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Unit11 动词的语态考点一：主动语态与被动语态的转换语态（Voices）用来表示主语与谓语之间的关系，它是动词的一种形式。英语中有两种语态：主动语态（Active Voice）和被动语态（Passive Voice）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态。be为助动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，其变化规则与系动词be相同。主动语态转换为被动语态的步骤：先将主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语；再将主动句中的谓语动词变成被动形式；最后将主动句中的主语变为由by引起的短语并后置。主动语态： Charles Dickens wrote this book.（主语）（谓语）（宾语） 被动语态： This book was written by Charles Dickens.（主语）（谓语）（状语）注：将主动语态变为被动语态时，谓语动词的时态不变；主动句中作宾语的人称代词须变为主格，作主语的人称代词放在介词by后须变为宾格；by短语常省略。主动语态转换成被动语态的几种情况：主动句的句型结构转换方法例句主语谓语宾语将宾语变为被动句中的主语I sent an e-mail last night. 昨天夜里我发了一封电子邮件。（主动结构）An e-mail was sent (by me) last night. 一封电子邮件昨天夜里（由我）发出了。（被动结构）主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语1）把间接宾语变成被动句的主语，直接宾语位置不变；2）把直接宾语变为被动句的主语，间接宾语前面加上介词to或for。My parents bought me a new computer. 我的父母亲给我买了一台新电脑。（主动结构）I was bought a new computer. 有人给我买了一台新电脑。（被动结构）A new computer was bought for me. 有人给我买了一台新电脑。（被动结构）A watch was given to me (by my uncle) on my birthday.在生日那天我叔叔给了我一只手表。主语谓语宾语宾语补足语将宾语变为被动句中的主语，宾语补足语位置不变。People call her “Super Girl”. 人们称她“超女”。（主动结构，宾语补足语为 “Super Girl”）She is called “Super Girl”. 她被称为“超女”。（被动结构，主动结构的宾语补足语 “Super Girl”变成了主语补足语）The wall was painted green. 墙被刷成了绿色。（主动语态：We painted the wall green.）主语谓语宾语从句常用it作形式主语，将宾语从句变为主语从句放在句尾；也可将从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句谓语及其他成分改为不定式短语。We know that he is the best dentist in town. 我们知道他是城里最好的牙医。（主动结构）It is known that he is the best dentist in town. 大家都知道他是城里最好的牙医。（被动语态第一种变法：it作被动句的形式主语）He is known to be the best dentist in the town. 他被认为是城里最好的牙医。（被动语态第二种变法：主动句中从句的主语变成被动句的主语，从句谓语变成不定式短语）小贴士：在带有复合宾语的主动句里，若宾语补足语为不带to的不定式，变为被动结构时，注意不定式前要加上to。例如：The boss often makes him work overtime. 这位老板经常迫使他加班。He is often made to work overtime. 他经常被迫加班。注：用it作形式主语的被动语态句型还有：It is said that 据说；It is reported that 据报道；It is believed that 人们相信；It is thought that 人们认为；It is well known that 众所周知等。例如：It is said that this book has been translated into many languages in the world. 据说这本书已译成世界许多国家语言。考点二：各种时态的被动语态被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面为最常用的八种时态的被动语态。时态被动语态的构成例句一般现在时am / is /are过去分词The meeting room is cleaned every day.会议室每天都清扫。The Grammys are not taken seriously by some musicians or music fans. 格莱美并不为某些音乐家或音乐迷看重。一般过去时was / were过去分词In ancient Olympics only Greek men were allowed to compete. 在古代奥运会，只允许希腊男子参加比赛。All his was immediately locked in a safe. 他所有的钱立即被锁在保险柜里。一般将来时shall / will be过去分词Everyone will be given a telephone number at birth that will never change no matter where they live. 每个人一出生就会给予一个电话号码，无论他们在哪儿住，这个电话号码都将不会更改。过去将来时would be过去分词He knew he would be punished for his parking offence. 他知道他会因违章停车受到处罚。She hoped that she would be given a more suitable job. 她希望能得到更合适的工作。现在进行时am / is /are being过去分词My bike is being repaired. Could I use yours? 我的自行车正在修理，能否借用一下你的？In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats. 此外，大量的海洋生物正被捕捞船赶尽杀绝。过去进行时was / were being过去分词We couldnt use the reading-room. It was being repaired. 我们不能使用阅览室，它正在修缮。In both China and Rome at this time, poetry, literature and philosophy were being developed. 此时，在中国和罗马，诗歌、文学和哲学正在兴起。现在完成时have / has been过去分词Some sports that were part of the Olympics in the past have been removed. 有些曾是奥运会的部分比赛项目如今已被淘汰了。 This kind of effect has never been achieved in the history of cinema. 电影史上从未产生过这种效果。过去完成时had been过去分词When we got to the cinema, all the tickets had been sold out. 我们到达电影院时，票已售完。考点三：其他形式的被动语态类别被动语态的构成例句含情态动词的被动语态情态动词be过去分词Our plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 我们的计划必须尽早执行。In order for a new sport to be added, a current sport must be dropped. 要增加一个新的运动项目，就得去掉一个现有的项目。短语动词的被动语态be短语动词的过去分词I was brought up in a small village on the Yangtze River. 我是在长江边上的一个小村庄里长大的。Einsteins new theory was laughed at by many scientists at that time. 当时爱因斯坦的新学说遭到许多科学家的嘲笑。She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately. 她被带到附近的医院，并立即实施了手术。含be going to, used to, have to, had better，be to等结构的被动语态将其后的动词变为被动形式即可The sports meet is going to be held soon. 运动会不久就要举行。All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 有各种困难需要克服。注：1）含有短语动词的主动句变为被动句时，其中的副词和介词不可漏掉；2）被动语态的使用场合：动作的执行者不得而知，没有必要指出动作的执行者或是要强调动作的承受者时，常使用被动语态。例如：Now shopping is done online and delivered to your door.现在都是网上购物并将东西送到家门口。The research was supported by the government. 这项研究得到了政府的支持。3）及物动词enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等以及短语动词take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of 等，一般不能用于被动语态。4）英语里某些连系动词和不及物动词的主动形式表示被动含义。例如The cake tastes nice. 这个蛋糕味道很好。The theory proved correct. 这个理论证明是正确的。The door wont open. 这门打开不了。His novel is selling well. 他的小说很畅销。The cloth washes well. 这布料耐洗。 5）被动语态与系表结构的区别：从形式上看，被动语态和“be过去分词”的系表结构完全一样，但它们的区别在于：被动语态表示动作，其后常跟有by短语，表示动作的执行者；系表结构表示状态，其后一般不跟by短语。试比较以下几组句子：The teacher was pleased with her answer. 老师对她的回答感到满意。（系表结构）The teacher was pleased by her answer. 她的回答令老师满意。（被动语态）The door is closed. 门是关着的。（系表结构）The door was closed by Alice. 门是艾丽斯关的。（被动语态）小贴士：被动语态的助动词be有时可以换成get，构成“get过去分词”的被动结构。例如：They got married at last. 他们最终结为伉俪。About 30 passengers got killed in that terrible traffic accident. 在那次特大交通事故中约有30名乘客丧生。6）但在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改为被动语态后都带to。例如：His father made him do a lot of housework while his mother was ill. 母亲生病期间，父亲让他做了很多家务活。He was made to do a lot of housework by his father while his mother was ill.
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