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第二章习题解答1.DU=DH=02.等温可逆膨胀:向真空膨胀:由于始态和终态同上,系统的熵变也为19.14 JK-13先求冷热水混合后温度:T=336.3 K (63.3C)再计算熵变:=41.21 + 43.57 = 2.36 JK-14Sn摩尔数nSnCp,m,Sn(T473) + nH2OCp,m,H2O(T283)= 0T=285.3 K5系统熵变按可逆相变计算:真空蒸发热:Q=DHDnRT=406408.314373=37539 J环境熵变:DS总= DS系 + DS环= 8.31 JK-1 0自发进行6.系统:设计可逆过程:T=263KlT=263KsDSDS3DS2DS1T=273KlT=273KspO恒定 JK-1 JK-1JK-1DS系=DS1+DS2+DS3=20.66 JK-1环境: J JK-1总熵:DS总=DS系+DS环=0.81 JK-10过程自发。7等量气体混合,热容相同,平衡温度T=288 K JK-1 JK-1=0.006+11.526=11.53 JK1 0自发过程8W=30.65 kJ,即环境做功30.65 kJ。W= -(Q1+Q2)Q2= -Q1-W= -334.730.65=365.35 kJ即向环境放热365.35 kJ9DS总=DS系+DS环=2.64 JK-10不可逆过程。10Q = DH = 92.14362 = 33355 JW=-p(VgVl) -pVg = -nRT = -8.314383.2 = -3186 JDF=W=3186 JDU = Q+W = 30169 JDG = 0DS总= 011(1)等温可逆DU = DH = 0Q = -W =DF=W= 4442 J JDS隔DS系 +DS环0(2)等温恒外压始态和终态同(1),系统的状态函数变化同(1):DU = DH = 0 DS系14.9 JK-1DG = 4442 JDF= 4442 JQ = -W = p外(V2V1)=DS隔DS系 +DS环26.67 JK-112先求终态温度 Q=0DU=nCV,m(T2T1)=2.5R(497298)=4136 JW=4136 JDH=nCp,m(T2T1)=3.5R(497298)=5791 JDS=0DG=DHD(TS)= DHSDT=5791-205.03(497-298)=35064 J13 mol(a) p外=p 为可逆绝热膨胀过程终态温度Q=0DU=nCV,m(T2T1)=4.40581.5R(108.7273)=9027 JW=9027 JDH=nCp,m(T2T1) =4.40582.5R(108.7273)=15046 JDS=0(b) p外=100 kPa 为等外压绝热膨胀过程终态温度:T2=174.7 KQ=0DU=nCV,m(T2T1)=4.40581.5R(174.7273)=5401 JW=5401 JDH=nCp,m(T2T1)=4.40582.5R(174.7273)=9002 J JK1(c) p外=0 为绝热向真空膨胀过程,相当于“焦耳试验”,温度T不变。Q=0W=0DU=0DH=0 JK1H2O(g)poH2O(l)poDGDG3DG2DG1H2O(g)3167PaH2O(l)3167PaT=298KDSDS2DS1DS3设计恒温变压可逆过程:14计算DG:DG2=0DG30DG总=8554 J计算DS: JK-1DS30DS系DS1 +DS2+DS3105.2 JK-1 JK-1DS总DS系 +DS环28.7 JK-1计算结果表明,DG0,该过程能自发进行。15DUDHDSDGDF(1)理想气体卡若循环00000(2)H2和O2绝热钢瓶中反应0(3)非理想气体绝热节流膨胀0(4)水在373K,p压力蒸发0(5)理想气体节流膨胀00(6)理想气体向真空自由膨胀00(7)理想气体绝热可逆膨胀0(8)理想气体等温可逆膨胀0016.(1) 可逆过程 JK1(2) 自发进行时 JK1DS总DS系 +DS环147.6 JK1(3) 根据DF物理意义,等温条件下,Wmax=DF=(DUTDS)= DHTDS (凝聚相,DU=DH)= QpQr(恒压)设计恒温变压可逆过程:= 400004000 =44 kJDGT=268KDG2DG1苯(l) po苯(l) 2.64 kPa苯(g) 2.64 kPa苯(s) po苯(s) 2.28 kPa苯(g) 2.28 kPaDG4DG5DG3DG1+DG5017DG1=Vl(plpo)DG5=Vs(pops)DG2=DG4=0DG=DG3 JK118.2C(石墨)+ 3H2 (g) C2H6 (g)Som/JK1mol15.74130.68229.6=229.6(25.74+3130.68)=173.92 JK119C6H6(g)+ C2H2(g) C6H5C2H3(g)DfHom/kJmol182.93226.73147.36Som/JK1mol1269.31200.94345.1DrHom= S(DfHom)产物S(DfHom)反应物=147.36(82.93 + 226.73) = 162.3 kJmol1DrSom= S(nSom)产物S(nSom)反应物=345.1(269.31 + 200.94) =125.15 JK1DrGom=DrHomTDrSom=162.3298 (125.15)10-3 =125.0 kJ20C(石墨) C (金刚石)DcHom/kJmol1393.5395.4Som/JK1mol15.742.38DrHom=S(DcSom)反应物S(DcHom)产物=393.5(395.4)=1.9 kJmol1DrSom= S(nSom)产物S(nSom)反应物=2.385.74=3.36 JK1DrGom=DrHomTDrSom=1900298(3.36)=2901 JDrGom0,常温下,反应不会自发进行,石墨稳定。