考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考前自测提分卷76(含答案详解）

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！ 住在富人区的她考研考博-考博英语-中国政法大学考前自测提分卷（含答案详解）一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题_, many operations once performed by hand have come to be performed by machine.问题1选项A.New technology is introduced forB.Introducing new technology andC.With the introduction of new technologyD.The introduction of new technology【答案】C【解析】考查句子结构。后半句句子结构完整，所以前半句应该是做修饰的成分或者并列句。A选项做句子for后面缺少成分；B项and应该连接两个完整的句子，但是前面句子成分不全；C项with的复合结构，做伴随状语，符合题意；D项逗号前后构不成逻辑关系。句意：随着新技术的引进，许多曾经由手工完成的操作现在都由机器来完成。故正确答案为C。2.单选题The legislation of a country recently considered a bill designed to reduce the uncertainty inherent in the ownership of art by specifying certain conditions that must be met before an allegedly stolen work of art can be reclaimed of by a plaintiff. The bill places the burden of proof in reclamation litigation entirely on the plaintiff, who must demonstrate that the holder of an item knew at the time of purchase that it had been stolen. Additionally, the bill creates a uniform national statute of limitations for reclamation of stolen cultural property.Testifying in support of the bill, James D. Burke, a citizen of the country and one of its leading art museum directors, specifically praised the inclusion of a statute of limitations; otherwise, he said, other countries could seek to reclaim valuable art objects, no matter how long they have been held by the current owner or how legitimately they were acquired. Any country could enact a patrimony law stating that anything ever made within the boundaries of that country is its cultural property. Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.However, because such reclamation suits have not yet been a problem, there is little basis for Burkes concern. In fact, the proposed legislation would establish too many unjustifiable barriers to the location and recovery of stolen objects. The main barrier is that the bill considers the announcement of an art transaction in a museum publication to be adequate evidence of an attempt to notify a possible owner. There are far too many such publications for the victim of a theft to survey, and with only this form of disclosure, a stolen object could easily remain the object to a scholar for verification that it is not stolen, but it is a rare academic who is aware of any but the most publicized art thefts. Moreover, the time limit specified by the statute of limitations is very short, and the requirement that the plaintiff demonstrate that the holder had knowledge of the theft is unrealistic. Typically, stolen art changes hands several times before rising to the level in the marketplace where a curator or collector would see it. At that point, the object bears no trace of the initial transaction between the thief and the first purchaser, perhaps the only one in the chain who knowingly acquired a stolen work of art.Thus, the need for new legislation to protect holders of art is not obvious. Rather, what is necessary is legislation remedying the difficulties that legitimate owners of works of art, and countries from which such works have been stolen, have in location and reclaiming these stolen works.51. Which one of the following most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage?52. Which one of the following is an example of the kind of action that Burke feared would pose a serious threat to museums in his country?53. According to the passage, Burke envisaged the most formidable potential adversaries of his countrys museums in reclamation litigation to be _.54. Which one of the following best describes the authors attitude toward the proposed bill?55. Which one of the following best exemplifies the sort of legislation considered necessary by the author of the passage?