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名词与冠词【考纲解读】根据考试大纲,考生要具备在特定语境中选择恰当的形容词、副词的能力,掌握它们的语法特点及语义差异。由此可见,形容词和副词在高考试题中占很重要的地位。高考对形容词和副词的考查主要集中在以下两点: (1)形容词的比较级和最高级; (2)在具体语境中辨析形容词和副词语义。 【预习导学】一、形容词、副词的原级比较1“as_as”与“notas/so_as”表示同级比较，即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同/不同。Actually, Jack is as old as Jim.事实上，杰克和吉姆(年龄)一样大。He doesnt run so/as fast as his younger brother.他没有他弟弟跑得快。2当as . as结构中有_时，可用以下结构：Today is as busy a day as yesterday.今天跟昨天一样忙。Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.亨利的书没有我的书多。3“as_as具体数字”表示“高/深/多达”。The temperature here is as high as 39.这里的气温高达39摄氏度。The building is as tall as 100 meters.这座楼高达100米。二、形容词、副词的比较级:1形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则(1)规则变化构成例词原级比较级最高级单音节的词一般情况下直接加_和_smallsmallersmallestgreatgreatergreatesthardharderhardest以e结尾的单音节词和少数以ble结尾的双音节词加_和_nicenicernicestcutecutercutestableablerablest以一个辅音字母结尾，且前面只有一个元音的词，双写辅音字母后再加_和_fatfatterfattestthinthinnerthinnesthothotterhottest以“辅音字母y”结尾的词，先把y变为i再加_和_easyeasiereasiesthappyhappierhappiestearlyearlierearliest少数以er，ow结尾的双音节词，加_和_clevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowest其他双音节和多音节的形容词或副词一般在前面加_和_carefulmore carefulmost carefulpopularmore popularmost popularefficientlymore efficientlymost efficiently名师指津有少数几个双音节形容词，既可以加er和est，又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是：common, handsome, quiet, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以ow，er结尾的词。 有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，因此没有比较级和最高级。这类形容词有：right (正确的), wrong (错误的), excellent (优秀的), possible (可能的), empty (空的)等。 (2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级good, well_bad, ill_many, much_little_far_old_2.形容词、副词比较级的用法(1)比较级than .“_”；less .than“_”。Seeking information on the Internet is more convenient than searching in a library.在网上搜寻信息要比在图书馆里方便。(2)比较级的修饰语常见的有：_ _ _ _ _ _ (用于否定句或疑问句),_等。The film is, I have to say, not a bit interesting.Why? Its far more interesting than the films I have ever seen.我不得不说这部电影真的没意思。为什么？它比我看过的所有电影都有意思。(3)the比较级，the比较级“_”。The earlier the treatment is given, the better the patients chances.病人越早接受治疗，康复的可能性就越大。(4)the比较级of (the)名词/代词“_”。Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.这两个照相机，我喜欢较小的一个，它容易携带。三、形容词、副词的最高级1三者或三者以上的比较用最高级。表示范围的标志词有_ _ _等。Raymonds parents wanted him to have the best possible education.(2014全国大纲卷单选)雷蒙德的父母想让他接受最好的教育。2最高级的修饰语常见的有：_ _ _ _等。This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen.(2013辽宁高考单选)这是我曾看过的最鼓舞人心的电影了。3最高级含义的其他表达法。(1)“否定词语比较级”或“否定词语such/so . as”结构表示最高级含义。Do you think that the Chinese National Games were a success?Yes, absolutely! It couldnt be better.你认为这届中国全运会成功吗？是的，绝对成功！没有比它更好的了。(2)比较级形式表示最高级含义。Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.Julia is taller than all the other girls in her class.Julia is the tallest girl in her class.朱莉娅是她班上最高的女生。4the last表示“_”“_”“_”等。The last thing they want is to work in the red areas where life is hard.他们最不乐意的是在生活艰难的红色区域里工作。四、形容词(短语)作状语形容词(短语)作状语表示伴随或结果，通常用来说明主语的情况，表示主语的状态、性质、特征等，但并不表示动作的方式。After the long journey, the three of them went back home, hungry and tired.经过长时间旅行后，他们三个回到家，又饿又累。Helpless, we watched our home destroyed before our eyes.我们束手无策，只能眼睁睁地看着自己的家园被毁掉。