石墨p金刚石pDGDG3DG2DG1石墨po金刚石po21设压力为p时,石墨金刚石,此时DG=0由20题,DG2=2901 JDG=DG1+DG2+DG3=0忽略p对V影响积分:p=1.532109 Pa=15320po22S(斜方) S(单斜)热容Cp,m= a +bT,Da=2.09,Db=0.0104(1) 已知DrH273=322.17 J,求DrH368=?将T=273K及DrH273、Da、Db值代入,得DrH0=505.2 J将T=368K及DrH0、Da、Db值代入,得DrH368=440.4 J(2) 已知DrG368=0(可逆相变),求DrG273=?将T=368K及DrG368=0、DrH0、Da、Db值代入,得I=11.81将T=273K及DrH0、Da、Db、I值代入,得DrG273=94.90 JH2O(l)101.3kPaT=373KDG1H2O(g)101.3kPaT=373KDG2H2O(g)101.3kPaT=473KDG3H2O(g)0.5101.3kPaT=473K23变化过程:DG1=0DG2=DH(T2S2T1S1),分别计算DH和始、终态的熵298K373K积分:298K473K积分:DG2=DH(T2S2T1S1)=3489(473204.63373196.35)=20062 JDG总=DG1+DG2+DG3=22788 J*DG2的另一解法:a=30.54,b=10.29103=81182+61121=20061 J24C2H2(g)+ 2H2(g) C2H6(g)Som/JK1mol1200.92130.68229.60Cp,m/JK1mol143.9328.8252.63DrSom= S(nSom)产物S(nSom)反应物=229.60(200.92+2130.68) =232.68 JK1DCp = 52.63(43.93+228.82) =48.94 JK1 JK125298K时数据查表如下:CO(g)H2O(g)CO2(g)H2(g)DfHom(kJmol1)-110.525-241.818-393.5090DrHom=41.166Som(JK1mol1)197.674188.825213.74130.684DrSom=42.075Cp,ma26.53730.0026.7529.09Da=-0.697b1037.683110.742.2580.836Db=24.710910-3c106-1.172-2.022-14.25-0.3265Dc=-11.382510-6T=298K时,DrHom=41.166 kJmol1,DrSom=42.075 JK1mol1DrGom=DrHomTDrSom=41.166298(42.075)/1000=28.63 kJmol1。求T=1000K时DrHo1000将DrHo298=41166 J及Da、Db、Dc代入,得DrHo1000= 34.09 kJmol1求T=1000K时DrSo1000将DrSo298=42.075 J及Da、Db、Dc代入,得DrSo1000= 30.76 JK1mol1求T=1000K时DrGo1000DrGom=DrHomTDrSom=34.091000(30.76)/1000=3.333 kJmol1。26.偏摩尔量偏摩尔量偏摩尔量化学势化学势化学势27证明:dU=TdSpdV,恒温对V求导:对于范氏气体,代入上式:28证明:dU=TdSpdVdH=TdS+Vdp29.温度为T时,DF=DUTDSdF=SdTpdV合并DF项:两边除以T 2:即30由集合公式:V=n水Vm,水+n乙醇Vm,乙醇,设总物质量为1molV=0.4Vm,水+0.657.5解得V=40.97 mLVm,水=16.175 mLmol131V=1001.38+16.625n+1.7738n2/3+0.1194n2当n=1时,Vm,盐=,V=1018.2 mL,代入集合公式:V=n水Vm,水+n盐Vm,盐1018.2=55.49Vm,水+119.5245Vm,水17.99 mLmol132纯物质,化学势 m=Gm(1) 相平衡 ma = mb101,p大气压,l100,p大气压,l100,2 p大气压,lSldTace101,p大气压,g100,p大气压,g100,2 p大气压,gSgdTbdfDG=0VldpVgdp(2) 液相压力增加 mcma 因为 mcma=DGm(l)=Vldp=Vm(2 p大气压p大气压)=18106101325=1.82 J(3) 气相压力增加 mdmb 因为mdmb=DGm(g)=Vgdp (4) 由(1) (2) (3)得 md mc (5)ae:ma = mbbf:SgSlme mf33(1)液1中NH3的化学势:p1=10.67 kPa液2中NH3的化学势:p2=3.60 kPa转移过程,(2)纯NH3的化学势:p3=101.325 kPa溶解过程:
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