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第二讲定语从句一、明备考方向语法填空常考点短文改错常考点写作常用句式1.关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as的用法；2.关系副词where, when, why的用法；3.“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。1.引导非限制性定语从句该用which而误用其他关系词(如that)；2.关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that的缺失；3.关系代词who, whom的错用；4.先行词是人或物时，关系代词who, which的错用；5.关系代词as的错用；6.关系副词和关系代词的误用；7.人称代词与关系代词的误用。1.As we all know ./As is known to all . “众所周知”2.As sb. puts it .“按照某人所说的”3.such .as .“像这样的”4.the same .as ./the same as .“像一样的”5.one of the复数名词定语从句“中的一个”6.the only one of the复数名词定语从句“中唯一的一个” 7.由which引导的非限制性定语从句。., which .(which代替上文整句话，译为“这一点”)二、攻重点难点(一)who, whom, whose引导定语从句的用法1先行词是人，关系词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，关系词不可省略；关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that，关系词可以省略。2先行词those后常用who引导定语从句。3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，如果先行词指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。4whose引导定语从句时，作定语，且不能省略。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的同校同学成了好朋友。I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我要寄贺卡给我的很多朋友。The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.这家主要顾客是学生的校内商店，放假时关闭。点津：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是这些工程师中唯一一个想出解决方法的人。(二)that, which引导定语从句的用法1that引导定语从句既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。2定语从句中用that不用which的情况：(1)当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时。(2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。(5)当定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时。(6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另一个宜用that。(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。(8)主句以here, there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。3which引导定语从句(1)先行词为物。(2)which在从句中作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。4定语从句中用which而不用that的情况：(1)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which而不用that。(2)关系代词前面有介词时，用which而不用that。(3)先行词为that/those时，用which而不用that。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which was constructed three years ago.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?坐在岩石上抽烟的那个人是谁？The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。(三)as引导定语从句的用法关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。1as引导限制性定语从句时常用于下列句式：(1)其中关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(2).such as .凡是的人(或事物)，所有人(或事物)其意义相当于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。as引导定语从句并在从句中担当成分，定语从句修饰先行词such。Take such as you need.你需要什么就拿什么。You may choose such as you prefer.你可挑选自己想要的东西。2关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：as意为“正如，正像”，引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which意为“这件事，这一点”，引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这样的机器是中国制造的。Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使他父母很高兴。“There is no such thing as a free lunch，” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“天下没有免费的午餐。”(四)关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句的用法1when引导定语从句关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。2where引导定语从句(1)在定语从句中作地点状语。(2)先行词可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village, city等)。(3)先行词也可以是表示抽象意义的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。3why引导定语从句关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。Im looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her.我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.中国新歌声为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？(五)“介词关系代词”引导定语从句的用法1介词和关系代词的确定若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：(1)先行词的意义；(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”，固定搭配)Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了一个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。三、练高频题点.语法填空题点全练1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.2(20186月浙江高考)Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.3(2017全国卷)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, which is not good for the health.4(2017全国卷)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.5(20176月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, where it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.6(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.7Lily might possibly come, in which case Ill ask her.8When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.9Many young people, most of whom were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.10They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.