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八、词句猜测词义猜测题(20176月天津，C)This month，Germanys transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆).They would define the drivers role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles：the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.Dobrindt wants three things：that a car always chooses property(财产) damage over personal injury；that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race；and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheelto check email，saythe cars maker is responsible if there is a crash.“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt.It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says.Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK.An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment.But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say driverless cars，people expect driverless cars，”Merat says.“You knowno driver.”Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California.That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.That would go down poorly in the US，however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。它主要介绍了德国交通部部长提出的适用于自主驾驶车辆的规章，能消除人们对于无人驾驶车辆的司机角色定位的困惑，有利于自主驾驶汽车的推广。46.What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving is permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“.the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.”可知，death valley指的就是半自主驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，即：对司机角色的定义不清楚。故选D项。47.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to .A.stop people from breaking traffic rulesB.help promote fully automatic drivingC.protect drivers of all ages and racesD.prevent serious property damage答案B解析推理判断题。第一段说Dobrindt提出第一套自主驾驶车辆的规章，将会定义自主驾驶车辆司机的角色，这个提议就是处理“death valley”这个问题的；第四段说交规的改变会准许全自动驾驶，而且会将完全无人驾驶汽车和有人驾驶汽车放到一个平等的法律地位上，由此推断，Dobrindt提出此建议的目的就是推广全自动驾驶。故选B项。48.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.B.It should be the main concern of law makers.C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D.It should involve no human responsibility.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第七段中的“When you say driverless cars，people expect driverless cars，” Merat says.“You knowno driver.”可知，人们认为的无人驾驶汽车，就是没有司机的汽车，当然也不该包括人的责任问题，故选D项。49.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in .A.Singapore B.the UKC.the US D.Germany答案C解析细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“That would go down poorly in the US，however.”可知，无人驾驶汽车作为公共交通方式在美国反响却很差，即：在美国，无人驾驶汽车在公共交通领域看不到光明的前景，因此选C项。50.What could be the best title for the passage?A.Autonomous Driving：Whose Liability?B.Fully Automatic Cars：A New BreakthroughC.Autonomous Vehicles：Driver Removed!D.Driverless Cars：Root of Road Accidents答案A解析标题归纳题。全文围绕自主驾驶车辆的司机的角色认定以及谁该负法律责任的问题展开了讨论，故选A项。一、题型解读词义猜测题基本上是阅读每年必考的题型。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。词义猜测题的命题方式有：(1)What does the underlined word “.” probably mean?(2)The word “.” refers to/probably means .(3)The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by .(4)What do you think the expression “.” stands for?(5)By saying “.” we mean .“.” used in the passage can best be defined as .(6)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “.”？二、解题技巧巧用线索猜词义1.根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。例如：Taylors swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911.Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them：Pariss heartbeat returned.分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语“an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work”(一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。2.根据构词法进行猜测英语中通过词根加词缀或两个单词合成的方式可以构成新词。因此，掌握了一定的构词知识，再结合上下文语境，也可以快速猜测词义。例如： A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。3.根据因果关系进行猜测在阅读理解文章的句子或段落中，若两个事物或两种现象之间构成因果关系，这时我们可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推断词或短语的含义。表示因果关系的标志词有because，so，thus，therefore，as a result of，since，so that，so/such.that.等。例如：My son could not follow the teachers directions，he told me，and thus，Scola was disrupting the class.Didnt he know my son did not speak English yet?试题：What does the underlined word “disrupting” probably mean?A.Breaking. B.Following.C.Attending. D.Disturbing.分析：画线单词所在的句子出现了因果关系标志词thus，由前面的原因“我儿子听不懂老师的指示”可以推知，“他因此认为我儿子Scola干扰了课堂”，故选D项。其余三项都不符合这一因果逻辑关系。4.根据同义或近义关系进行猜测在画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该词或该短语的含义，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词或短语的含义。常见的表示相同或相近意义的词和短语有and，or，like，as well，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作) with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.试题：What does the underlined word “contributions” refer to?A.Artworks. B.Projects.C.Donations. D.Documents.分析：画线单词contributions前出现了and，可利用同义或近义关系进行猜测。and前面提到了“The fine selection of the major works”(精选的重要作品)，后面说contributions来自其他机构，由并列关系可以推断出contributions应该属于works的范畴，同时文中明确表示contributions是来自museum的，故选A项。5.根据反义、转折和对比关系进行猜测有些需要猜测词义的词或短语前后会出现表示转折或对比的词语，运用这些词语也可以帮助猜测词义。能体现转折、对比关系的词汇很多，常见的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead (of)，on the other hand，rather than，on the contrary等。例如：In the evening，rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.试题：What does the underlined word “sedate” probably mean?A.Wild and romantic.B.Slow and peaceful.C.Hungry and thirsty.D.Active and excited.分析：画线词语所在句子的句意为“虽然它们 ，但是在一天的这个时候骑马观赏仍然令人印象非常深刻。”由though可知前后两句是转折关系，再结合前一句中提到的“at a more relaxed and unhurried pace”可知，应选B项，sedate意为“不慌不忙的”。6.根据上下文进行猜测有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。例如：There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it，so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.