五、副词作评论性状语连接副词和修饰整个句子作评论性状语的副词，通常位于句首。有时也用于句中或句尾。Thankfully, I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.谢天谢地，我终于打完比赛了，所有的辛苦都是值得的。知识积累形容词和副词的词性转换1常见的形容词后缀形容词后缀意义例词able/ible可的；能的；应的；有性质的acceptable可接受的available 可利用的valuable 有价值的reasonable 合理的accessible 可接近的al与有关的typical 典型的digital 数码的cultural 文化的environmental 环境的ant/ent是的，处于状态frequent频繁的convenient 方便的efficient 效率高的significant 有重大意义的ar带有属性的regular 规则的；有规律的circular 环形的；圆的；循环的ary与有关的ordinary普通的，平常的voluntary 自愿的；志愿的d/ed有的；有特征的limited有限的colored 有色的surrounded 被围绕的ful充满的；有性质(或倾向的)successful成功的meaningful 有意义的powerful 强大的thankful 感激的less无的；没有的endless 无尽的aimless 无目标的powerless 无能为力的tive有倾向的attractive迷人的effective 有效的instructive 有教育意义的y多的foggy多雾的greedy 贪婪的wealthy 富有的healthy 健康的2.形容词转换为副词情况变化规则 例词一般情况在词尾加lyimmediateimmediatelywonderfulwonderfully一些以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词把y改为i，再加lyeasyeasilyangryangrilynoisynoisily以ble或le结尾的形容词去e加ypossiblepossiblycomfortablecomfortably以ue结尾的形容词去e加lytruetruly以l结尾的形容词在词尾加lyusualusuallycarefulcarefully以ll结尾的形容词在词尾加yfullfully【考点突破】考点1形容词与副词的语境辨析1.His comprehensive surveys have provided the most _ statements of how，and on what basis，data are collected.(2016江苏，31) AexplicitBambiguousCoriginalDarbitrary2.A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience，_ if you are travelling at high speed.(2016浙江，13) AeventuallyBstrangelyCmerelyDespecially3.In this article，you need to back up general statements with _ examples.(2016浙江，16) AspecificBpermanentCabstractDuniversal4.Im so_to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.(2015安徽，26) AspecialBsuperiorCgratefulDattractive5.They gave money to the old peoples home either _ or through their companies.(2015安徽，31) AlegallyBsincerelyCpersonallyDdeliberately6.It was _ of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.(2015福建，23) AcarelessBconsiderateCpatientDgenerous7.Most of us，if we know even a little about where our food comes from，understand that every bite put into our mouths was _ alive.(2015浙江，13) AsteadilyBinstantlyCformerlyDpermanently8.Listening is thus an active，not a _，behavior consisting of hearing，understanding and remembering.(2015浙江，14) AconsiderateBsensitiveCreliableDpassive9.The police officers decided to conduct a thorough and _ review of the case.(2015江苏，31) AcomprehensiveBcomplicatedCconsciousDcrucial考点归纳解决词义辨析题的关键是牢记某些高频词的词义，掌握词义的有效办法就是通过语境去记忆，通过背诵句子来记忆词汇的音、形、义。1.Did he break it accidentally (by accident/by chance)? No，purposely (on purpose). 他是不小心把它打碎了吗？ 不是，是故意地。 2.Search your heart and ask if youre equally to blame. 扪心自问，你是不是同样也应该受到谴责。 3.Im especially (particularly) fond of pop songs. 我尤其喜欢流行音乐。4.Eventually (Finally)，he made it. 他终于成功了。 创设语境牢记下列高考高频词汇：increasingly，largely，meanwhile，merely，completely，partly，practically，rarely，accessible，accurate，adaptable，addicted，adorable，affordable，aggressive，alternative，apparent，artificial，available，casual，cautious，complex，confident，constant，contradictory，controversial，dramatic，effective，flexible，frequent，individual，inevitable，optional，permanent，potential，relevant，skeptical，secure，sensitive，responsible，subtle，transparent，unique等。考点2形容词和副词的比较等级1.I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend _ in the coming years.