问题1选项A.Various legal disputes have recently arisen that demonstrate the need for legislation clarifying the legal position of museums in suits involving the repossession of cultural property.B.A bill intended to prevent other governments from recovering cultural property was recently introduced into the legislature of a country at the behest of its museum directors.C.A bill intended to protect good-faith purchasers of works of art from reclamation litigation is unnecessary and fails to address the needs of legitimate owners attempting to recover stolen art works.D.Clashes between museum professionals and members of the academic community regarding governmental legislation of the arts can best be resolved by negotiation and arbitration, not by litigation.问题2选项A.The passage of a law by another country forbidding the future export of any archaeological objects uncovered at sits within its territory.B.An international accord establishing strict criteria for determining whether a work of art can be considered stolen and specifying the circumstances under which it must be returned to its country of origin.C.An increase in the acquisition of culturally significant works of art by private collectors, who are more capable than museums of bearing the cost of litigation but who rarely display their collections to the public.D.The passage of a law by another country declaring that all objects created by its aboriginal people are the sole property of that country.问题3选项A.commercial dealers in artB.law enforcement officials in his own countryC.private collectors of artD.governments of other countries问题4选项A.Reasoned oppositionB.Measured advocacyC.Fearful apprehensionD.Impassioned support问题5选项A.A law requiring museums to notify foreign governments and cultural institutions of all the catalogs and scholarly journals that they publish.B.A law requiring that a central archive be established for collecting and distributing information concerning all reported thefts of cultural property.C.A law providing for the creation of a national warehouse for storage of works of art that are the subject of litigation.D.A law instituting a national fund for assisting museums to bear the expenses of defending themselves against reclamation suits.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】51.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干的意思是“以下哪个选项最准确地总结了文章的要点？”。通读全文可知，文章的话题主要是讨论一项新的法案对艺术作品持有者的保护和追回被盗物品方面的作用。通过文章最后一段的总结Thus, the need for new legislation to protect holders of art is not obvious. Rather, what is necessary is legislation remedying the difficulties that legitimate owners of works of art, and countries from which such works have been stolen, have in location and reclaiming these stolen works.（因此，新的立法保护艺术持有者的必要性并不明显；相反，需要的是用立法弥补艺术品的合法拥有者和被盗艺术品的国家已经找到并收回被盗艺术品所面临的困难），可以推断新的立法保护艺术品持有者是没有必要的，而是要去解决艺术品持有者或者国家在追回被盗艺术品种所面临的困难和需求；所以C项“一项旨在保护艺术品善意购买者免受回收诉讼的法案是没有必要的，而且未能解决试图追回被盗艺术品的合法所有者的需求”正确。A项“最近出现的各种法律纠纷表明，在涉及收回文化财产的诉讼中，有必要立法澄清博物馆的法律地位”，根据文章第二段最后一句Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.（伯克表达了一种担忧，即广泛的回收诉讼将导致博物馆毁灭性的法律辩护费用）和第三段第一句However, because such reclamation suits have not yet been a problem, there is little basis for Burkes concern.（然而，因为这样的回收诉讼还没有成为一个问题，伯克的担心几乎没有根据）可知，A项不符合题意；B项“在一个国家博物馆馆长的要求下，一项旨在阻止其他国家政府收回文化财产的法案最近被提交到该国的立法机构”内容在文中没有提到，B项错误；D项“博物馆专业人员和学术团体成员之间关于政府对艺术品的立法的冲突最好通过谈判和仲裁来解决，而不是通过诉讼”，文中也未提到该内容，D项不选。因此该题选C。52.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节推断题。题干的意思是“下面哪一个是伯克担心会对他国家的博物馆造成严重威胁的行为的例子？”。根据题干定位到文章第二段，第二句otherwise, he said, other countries could seek to reclaim valuable art objects, no matter how long they have been held by the current owner or how legitimately they were acquired.（他说，否则，其他国家可能会寻求收回有价值的艺术品，不管它们被当前所有者持有了多久，也不管它们获得的合法性如何）和最后一句Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.