短文改错题点全练1(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by selling the fish.whichwhere或which前加in2(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.thatwhich3(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.theythat/which4He lived in a big house, in front of that stood a big tall tree.thatwhich5I have never performed such a task that youve asked me to do.thatas6The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17% in just one year.whichas7I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, who we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.whowhere8Also, I think its helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attractions that tourists can leave messages.thatwhere课堂应用体验 .完成句子并改写1第二，你会交到一些好朋友，他们也很喜欢打乒乓球。Secondly, youll make some good friends and they_are_also_interested_in_playing_ table_tennis.Secondly, youll make some good friends that/who_are_also_interested_in_playing_ table_tennis.(用定语从句改写)2他是个教授，那是我一直盼望的职业。He is a professor, and I have been looking forward to becoming_a_professor.He is a professor, which_I_have_been_looking_forward_to_becoming.(用定语从句改写)3这幅照片为我们展示了一个动人的时刻，在这一刻，一个小女孩来问候正在工作中的妈妈。The picture shows us a touching moment when_a_little_girl_comes_to_greet_her_ working_mom.The picture shows us a touching moment at_which_a_little_girl_comes_to_greet_her_ working_mom.(用“介词关系代词”改写)4人们也可以选择在一个团队中工作，在团队中他们可以向彼此学习。People may also choose to work in a team, where_they_can_learn_from_each_other.People may also choose to work in a team, in_which_they_can_learn_from_each _other.(用“介词关系代词”改写)5与动物照相对它们有坏的影响，这种行为打扰它们的休息。Taking pictures with animals has a bad effect on the animals. It_greatly_disturbs_their _rest.Taking pictures with animals has a bad effect on the animals, which_greatly_disturbs _their_ rest.(用定语从句改写).语法填空David is _1_ (extreme) worried about his son, _2_ often behaves like a coward. So he _3_ (pay) a visit to the master and asked him to train his son. The master said, “I promise Ill be able to train your child into a real man in six months.”Six months later, his father came _4_ (pick) the child. The master arranged a match _5_ the child and his coach to show the sixmonth training result. At Round One, the child _6_ (knock) down and fell to the ground. He stood up to meet the challenge. But he was knocked down again, and once again he stood up to fight .this was repeated seven times.The master asked his father, “Do you think your childs _7_ (perform) is that of a man？” The father said, “I feel _8_ (shame) for him! I never expected that he would be so weak after six months _9_ (train)” The master said, “I dont agree with you, and I regret that you only see the surface of things. You have not seen the courage and perseverance _10_ your son. This is the very spirit of a man！”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。一个真正勇敢的人应该是什么样的呢？从不失败，战无不胜才是勇敢的人吗？其实有时候能够从一次次的失败中站起来的人也是真正的勇士。1extremely考查副词。此处修饰形容词“worried”应用extreme的副词形式。故填extremely。2who考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为“his son”，指人，在从句中作主语，故应用who引导该从句。故填who。3paid考查动词时态。根据空格后的并列谓语“asked”可知，此处陈述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时。故填paid。4to pick考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to pick。5between考查介词。根据下文中的“and”可知，此处应指大师安排了孩子和教练之间的比赛。between .and .意为“与之间”。故填between。6was knocked考查动词时态和语态。空格处与下文的“fell to the ground”为并列谓语，应用一般过去时；又因为knock与主语“the child”之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动式。故填was knocked。7performance考查名词。根据空格前“childs”可知，此处应用perform的名词形式。故填performance。8ashamed考查形容词。根据空格前的系动词“feel”可知，其后应用shame的形容词形式ashamed，形容人，意为“感到羞愧的”。故填ashamed。9training考查非谓语动词。根据空格前的“six months”可知，其后应用train的动名词形式。故填training。10in考查介词。根据上句中的“you only see the surface of things”可知，本句强调“courage and perseverance”，这属于孩子的内心品质，应用介词in。故填in。.短文改错(2018云南师大附中模拟)Yesterday was my fathers birthday.We made many preparation for it.Early in the morning, my mother and I set off for the department store to find gift for my father.We chose very careful, eventually a warm sweater caught our eye but was purchased.To showing my love for my father, I made a birthday cake under the help of my mother.In the evening, we got together to celebrate her birthday.With candles lit, we sang happy birthday out loud and clapped, that made the room alive with the sound of cheering.Then we take a family photo to record the happy moment.When I saw tears of joy in my fathers eyes, I was filled in with a feeling of accomplishment and happiness.答案：第二句：preparationpreparations第三句：gift前加a第四句：carefulcarefully; butand第五句：showingshow; underwith第六句：herhis第七句：thatwhich第八句：taketook第九句：去掉第二个in9
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