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Unit2 Witnessing time名词性从句名词性从句: 即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however连接词：whether, if “是否”不充当句子的任何成分。 that只能起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。二、名词性从句的分类1. 主语从句：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。That she likes such kind of films is very interesting. Whether he will come remains a question. What she is doing is none of your business.Whoever comes will be welcome.Where he has been is still a puzzle.However you do it is all right with me.2. 表语从句：表语从句在句中作表语，它位于主句的系动词之后。The problem is that smokers cannot go without smoking. 问题是抽烟的人不抽烟就会感到难受。 The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这是否值得做。China is no longer what it used to be. 中国已不是从前那个样子了。This is where he has worked for years. 这就是他多年工作的地方。3. 宾语从句：在句中可以作谓语动词或介词或某些形容词的宾语。They know that the habit may kill them. They doubt whether or not Jack is a good student. The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. Im glad that I can go with you.4. 同位语从句: 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。可用于同位语从句的名词有advice, fact, demand, doubt, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, problem, promise, question, request, suggestion, truth, wish, word等。The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will come back home. Word came that our football team had won the match. 三、名词性从句中的注意点主语从句：1. 有时用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型如下。1) It is +名词+ that (名词: a pity/no wonder/a pleasure) eg. It is a pity that my new computer doesnt work.2) It is +形容词+ that (形容词若是strange, necessary, important, natural 主语从句得用虚拟语气should +v.eg. Its necessary that you complete the design before National Day. 3) It is +过去分词+ that (常用动词: report, say, tell, believe, think )eg. Its said that the sports meet will be put off. 4) It + 不及物动词+that eg. Itoccurredtomethat I had told him the news. 我突然想起来我已经告诉他这个消息了。2. 使用主语从句应注意。1) 从句作主语，谓语常用单数，但以what开始的主语从句，如后面的表语为复数时，谓语也用复数。eg. What he wants to buy are three books and two ball pens.What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.2) that从句位于句首时，that绝对不能省略。That we are invited to the concert is good news to us.3. It 作形式主语和引导强调句的比较。 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是强调句子某一部分，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。eg. a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）宾语从句：1. 连接词that引导的宾语从句，若主句动词后有两个或以上的宾语从句，除第一个that外，其余均不可省。eg. I forgot (that) my papers was due on Tuesday and that my teacher had said he would not accept late papers. 2. 在demand, order, suggest, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。eg. I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。3. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应。1）当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。eg. He studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）eg. He studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）eg. He knows (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）eg. He has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）2）当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。eg. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. She told me that the earth turns around the sun.表语从句：1. 表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可用as, as if, as though。Things were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.2. 另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构。The reason why is that eg. The reason why he was fired is that he didnt work hard.That is because eg. He was late for school yesterday. That is because he was ill. (because 说明理由) That is why eg. He was ill. That is why he was late for school. (前面说明理由，why引导从句表结果) 同位语从句：1. 凡表示“请示、建议、命令”等动词的相应的名词引导的同位语从句，均用 (should) +v. 原形如：order, advice, suggestion, demand, proposal eg. The suggestion that he (should) not go there is of great value. 2. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别。 1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。eg. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语） The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分） 四、名词性从句中应注意的其它情况1. whether 与 if 的区别 1) 在宾语从句中可互换: eg. I dont know whether/if he will come this evening.2) 在表语、同位语从句中只能用whether: eg. The question is whether the film is worth seeing.3) 在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时，whether, if都能引导主语从句，而if引导的主语从句只能放在句尾，否则也只能用whether。eg. Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided. It is not sure if he will succeed.4) 在介词后只用whether: eg. I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home.5) 直接跟动词不定式时也只用whether: eg. He doesnt know whether to stay or not.6) 后面紧跟or not 只用whether。 