has disappeared”，但那个世界已经消失了，也就是美国技术至少不再领先世界所有国家了。本句句意：今天我们生活在一个美国公司拥有的世界里。A选项still“仍然”；B选项even“甚至”；C选项neither“也不”；D选项no longer“不再”。结合上述分析可知D选项正确。第12题:（12）考查上下文语义。接上题（11题）分析，转折前，美国的技术优先于（superior）所有其他国家，转折后，本句表示美国不再拥有自动化技术（automatic technological）的。A选项superiority“优越性；优势”；B选项inferiority“次等；自卑感”；C选项majority“多数”；D选项minority“少数派”。结合上述分析可知此处A选项“优势”符合题意。第13题:（13）考查上下文语义。本句有三个并列成分，前面说到“在某些领域，美国依然领先”；后面说到“在某些领域，美国落后其他国家”，可推知中间的并列成分应表示“在某些领域，美国处于中等水平”。A选项common“共同的；一般的”；B选项average“平均的；中等的”；C选项ignorant“无知的”；D选项exceptional“异常的”。结合上述分析，及下文反复提到average字眼，可知此处B选项符合文意。第14题:（14）考查主语从句用法。本句句首部分连着出现两个谓语动词“means”和“is”，说明此处存在主从句，be动词前面为句子的主语，因此“this means”是句中的主语从句。mean做动词用时表示“意味着；预示”，是及物动词。因此空格处需要填入疑问代词，排除A和B；which后没有名词时不能引导主语从句，排除D选项，C选项正确。第15题:（15）考查定语从句。本句主干部分“What this means is that”，表语是由that引导的表语从句构成，在这个表语从句中存在两个谓语部分“have to understand”和“were not”，可知这个表语从句中还存在主从复合句。前面部分是一个完整句子“American managers have to understand the forces of technical change in ways（美国管理者们必须以某种方式理解技术变革的力量）”，以名词“ways”结尾；后一个句子“.were not necessary in the past（在过去没有必要）”缺少主语，且主从句间缺少连接词。因此可推测空格前的名词ways作为先行词被后面的定语从句修饰，排除B和C选项，D选项who不能指代事物做关系代词，因此A选项that正确。第16题:（16）考查形容词辨析。A选项illiterate“文盲的”；B选项sophisticated“复杂的”；C选项literate“受过教育的；精通文学的”；D选项omniscient“无所不知的”。句意：在未来的世界里，管理者不可能在技术上。前文说到，管理者需要理解技术变化的力量，结合这一点，本句应表示管理者不可能是个技术文盲。因此A选项正确。第17题:（17）考查介词用法。空格后是名词短语，再结合选项可知本空需要填入的是介词。句意：在未来的世界中，管理者在公司的职能任务是什么，他们都不能是技术盲。A选项regardless“不管的；不管怎样”，没有介词用法 ；B选项in spite of“尽管”；C选项despite“即使；尽管”；D选项regardless of“不顾；不管”。结合句意可知D选项符合文意。第18题:（18）考查连词用法。句中有两个独立的句子，前句表示“他们（管理者）不必是发明新技术的科学家或工程师”，后句说到“他们必须成为懂行的管理者，知道何时该、何时不该投资新技术”。前面的“必须”与后面的“不必”之间存在转折关系，因此空格处需要填入转折连词，D选项but正确。第19题:（19）考查时态。If引导的条件句中有并列连词and，后面的谓语动词becomes为一般现在时，因此空格处的动词时态应与其保持一致。B选项正确。第20题:（20）考查时态。前面的条件句表示“如果他们不理解发生的事情并且技术上（对他们来说）也成为了黑匣子的话”，后面表示“他们将无法做出改变”。条件句使用一般现在时表示将来时，主句部分应使用将来时态，C选项would fail 可以表示对将来情况的虚拟，因此C选项正确。9.单选题That was a man-made disaster that clearly Acould have averted if the federal government,specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency,Bhad quickly marshaled Cthe political will and resources to evacuate those without access to cars,instead of promoting on its Web site a faith-based charity Dthat was clearly no match for the problem.问题1选项A.could have avertedB.had quickly marshaledC.the political willD.that was【答案】A【解析】考查被动语态。A选项前的主语a man-made disaster“人为的灾难”，与avert“避免”之间应为被动关系，应将could have averted改为could have been averted。10.单选题Batson et al. state that “egoistically motivated helping is directed toward the end-state goal of increasing the helpers own welfare, （ ） “altruistically motivated helping is directed toward the end-state of increasing the others welfare”.问题1选项A.asB.otherwiseC.whileD.although【答案】C【解析】考查逻辑关系。句中提到了利己动机和利他动机，存在对比，四个选项中C选项while可表示对比关系“却，然而”。因此C选项符合题意。