（伯克表达了一种担忧，即广泛的回收诉讼将导致博物馆毁灭性的法律辩护费用）有提到相关的内容，伯克赞同法案中包含的诉讼时效，因为超过了这个诉讼时效其他国家无法收回有价值的艺术品，不管这件艺术品的持有时间多长和合法性如何；不然的话，博物馆就会花费巨大的法律辩护费用；D项“另一个国家通过一项法律，宣布其土著人民所创造的一切物品都是该国的唯一财产”，这一例子更能很好的描述题干的内容，所以D项符合题意。A项“另一个国家通过了一项法律，禁止未来出口任何在其领土内发现的考古物品”，文中没有提到考古物品的内容；B项“一项国际协定，为确定一件艺术品是否可被认为是被盗的确定标准，并具体规定在何种情况下必须将其归还原籍国”，内容与原文相反，原文中伯克赞同的是诉讼的时效性，一旦过了时效，不管是否合法持有其他国家都不能追回，B项错误；C项“私人收藏家对具有文化意义的艺术作品的购买增加，他们比博物馆更有能力承担诉讼费用，但他们很少向公众展示他们的收藏”，文中没有提到相关内容，C项不选。因此该题选D。53.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节推断题。题干的意思是“根据文章，伯克设想他的国家博物馆在回收诉讼中最可怕的潜在对手将是”。根据文章第二段最后两句话Any country could enact a patrimony law stating that anything ever made within the boundaries of that country is its cultural property. Burke expressed the fear that widespread reclamation litigation would lead to ruinous legal defense costs for museums.（任何国家都可以颁布一项遗产法，规定任何在该国境内做出的东西都是其文化财产；伯克表达了一种担忧，即广泛的回收诉讼将导致博物馆毁灭性的法律辩护费用）可知，国家博物馆在回收诉讼中最可怕的潜在对手将是其他国家的政府，因此D项“其他国家政府”正确。A项“艺术商人”，根据第三段第五句Moreover, the time limit specified by the statute of limitations is very short, and the requirement that the plaintiff demonstrate that the holder had knowledge of the theft is unrealistic. Typically, stolen art changes hands several times before rising to the level in the marketplace where a curator or collector would see it.（此外，诉讼时效规定的期限很短，要求原告证明持有人知晓盗窃行为的要求也不现实；通常情况下，被偷的艺术品会几经易手，才会在市场上升至馆长或收藏家能看到的水平）可知，因为有不同的经手艺术品的商人，所以原告在证明持有人知晓盗窃行为方面会有困难，这不是博物馆在诉讼中的潜在对手，A项不选；B项“他自己国家的执法人员”和C项“私人艺术品收藏家”也不是国家博物馆在回收诉讼中最可怕的潜在对手。因此该题选D。54.【试题答案】A【试题解析】作者态度题。题干的意思是“下列哪一项最好地描述了作者对提案的态度？”。根据题干定位到文章最后一段第一句Thus, the need for new legislation to protect holders of art is not obvious.（因此，新的立法保护艺术持有者的必要性并不明显），从not obvious可以看出作者对该提案的态度是理性的反对，所以A项“理性的反对”符合题意。B项“慎重的拥护”和D项“慷慨激昂的支持”错误；C项“可怕的忧虑”有点过度解读。因此该题选A。55.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推理题。题干的意思是“下列哪个选项最好地说明了文章作者认为有必要的那一类立法？”。根据最后一段Rather, what is necessary is legislation remedying the difficulties that legitimate owners of works of art, and countries from which such works have been stolen, have in location and reclaiming these stolen works.（相反，需要的是用立法弥补艺术品的合法拥有者和被盗艺术品的国家已经找到并收回被盗艺术品的困难）可知，作者认为建立一项帮助艺术品合法拥有者和拥有国家找到并收回被盗品的法案是有必要的，所以B项“要求建立中央档案，收集和分发有关所有已报告的文化财产盗窃的资料的一项法律”符合题意。A项“要求博物馆将其出版的所有目录和学术期刊通知外国政府和文化机构的一项法律”， 内容与原文无关，A项不选；C项“规定建立国家仓库以储存作为诉讼主体的艺术品的一项法律”，储存作为诉讼主体的艺术品与帮助艺术品合法拥有者和拥有国家找到并收回被盗品不相干，C项错误；D项“设立国家基金，以协助博物馆承担在回收诉讼中自卫的费用的一项法律”，根据第三段第一句However, because such reclamation suits have not yet been a problem, there is little basis for Burkes concern.（然而，因为这样的回收诉讼还没有成为一个问题，伯克的担心几乎没有根据）可知，关于广泛的回收诉讼还没有成为一个问题，设立国家基金是没有必要的，所以D项不选。因此该题选B。3.单选题The United States Supreme Court has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations. Many of the Courts decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law. But accommodation is part of the judicial system in the United States and judicial decisions must be assessed with this fact in mind.Despite the “accommodating” nature of the judicial system, it is worth noting that the power of the Supreme Court has been exercised in a manner that has usually been beneficial to Native Americans, at least on minor issues, and has not been wholly detrimental on the larger, more important issues. Certainly there have been decisions that cast doubt on the validity of this assertion. Some critics point to the patronizing tone of many Court opinions and the apparent rejection of Native American values as important points to consider when reviewing a case. However, the validity of the assertion can be illustrated by reference to two important contributions that have resulted from the exercise of judicial power.First, the Court has created rules of judicial construction that in general, favor the rights of Native American litigants. The Courts attitude has been conditioned by recognition of the distinct disadvantages Native Americans faced when dealing with