(2016浙江，18) A.little more B.no more C.much more D.many more 2.Andy is content with the toy.It is_ he has ever got.(2015四川，7) A.a better B.the better C.a best D.the best 考点归纳1否定词与比较级连用表达最高级的意义。I cant agree more.我完全同意。2比较级than any other单数名词/any of the other复数名词/the others /any of the others表示“某人/物比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”，含义是“某人(物)最”。The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China/than any of the other rivers in China. 长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。3在倍数表达结构中，要把倍数放在比较结构前。At a rough estimate，Nigeria is twice bigger than Great Britain. 粗略估算，尼日利亚的面积是大不列颠的3倍。 4.比较级前可用still，much，even，far，a lot，a bit，a great deal，以及分数、百分数等修饰，此时注意它们要放在比较级前。 Youre driving too fast.Can you drive a bit more slowly? 你开得太快了。你能开得慢些吗？ 考点3形容词作状语Could you please explain the assignment for Monday，Miss Smith? Certainly.Read the next chapter and come to class _ to discuss what youve read. A.preparing B.prepared C.to prepare D.to be prepared 考点归纳形容词或形容词短语作状语用时，一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开。这种状语可位于句首、句末和句中，相当于一个状语从句，可表示行为方式、伴随状况、原因、时间、条件、结果或让步。有时像非限制性定语从句一样，表示意义上的增补，其逻辑主语多为句子的主语。考点4常见的连接性副词1.Thanks for your directions to the house；we wouldnt have found it _.(2014江西，23) A.nowhere B.however C.otherwise D.instead 2.Its our hope that we will play a greater role in the market place and，_，supply more jobs.(2014安徽，33) AhoweverBanywhereCthereforeDotherwise考点归纳1表示增补：besides，further，then，similarly，likewise，moreover2表示等同：similarly，likewise，equally3表示对比：rather，oppositely4表示概括：altogether，generally5表示列举：first(ly)，second(ly)，finally6表示条件：otherwise7表示让步：however，still，yet，nevertheless，though，anyway8表示结果：therefore，consequently，accordingly，thus9表示时间过渡：meanwhile，sometimes，occasionally10表示同位关系：namely11表示着重特指：mainly，mostly，particularly，especially考点5形容词和副词的一些固定表达1.The idea “happiness，”_，will not sit still for easy definition.(2014江苏，28) A.to be rigid B.to be sure C.to be perfect D.to be fair2.What did you do last weekend? Oh，nothing _.(2014大纲全国，35) A.much B.else C.ever D.yet 考点归纳1.to be sure诚然，无疑 to be rigid刻板地说，死板地说 to be perfect完美地说 to be fair公平而言 to be frank坦率地讲 2.good/nice and.很，非常，完全 3.much lessstill less(承接前述否定内容)更不用说 still more还有更多；更进一步 4.so much the better那样更好 for better or (for) worse不论是好是坏，不论是福是祸 5.Not a/one (little) bit！一点也不！ 6.last but not leastlast but by no means least最后但同样很重要的是 【方法总结】方法1形容词词义辨析法形容词的考查在高考试题中比较多，具体在解答试题时要根据具体的语境辨析所给选项。(1)In this lecture，I can only give you a purely_view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future. A.private B.personal C.unique D.different (2)Mistakes dont just happen；they occur for a reason.Find out the reason，and then making the mistake becomes _. A.favourable B.precious C.essential D.worthwhile方法2副词词义辨析法副词的考查在高考试题中比较多，具体在解答试题时要根据具体的语境辨析所给选项。具体来说，要注意：1)一些副词的具体含义；2)一些副词在具体句子中的辨析。(1)Volunteering is becoming _ popular in China. Yeah，people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. AnaturallyBsuccessfullyCsplendidlyDincreasingly (2)Do you think shopping online will _ take the place of shopping in stores? AespeciallyBfrequentlyCmerelyDfinally【扩展交流】典题精选我来改正常设误点(2015浙江高考)On the lefthand side of the class, I could easy see the football field. (2015陕西高考)I thought the biscuits were really well._(1)形容词与副词的错用修饰动词应用副词而不用形容词；修饰名词应用形容词而不用副词；系动词后作表语应用形容词而不用副词。