试题：What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” probably mean?A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope.C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire.分析：根据连接词so可知上下文之间存在着因果关系，故我们需要从上文中寻找答案。由上文中的“One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette，but youll need a warm，sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it.”可知，尽管Orleans Reinette是很好的品种，但是对各项条件的要求很高，因此大多数喜欢它的人种植它的希望会落空。故选B项。A(2018天津部分区县二模)I grew up on a 50-acre farm in the small rural community of Catawissa，Missouri，as the sixth of seven children.My parents often noted during meals how everything on the table except the sugar and flour came from the land.Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter.In the fall of 1970，he was working on a house when the ladder broke.His back was fractured in two places.He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would combine.On Thanksgiving，Dad was still in the hospital.We always butchered hogs the day after the holiday，and that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money coming in as Christmas approached.One night we heard a car coming up the long driveway.We kids were curious about who was visiting.Peggy Phelan was at the door，holding an envelope filled with money.She told my dad she had collected money in the community and was there to deliver it.He tried to protest but Peggy would have none of it.I can still hear her saying，“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包机) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.” That evening，this 6-year-old understood what being a good neighbor was，and that because her parents were good neighbors，their kindness would be returned.I learned later that my moms sisters all “adopted” one of us kids to help with Christmas，and we received gift baskets from more than one organization.My parents were used to being the givers and not the receivers of such generosity.They had a bit of pride to swallow，but continued all of their lives to show us kids the value of kindness.1.We know the writers father was very .A.hard-working B.unkindC.strict D.mean答案A解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Besides running the farm，Dad was also a carpenter.”可知，作者的父亲是很勤劳的。2.The underlined word “fractured” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.A.connected B.brokenC.arranged D.transformed答案B解析词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的后一句“He stayed in the hospital for three weeks with his head and feet down，permitting his back to be straight correctly so the bones would combine.”可知，作者的父亲背部骨折，“fractured”是“折断”的意思。3.Why did the writers uncle go to his house? A.To visit his sick father.B.To give them money.C.To spend holiday together.D.To help prepare for Christmas.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“.that year my uncle showed up with a couple of cousins to help my three elder brothers prepare our years supply of pork.After Dad returned home，he was in a back brace and unable to work.I was too young to realize our family had no money coming in as Christmas approached.”可知，作者的叔叔到他家帮忙准备圣诞节。4.What can we infer from Paragraph 4? A.The authors father liked to bale the hay.B.Peggy Phelan was a delivery man.C.The authors parents were helpful to others.D.We were curious about Peggy Phelan.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第四段的句子“Archie，whenever someones baler(打包机) is broken，you bale their hay.Someone passes away，Altha is cooking.Its our turn.”可知，作者的父母是乐于助人的。5.Which of the following can match the passage? A.No pains，no gains.B.Great minds think alike.C.Misfortune may be an actual blessing.D.Good will be rewarded with good.答案D解析主旨大意题。根据文章内容：父母乐于帮助邻里，而当父亲受伤不能劳作时，也得到了来自大家的帮助，再结合第五段可知，文章体现的是“好心有好报”。No pains，no gains一分耕耘一分收获；Great minds think alike英雄所见略同；Misfortune may be an actual blessing塞翁失马，焉知非福；Good will be rewarded with good好心有好报。故选D项。B(2018河北区二模)As the pace of life continues to increase，we are fast losing the art of relaxation.Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.In fact，it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purposes to life.It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.When exposed to stress，in whatever form，we react both chemically and physically.In fact，we make the choice between “fight or flight” and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death.The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme，but however little the stress is，it involves the same response.It is when such a reaction lasts long，through continued exposure to stress，that health becomes endangered.Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it.6.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because .A.they regard working as their greatest enjoymentB.they believe that work is superior to relaxationC.they are traveling fast all the timeD.they are becoming busier with their work than ever before答案D解析推理判断题。由第一段第二句“Once you are in the habit of rushing through life，being on the go from morning till night，it is hard to slow down.”(一旦你养成了匆匆忙忙的习惯，从早到晚都在忙碌，就很难放慢脚步。)可推知，人们无法放松自己主要是因为比以前任何时候都要忙碌。7.According to the author，the most important character for a good manager is his .A.strong will to hold out stressB.knowing the art of relaxationC.high sense of responsibilityD.having control over performance答案A解析细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Some people are not afraid of stress，and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities，others lose heart at the first sign of unusual difficulties.”(有些人不怕压力，这样的人显然在管理责任方面起着主要作用，其他人在出现异常困难的第一个迹象时就丧失了信心。)