settlers in the past. Treaties were inevitably written in English for the benefit of their authors, whereas tribal leaders were accustomed to making treaties without any written account, on the strength of mutual promises sealed by religious commitment and individual integrity. The written treaties were often broken, and Native Americans were confronted with fraud and political and military aggression. The Court recognizes that past unfairness to Native Americans cannot be sanctioned by the force of law. Therefore, ambiguities in treaties are to be interpreted in favor of the Native American claimants, treaties are to be interpreted as the Native Americans would have understood them, and, under the reserved rights doctrine, treaties reserve to Native Americans all rights that have not been specifically granted away in other treaties.A second achievement of the judicial system is the protection that has been provided against encroachment by the stales into tribal affairs. Federal judges are not inclined to view favorably efforts to extend states powers and jurisdictions because of the direct threat that such expansion poses to the exercise of federal powers. In the absence of a federal statute directly and clearly allocating a function to the states, federal judges are inclined to reserve for the federal governmentand the tribal governments under its chargeall those powers and rights they can be said to have possessed historically.61. According to the passage, one reason why the United States Supreme Court “has not always resolved legal issues of concern to Native Americans in a manner that has pleased the Indian nations” (lines 1-2) is that _.62. The authors attitude toward the United States Supreme Courts resolution of legal issues of concern to Native Americans can best be described as one of _.63. It can be inferred that the author believes that the extension of the states powers and jurisdictions with respect to Native American affairs would be _.64. The authors primary purpose is to _.65. It can be inferred that the author believes the United States Supreme Courts treatment of Native Americans to have been _.问题1选项A.Native Americans have been prevented from presenting their concerns persuasivelyB.the Court has failed to recognize that the Indian nations concerns are different from those of other groups or from those of the federal governmentC.the Court has made political compromises in deciding some casesD.the Court has been reluctant to curtail the powers of the federal government问题2选项A.wholehearted endorsementB.restrained appreciationC.detached objectivityD.cautious opposition问题3选项A.possible only with the consent of the Indian nationsB.favorably viewed by the United States Supreme CourtC.in the best interests of both state and federal governmentsD.detrimental to the interests of Native Americans问题4选项A.contrast opposing viewsB.reevaluate traditional beliefsC.reconcile divergent opinionsD.provide evidence to support a contention问题5选项A.reasonably supportive in most situationsB.irreproachable on legal groundsC.guided by enduring principles of lawD.misguided but generally harmless【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】61.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，美国最高法院并不总是以一种让印第安人满意的方式解决印第安人关心的法律问题的一个原因是”。第一段第二句提到Many of the Courts decisions have been products of political compromise that looked more to the temper of the times than to enduring principles of law（最高法院的许多判决都是政治妥协的产物，这些妥协看起来更像是时代的缓和，而不是持久的法律原则），由此可知法院在案件的判决中做出了政治妥协，因此，C项“法院在判决一些案件时做出了政治妥协”符合题意；A项“美国原住民被阻止以有说服力的方式表达他们的担忧”，根据第二段第五行Some critics point to the patronizing tone of many Court opinions and the apparent rejection of Native American values as important points to consider when reviewing a case.