(2013四川高考) I found the test difficult, but I tried hardly to do it.(2016南宁市适应性测试)Sometime you may not be able to decide the situation you are in, but you can change your attitude._(2)形近引起的错用有些词词形看似差不多但实际词意相差甚远，例如：hard用作副词时表示“努力地”，而hardly表示“几乎不”；sometimes表示“有时”，而sometime表示“某个时候”；high表示具体的高，而highly表示抽象的高。(2015陕西高考)My mum makes the better biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.(2016哈尔滨三中一模)I knew she would get much use of it than me.(2016银川一中一模)Moreover, it shows that people are becoming richer and the country is much more stronger._(3)比较等级的错用比较级与最高级的错用。表示二者比较用比较级；表示三者或三者以上比较用最高级；原级与比较级的错用。若句中有than或暗含比较意味用比较级，若没有比较意味或表示同等程度的比较则用原级；比较级的重复。若形容词或副词后面加了er，前面就不能再用more。【当堂达标】.用所给词的适当形式填空1Im happy that everything goes _ (smooth)2The naughty boy missed classes _ (constant)3This is the _ (bad) day Ive ever experienced.4Because he lives far from his parents, he goes to see them _ (occasion)5He treated the customers _ (rude)6We spoke _ (high) of this hero.7Our summer holiday couldnt be _ (good)8My brother went abroad to study _ (far)9The wind was blowing _ (strong) and it became even _ (cold)10This is one of the _ (excite) moment.11After passing the exam, he felt _ (relax)12He became _ (patience) with me and lost his temper.13It was on a _ (fog) day that he came to my house.14The _ (short) of the two boys is my little brother.15The _ (care) boy often made mistakes in his homework.16Dont follow others _ (blind)17The temperature dropped _ (sharp)18She cleaned the yard _ (thorough)19The price of the house is _ (reason)20He is as _ (care) as his sister.语篇填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)Some time ago, a friend of mine, who worked in a part of the city I didnt know very _1_ (good), invited me to call on him. It took me hours to get there and I took _2_ (greatly) trouble to find a proper spot to park my car. As I was already threequarters of an hour late, I parked my car _3_ (quick)At noon, just as I was leaving my friends office, it _4_ (sudden) struck me that I had no idea where I had parked my car. I could hardly go up to a policeman and tell him that I had lost a small green car somewhere! Walking down street after street, I examined each car _5_ (close) and was very happy to see a small green car just behind an old car. But how _6_ (disappoint) I was to discover that though the car was _7_ (exact) like my own, it belonged to someone else! Feeling quite _8_ (tire) now, I went off for lunch. Some time _9_ (late), I left the restaurant and walked _10_ (slow) down the street. Turning the corner, I nearly jumped for joy: my car was right in front of me, and there was no problem this time.参考答案【预习导学】一、形容词、副词的原级比较1形容词/副词原级 形容词/副词原级2. 名词3. 形容词原级二、形容词、副词的比较级1形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则(1)规则变化er estr ster ester ester estmore most(2)不规则变化better bestworse worstmore mostless leastfarther/further farthest/furthestolder/elder oldest/eldest2.形容词、副词比较级的用法(1)比更 不如(2) rather, much, still, even, far, any a lot, a little, a great deal, by far, a bit(3) 越，越(4) (两者中)较的三、形容词、副词的最高级1in, of, among2. 