可知，当好管理者的优良品质是要具有坚强的抵制压力的意志。8.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress.B.Stress is always harmful to peoples health.C.Its easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.D.Different people can bear different amount of stress.答案D解析推理判断题。由第三段第一句“The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.”可知，一个人能承受的压力很大程度上取决于个人。即不同的人所能承受的压力是不同的，故选D。9.In the last sentence of the passage，“do so” refers to .A.expose ourselves to stressB.find ways to deal with stressC.remove stress from our livesD.establish links between diseases and stress答案C解析词义猜测题。由“Since we cannot remove stress from our lives”(我们无法消除生活中的压力)可知，括号里的内容是对前文的解释，故do so指的是“消除生活中的压力”，故选C。10.According to the author，the right attitude toward stress is .A.to avoid itB.to try to cope with itC.to regard it as a vital motivationD.to find some relaxation答案B解析观点态度题。根据最后一段最后一句“Since we cant remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could)，we need to find ways to deal with it.”可知，我们需要找到应对压力的方法。故选B。题型组合练(十一).单项填空1.In some places women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children.A.but B.whileC.because D.though答案B解析while在此意为“而，却”，用来表示前后对照，比较。2.As can be seen from the Bible，helping others in trouble is a good quality， you will be able to benefit a variety of valuable riches from.A.it B.that C.what D.one答案D解析句意为：从圣经上可以得知，帮助那些处在困难中的人是一种良好的品质，你可以从中获得各种有价值的财富。空格处与前句中的a good quality构成同位关系，one后面省略了which/that，所以选择D项。3.Our new house warm in winter and cool in summer.A.feels B.is feltC.finds D.is found答案A解析feel作系动词后接形容词时，如果主语是人，则feel用其主动意义，表示主语的感觉；如果主语是物，则feel用主动形式表示被动意义，指主语(物)被接触后给接触者(人)的感觉。4.Hes sometimes hot-tempered，but hes a good fellow .A.at heart B.in heartC.with heart D.by heart答案A解析句意为：他有时脾气暴躁，但他本质上是个好人。at heart在内心，本质上；in heart情绪高昂；with heart真心地；by heart用心记住。5.Most insurance agents would rather you anything until they investigate the situation.A.do B.didnt doC.dont do D.hadnt done答案B解析would rather后面所跟的从句用虚拟语气，而根据句子时态，此处应选择用过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟语气，故答案是B。6.Its the first time that she has been to the United States， ？A.isnt she B.isnt itC.hasnt she D.hasnt it 答案B解析本句的主句是“Its the first time”，后面的that从句是主语从句，该句是一个反意疑问句，反问部分的具体表达方式应该根据句子的主句判断而不是主语从句。7. great was the destruction that the economy took several years to recover.A.Too B.So C.Such D.Very答案B解析本句是so.that.结构的倒装结构，该句的正常语序应该是“The destruction was so great that the economy took several years to recover.”。8.Do you know anything new about the incident?A working party to look into the problem.A.was set up B.has been set upC.has been setting up D.is setting up答案B解析首先确定主语是a working party，与set up是动宾关系，因此应为被动语态；另外根据句意，表示说话时已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时的被动语态。9.This man along with his daughters always the largest fish.A.catch B.catchesC.are catching D.were catching答案B解析句子的真正主语是this man，而along with.只是跟在后面的介词短语，所以谓语应用第三人称单数形式。10.By the time you get to Greenwich you the most historic parts of London.A.will be seeing B.will seeC.are going to see D.will have seen答案D解析根据“by the time从句”结构可知，主句常与完成时连用。此处从句用一般现在时，故主句用将来完成时。.阅读理解AAssistant Professor，Musical Theatre DanceWichita State University seeks to hire a full-time，9-month assistant professor，beginning in August,2018.Applicants are required to have a degree in dance，teaching experience at the professional or college level，ability to direct and ability to teach stage movement.Salary depends on qualifications and experience.For complete information，see http：/finearts.Wichita.edu.Associate/Full Professor in Theatre and DanceThe Department of Theatre & Dance at the University of California at San Diego (http：www-theatre.ucsd.edu/) is seeking an experienced theatre artist in lighting design.Significant professional experience is required.A review of applications will start from June 1,2018.Application deadline：September 1,2018.Technical Director in Performing and Fine ArtsDeSales Universitys Performing and Fine Arts Department seeks a highly skilled，professional technical director.The position is a 10-month，staff position with the possibility for summer employment with the Pennsylvania Shakespeare Festival.ABA degree or equivalent professional experience is required；an MFA(美术硕士) is preferred.Please email materials to john.belldesales.edu.Screening of applications begins immediately and will continue until the position is filled.Assistant Director of Media Resources CenterMaryland Institute College of Art is seeking an Assistant Director of Media Resources Center in the Academic Affairs Division.Position qualifications include a degree in Art History or a related field with knowledge of art and design history，library experience，excellent interpersonal and communication skills and familiarity with photoshop and scanning.A review of applications will begin immediately.Applicants may email a letter of interest to jobsmica.edu.Salary differs depending on your experience.Please include desired salary in your letter of interest.11.Wichita State University offers .A.a part-time assistant professor jobB.a job people can do for many yearsC.a flexible salary to the future assistant professorD.a job that requires people to act on the stage答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一部分首句可知，Wichita State University想找一个全职的助理教授(assistant professor)，且薪水根据资格和经验来定。12.The job that DeSales University offers .A.has an application deadlineB.is about lighting designC.requires applicants know much about ShakespeareD.can be gotten more easily by people with an MFA degree答案D解析细节理解题。由题干中的DeSales University可定位至第三部分，由该部分
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