（一些批评人士指出，许多法院意见的庇护语气和对印第安人价值观的明显拒绝，是复审案件时需要考虑的重要因素）可知，法院是拒绝美国原住民的价值观，而不是阻止他们以有说服力的方式表达自己的担忧，因此该项不正确；B项“法院没有认识到印第安民族的关注点不同于其他群体或联邦政府的关注点”，文中没有提到印第安人的关注点是什么；D项“法院一直不愿意削减联邦政府的权力”原文也没有提到；故该题选C。62.【试题答案】C【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者对美国最高法院解决印第安人关心的法律问题的态度可以很好地描述为”。第二段第一句提到Despite the “accommodating” nature of the judicial system, it is worth noting that the power of the Supreme Court has been exercised in a manner that has usually been beneficial to Native Americans, at least on minor issues, and has not been wholly detrimental on the larger, more important issues.（尽管司法系统具有妥协性，值得注意的是美国本土居民在少部分事务上受惠于最高法院，而在重大问题方面，美国本土居民也并不因此受到损害），由此可知，作者对利弊都有表述，其态度是公正的，故C项“公平的客观”符合题意。A项“全心全意的支持”，第一段作者还提到了最高法院并不总是以一种让印第安人满意的方式解决印第安人关心的法律问题，所以全心全意的支持这种说法是错误的；B项“拘谨的感谢”，作者没有表达感谢，因此该项错误；D项“谨慎的反对”，作者表述了美国最高法院对印第安人关心的法律问题上有利有弊的解决方案，说作者是客观的态度更贴切题意；故该题选C。63.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断出作者相信各州在印第安人事务上的权力和管辖权的扩展将会是”。文章最后一段提到Federal judges are not inclined to view favorably efforts to extend states powers and jurisdictions because of the direct threat that such expansion poses to the exercise of federal powers.（联邦法官不倾向于赞成扩大各州权力和司法管辖权，因为这种扩大会对联邦权力的行使构成直接威胁），由此可知国家权力的扩张以及司法触及美国本土居民事务，联邦政府将会面临危险；该司法系统是国家提供的保护，所以，对于扩展各州在印第安人事务上的权力和管辖权是会得到美国最高法院的支持的，A项“只有得到印第安民族的同意才可能”过于绝对；B项“受到美国最高法院的认可”符合题意；C项“为了州和联邦政府的最大利益”，文章已经提到了会给联邦权力的行使构成直接威胁，所以该项错误；D项“对美国原住民的利益有害”，最后一段第一句提到A second achievement of the judicial system is the protection that has been provided against encroachment by the stales into tribal affairs.（司法制度的第二个成就是保护部落事务不受陈腐势力的侵犯），由此可知对美国原住民并不是有害的，因此该项错误；故该题选B。64.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者最主要的目的是”。最后两段句首作者用了first和second，可知作者是在举例论证，因此D项“提供证据支持论点”正确；A项“对比相反的观点”，文章最后两段的中心句是First, the Court has created rules of judicial construction that in general, favor the rights of Native American litigants.（首先，最高法院制定了一般有利于美国原住民诉讼当事人权利的司法构建规则）和A second achievement of the judicial system is the protection that has been provided against encroachment by the stales into tribal affairs.（司法制度的第二个成就是保护部落事务不受陈腐势力的侵犯），由此可知作者并没有对比相反的观点；B项“重新评估传统信仰”和C项“调和不同的意见” 文中没有提到；故该题选D。65.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“可以推断作者认为美国最高法院对印第安人的对待是”。本文主要讲到美国最高法院对美国本土居民的法律问题的处理是政治妥协，而并非遵循着法律原则，但是这种处理也是合情合理的，因为它并没有造成极大的危害。故A项“在大多数情况下都给予相当的支持”比较符合句意；B项“在法律上无可指责”，文章都提到了有时候法院对印第安人关心的法律问题没有遵循法律原则，所以该项错误；C项“受持久的法律原则指导”，文中提到也会受到政治妥协，该项也不正确；D项“被误导但一般无害”，文中没有提到误导；故该题选A。4.单选题Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are ready to take on formal learning. Educators find that 21 toddlers are more likely to succeed during their school careers, 22 their younger counterparts are more likely to _23 _. Kindergarten children who turn five during the 24 half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it 25 physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten 26 to receive better grades and score higher on achievement 27 throughout their schooling experience 28 do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the 29 thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of todays children 30 inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters 31 parents push them to attain academic success in preschool axe less creative, have 32 anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fail to maintain their initial academic advantage 33 their less-pressured peers.Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question 34 environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in development timetable of a child reared in a non disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the 35 of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children 36 freedom to play, develop at their own 37_, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now 38 of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4-year-olds, There psychologists and educators believe we are driving youn