序数词，by far, nearly, almost4. 最不可能的 最不适合的 最不希望的【考点突破】考点1形容词与副词的语境辨析1. 答案A解析考查形容词辨析。句意为：他全面的调查提供了关于如何收集信息及在什么基础上收集信息的最清楚明确的说明。explicit清楚的，明晰的，详述的；ambiguous模棱两可的，含糊不清的；original起初的，原来的；arbitrary任意的，随心所欲的。2. 答案D解析考查副词辨析。句意为：突然停下来可能是一次非常可怕的经历，尤其是你正在高速行驶时。especially特别，尤其，符合语境。eventually最终；strangely奇怪地；merely仅仅，只。3. 答案A解析考查形容词辨析。句意为：在这篇文章里，你需要用具体的例子来支持你的总体性陈述。specific具体的，特定的；permanent永久的；abstract抽象的；universal通用的，普遍的。根据句意可知选A。4. 答案C解析考查形容词辨析。句意为：我非常感激所有那些志愿者，因为他们帮我愉快地结束了糟糕的一天。special特殊的；superior优越的；grateful感激的；attractive有吸引力的。根据句意可知，这里是在向志愿者表达感激之情，故选C。5. 答案C解析考查副词辨析。句意为：他们或者亲自或者通过他们的公司给敬老院捐款。legally合法地，法律上；sincerely真诚地；personally亲自，当面，个别地，就自己而言；deliberately故意地，谨慎地，慎重地。根据throughtheircompanies可知personally为正确答案。6. 答案B解析考查形容词辨析。句意为：Michael通知我们他要迟一会儿以防我们担心，他想得真周到。本句使用了Itis/wasconsiderateofsb.todosth.这一结构。careless粗心的；considerate考虑周到的；patient有耐心的；generous慷慨的，大方的。7. 答案C解析考查副词辨析。句意为：我们大多数人，如果对食物来源多少知道一点点的话，就会明白我们嘴里的每一口食物从前都是有生命的。formerly以前，从前，符合语境。steadily稳固地，坚定地，不动摇地；instantly立刻，马上；permanently永久地，长期不变地。8. 答案D解析考查形容词辨析。句意为：聆听是一种积极的行为，而不是被动的接受，它包括听、理解和记忆。passive被动的，消极的，与前面的active对应。considerate体贴的，体谅的；sensitive易受伤害的，易受影响的，敏感的；reliable可靠的，可信赖的。9. 答案A解析考查形容词辨析。句意为：警官们决定对该案件进行一次彻底、详尽的审查。comprehensive综合的，详尽的；complicated复杂的；conscious有意识的；crucial至关重要的。根据and判断，所填词和thorough(彻底的，细致的)意思相近，故选A项。考点2形容词和副词的比较等级1. 答案D解析考查比较级。句意为：我一直喜欢你组织的所有活动，希望在未来几年里能参加更多的活动。Many more后省略了events。根据句意可知选D。2. 答案D解析考查形容词的最高级。句意为：Andy对这个玩具很满意。这是他得到的最好的玩具。根据hehasevergot可以推知这是“他得到的最好的玩具”，故选D。考点3形容词作状语答案B解析句意为：史密斯小姐，请说明一下周一的任务好吗？当然可以。阅读下一章，来上课的时候准备好讨论你所读的内容。根据句子结构可知设空处应为状语，表示状态。此处prepared为过去分词转换为形容词，强调状态，说明到学校的时候已经准备好了。考点4常见的连接性副词1. 答案C解析考查副词词义辨析。nowhere无处；however然而；otherwise否则，要不然；instead反而。句意为：谢谢你为我们指路，要不然我们找不到那所房子。故C项正确。2. 答案C解析考查副词词义辨析。句意为：我们希望的是，我们能在市场发挥更大作用，因此，提供更多的就业机会。however然而，表转折关系；anywhere无论何处，表条件；therefore因此，表因果关系；otherwise否则，表相反的结果。根据句意选C。考点5形容词和副词的一些固定表达1. 答案B解析考查动词不定式短语意义辨析。to be rigid刻板地说，死板地说；to be sure诚然，的确，无可否认；to be perfect完美地说，说得完美些；to be fair公平而言，说句公道话。本句主干是The idea “happiness” will not sit still for easy definition.，其意思是：给“幸福”这一概念下定义远非易事。根据四个动词不定式短语的意义和句子主干的意思，我们可以选择B项to be sure。综合考虑可知题干句意为：诚然，给“幸福”这一概念下定义远非易事。 2. 答案A解析句意为：上周末你干什么了？哦，没(干)什么事。Nothing much和nothing else是固定短语，nothing much意为“没什么事”，nothing else意为“没有别的东西，没有别的事情”；nothing不和ever构成固定短语，但可以一起用在句中，表示“没有什么事情曾经”；nothing和yet也不能构成固定短语，但也可以同时出现在句中。由语境可知，此处显然是表示“没什么事”，故A项正确。【方法总结】方法1形容词词义辨析法(1) 答案B解析由语境可知，此处表示个人观点，故用personal。personalview个人观点。(2) 答案D解析worthwhile表示“值得的，有价值的”，此处表示犯错误是值得的。favourable喜爱的，赞同的；precious珍贵的；essential本质的。方法2副词词义辨析法(1) 答案D解析句意为：志愿活动现在在中国变得越来越受欢迎了。是的，人们现在开始意识到帮助别人就是帮助他们自己。naturally自然地，理所当然地；successfully成功地；splendidly华丽地，壮观地；increasingly渐增地。由句意知选D项。(2) 答案D解析especially特别，尤其；frequently经常地，频繁地；merely仅仅；finally最终。句意为：你认为网上购物最终会替代商场购物吗？故选D项。【扩展交流】easyeasilywellgoodhardlyhardSometimeSometimesbetterbestmuchmore去掉more【当堂达标】.用所给词的适当形式填空答案1smoothly2.constantly3.worst4.occasionally 5rudely6.highly7.better8.further 9strongly; colder10.most exciting11.relaxed 12impatient13.foggy14.shorter15.careless 16blindly17.sharply18.thoroughly 19reasonable20.careful.语篇填空(用所给词的适当形式填空)答案1well2.great3.quickly4.suddenly 5closely6.disappointed7.exactly8.tired 9later10.slowly17
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