eg. Whether you like it or not, you must do it well. We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 7) 某些动词后（discuss/depend）只用whether: eg. It all depends (on) whether they will support us.We must discuss whether he will be allowed come here.2. 名词性从句的语序: 不管什么词引导，从句的语序始终用陈述语序。eg. I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。The question is why there is little rain here. 问题是这里为什么雨水少。 3. Who/whoever,what/whatever等的用法区别 一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。 eg. Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhatever heorshewants. (这里的whatever表泛指意义) 无论孩子要什么就给他/她什么事不明智的Icantrememberatthemomentwhohassaidthewords.(这里的who表特定的某人) 4. that与what引导名词性从句的区别what用来引导各种名词性从句，并在从句中做主语、宾语或表语，意为“所的事或物”。 eg. What I need is more time. (what引导主语从句，并在从句中做need的宾语)The boy isnt what he used to be. (what引导表语从句，并在从句中做be的表语) I have no idea what has happened to her. (what引导同位语从句，并在从句中做主语)that 也可用来引导名词性从句，但 that本身无意义，也不在从句中做任何成分，仅仅起一个连接的作用。 eg. The teacher taught us that we should always do our best.语法拓展训练（一）高考试题分析1. _ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. (2008山东)A. It B. This C. What D. As解析 C she told me是插入语，可删除。what引导主语从句，在从句中充当主语。2. The companies are working together to create _ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (2008北京)A. which B. that C. what D. who解析 C create后为宾语从句，从句中they hope是插入语，可删除，因为从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导该从句。3. The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park. (2008天津)A. where B. how C. when D. why解析 C was后为表语从句，此处when与the last time相呼应，根据句意可排除其他选项。4. As his best friend, I can make accurate guesses about _ he will do or think. (2008上海)A. what B. which C. whom D. that解析 A 介词about后为宾语从句，从句中动词do与think缺少宾语，所以用what引导该从句；which“哪一个”、whom“谁”与句意不符，可排除；that引导宾语从句时不充当成分，也可排除。5. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from _ their parents speak at home. (2008浙江)A. what B. that C. which D. one解析 A from后为宾语从句，从句中动词speak缺少宾语，所以用what引导该从句。6. is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008福建)A. It B. What C. As D. Which解析 B 从第二个is可知它的前面是主语从句，后面是表语从句，主语从句中缺少主语，所以用what引导；若去掉第二个is，则选A项。7. When asked _ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved. (2008湖南)A. what B. why C. whom D. which解析 A 此句中When asked =When they were asked，asked后为宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语所以用what引导该从句。8. People in Chongqing are proud of they have achieved in the past ten years. (2008重庆)A. that B. which C. what D. how解析 C 介词of后为宾语从句，此处用what引导宾语从句，在从句中充当宾语。9. Students are always interested in finding out _ they can go with a new teacher. (2008安徽)A. how far B. how soon C. how often D. how long解析 A finding out后为宾语从句，根据句意只能用how far“到什么程度或范围”引导该从句。10. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any idea the party is to be held? (2008陕西)A. what B. which C. that D. where解析 D idea后为同位语从句，表示idea的具体内容，根据句意从句中缺少地点状语，所以用where引导。11. It has been proved _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (2008上海)A. if B. because C. when D. that解析 D 该句中it是形式主语，所填选项引导真正的主语从句，从句中不缺任何成份和意义，只缺少连接词，所以用that引导。12. _ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. (2008浙江)A. Anyone B. The one C. Whoever D. Who解析 C 所填选项引导主语从句，且在从句中充当主语，可排除A、B两项；who可用来引导主语从句且充当主语，但who表示疑问语气，与句意不符，故可排除；所以此处用whoever引导主语从句，相当于anyone who，此时anyone用作先行词，who引导定语从句。13. The news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported in yesterdays newspaper. (2008上海春招)A. which B. whether C. what D. that解析 D news后为同位语从句，表示news的具体内容，从句中不缺任何成份和意义，只缺少连接词，所以用that引导。14. _ we are sure about is the need to prevent children from being spoiled. (2008上海春招)A. What B. Which C. Whether D. That解析 A 所填选项引导主语从句，且在从句中充当介词about的宾语，所以用what引导。15. Could I speak to_ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山东)A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who解析 C to后为宾语从句，此处用whoever引导宾语从句，在从句中充当主语，此时whoever=anyone who；no matter who只能用于引导让步状语从句。16. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007全国II)A. What B. Why C. Where D. Which解析 A所填选项引导主语从句，且在从句中充当主语，所以用what引导。17. He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held. (2007天津)A. this B. that C. it D. these解析 C 此处用it作形式宾语，when and where the meeting would be held作真正的宾语。当复合宾语中的宾语是从句时，一般用先行代词it作形式宾语，而将从句放在补语的后面。18. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make _ it is. (2007天津)A. what B. which C. how D. where解析 A 此处用what引导宾语从句，在从句中充当表语。which引导宾语从句时意为“哪一个”，表示选择；how引导宾语从句时意为“如何”；where引导宾语从句时意为“在地方”，均与句意不符。19. _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. (2007上海)A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where解析 B所填选项引导主语从句，且在从句中充当宾语，所以用what引导。20. Choosing the right dictionary depends on _ you want to use it for. (2007江苏)A. what B. why C. how D. whether解析 A on后为宾语从句，此处用what引导宾语从句，在从句中充当介词for的宾语。21. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are. (2007浙江)A. where B. what C. when D. why解析 A Thats后为表语从句，此处where与downtown相呼应，根据句意可排除其他选项。22. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007 福建)A. how B. what C. which D. when解析 B 该句中it作形式主语，what引导主语从句。该主语从句还原为疑问句应为“What do other people think about you?”。23. Having checked the doors were closed, and _ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. (2007湖南)A. why B. that C. when D. where解析 B 所填选项引导宾语从句，从句中不缺任何成份和意义，只缺少连接词，所以用that引导。24. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that解析 B of后为宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，所以用what引导；something后接定语从句，可以省略作宾语的关系词that。25. parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. (2007陕西)A. That B. Which C. What D. As解析 C所填选项引导主语从句，且在从句中充当say和do的宾语，可排除A、D两项；which引导宾语从句时意为“哪一个”，表示选择，与句意不符，故选C。26. The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)A. when B. why C. whether D. that解析 D is后为表语从句，从句中不缺任何成份和意义，只缺少连接词，所以用that引导。27. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of _ you read. (2007上海春招)A. that B. what C. which D. whether解析 B of后为宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，可排除A、D两项；which引导宾语从句时意为“哪一个”，表示选择，与句意不符，故选B。（二）提升训练1. Please remind me _ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. A. where B. when C. how D. what2. Engines are to machines _ hearts are to animals. A. asB. that C. whatD. which3. I just wonder _ that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is4. One advantage of playing the guitar is _ it can give you a great deal of pleasure. A. how B. why C. that D. when5. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning _ his teammates had done. A. what B. which C. why D. while6. Its thirty years since we last met.But I still remember the story, believe it or not,_we got lost on a rainy night. A. which B. that C. what D. when7. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class_ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. A. why B. that C. where D. because8. These shoes look very good. I wonder _. A. how much cost they are B. how much do they costC. how much they cost D. how much are they cost9. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed.A. as B. which C. what D. that10. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. that C. whatD. whether11. The advice _ I should take some medicine sounds good. A. which B. that C. / D. what12. The problem is _ he has enough time.A. if B. whether C. / D. that13. All the building materials have been washed away.So I have heard. But there was no sign _ a heavy rain was on the way last night.A. when B. that C. which D. if14. It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language. A. should master B. masters C. mastered D. will master15. Chances are high _ China and Russia will make an agreement to build an oil pipeline.A. when B. where C. that D. which16. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly _.A. where he had paid for it B. what he had paid for itC. what he was paid for it D. which he had paid for it17. _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever18. The infrastructure of a country is _ makes everything run smoothly.A. how B. which C. that D. what19. Maria has to baby-sit. Thats_ she cant come with us.A. why B. how C. when D. what20. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why21. A modern university has been set up in _ used to be a deserted land.A which B. that C. what D. where22. I dont doubt _ hell come.A. that B. how C. whether D. what23. After _ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.A. which B. it C. that D. what24. Have you seen Henry lately? My boss wants to know _.A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting alongC. what he is getting along D. what is he getting along25. After 15 years, she changed a lot and looked quite different from _ she used to be.A. that B. whom C. what D. who26. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. this D. them27. The reason why she couldnt come to the meeting was _ she had not been invited.A. because B. which C. that D. why28. _ really surprised me most was the suggestion that he _. A. What; had made B. That; should makeC. What; should make D. That; had made 29. Does it matter much _ the sales manager wont attend the meeting tomorrow?Ive no idea.A. if B. what C. when D. that30. You are saying that the fight against cyber crimes like “Yanzhao Men” requires great effort, and this is _ I quite agree.A. how B. what C. where D. whyKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADCKeys:15 BCDCA 610 BBCCB 1115 BBBAC 1620 BDDAC2125 CADAC 2630 ACADC
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