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第二讲代词、介词(一)代词人称代词、物主代词及反身代词全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give_ a try. 解析：it/running根据句意可知，此处表示“我们都应该尝试着跑跑步”，故填代词it，指代上文的running，此处也可直接填名词running。2(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find_ (they) alive.解析：them人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格。空格前面是动词find，空格处应用宾格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。3(20186月浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap _ can be to eat out.解析：it此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。4(20176月浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt _ (I)，”says Pahlsson.解析：myself句意：Pahlsson说：“她以为我伤到了自己”。根据前面的主语I可知，此处要用反身代词作宾语。5(2016全国卷)On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by _ (it) mother.解析：its句意：在最近的一次参观中，我抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎大熊猫中的一只，这只大熊猫被它的妈妈遗弃了。此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语，修饰名词mother。6(2015广东高考)Mr.Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children.He owned a farm .Now it occurred to _ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.解析：him“it occurred to sb.that从句”表示“某人突然想到”，此处指Mr.Johnson突然想到发生在他身上的事情，所以填him。7(2014全国卷)Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! Its _ (I)”解析：me/mine根据上文语境可知，此处的It如果指前面的suitcase的话，那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词mine，表示“那个箱子是我的”；如果指前面的anyone的话，那么此空需要用I的宾格形式me，表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。8(2014辽宁高考)Raise your leg and let _ stay in the air for seconds.解析：it句意：抬起你的腿让它在空中停几秒钟。此处填it指代前面出现的“your leg”。9(2014广东高考)Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said _ was a wonderful holiday destination.解析：it从空格后的“a wonderful holiday destination”可知，这个地方就是Miami，故填it指代前面提到的地点。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)I had done myself homework, but I was shy._解析：myselfmy此处表示我已经完成了我的家庭作业。my是形容词性物主代词，作 homework的定语，myself不作定语。2(2017全国卷)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school .This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days._解析：yourmy此处意为“这张照片常常让我想起我高中时的许多快乐的记忆”，故应该使用代词my。3(2016全国卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books._解析：yourour根据前面的主语we可知，此处要用our，表示“我们能够开阔我们的视野”。4(2016全国卷)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself._解析：yourselfmyself根据前面的I可知，此处指“我自己做决定”，故应用myself。5(2016四川高考)When he came back, I found a bunch of flowers in her hand._解析：herhis由前面的“When he came back”可知，这束花是在“他的(his)”手里。6(2015全国卷)We must find ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so, well live to regret it._解析：yourour/the依据前后句的语境及逻辑关系可知，前面的主语是we，句中的your与上下文相悖，应当改为our/the才能使句意通顺。7(2015全国卷)Five minutes later, Tony saw parents._解析：saw后加his根据语境及英语表达习惯，应当在parents前加上与主语Tony相一致的物主代词his。8(2015四川高考)As I told you last time, I made three new friends here .but Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.What do you think I should do? If you were me, would you talk to him？_解析：himthem根据上文可知，此处指作者交的三个新朋友，故用them。9(2015浙江高考)Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them._解析：themita beautiful park为单数，故应用it指代前面的单数可数名词park。谨记规则(一)人称代词、物主代词与反身代词1基本用法类别主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词功能作主语作宾语、同位语等作定语作主语、表语或宾语作宾语、表语或同位语第一人称I(我)memyminemyselfwe(我们)usouroursourselves第二人称you(你)youyouryoursyourselfyou(你们)youyouryoursyourselves第三人称he(他)himhishishimselfshe(她)herherhersherselfit(它)ititsitsitselfthey(他们)themtheirtheirsthemselves2反身代词的习惯用法与介词搭配by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自of oneself自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身与动词搭配come to oneself 苏醒；恢复知觉dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣devote oneself to 致力于；献身于behave oneself 举止规矩有礼；检点apply oneself to 专心致志于help oneself to 随便吃/用enjoy oneself 玩得开心seat oneself 就座；入席make yourself at home 别客气adapt/adjust oneself to 适应于teach oneself 自学speak to oneself 自言自语think for oneself 独立思考 (二)it的用法1it的基本用法用法例句指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等It is early spring, but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词Although he didnt like it, I decided to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)What will you call it if it is a boy?要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？2.it作形式主语或形式宾语常用句型it作形式主语It is a pity/shame that .真可惜It is no wonder that . 难怪It seems/appears that . 似乎/看来It looks/seems as if/as though . 看起来好像It happens that . 碰巧It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that . 某人突然想起It is said/reported that . 据说/据报道It is certain that . 是一定的It is no use/good doing . 做没有用/好处It takes sb.some time to do .做花费某人若干时间it作形式宾语主语think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep .itadj./n.for/of sb. to do/that从句主语think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep .ituseless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy . doing .3it的常用短语或句型make it获得成功；赶上See to it that . 确保count on/rely on/depend on it that .相信as someone puts it 像某人所说的那样When it comes to . 当涉及/谈到I cant help it (.) ()我没办法/情不自禁I take it that . 我理解的是Its (high) time that sb. did/should do sth. 是某人该做某事的时候了Its the first/second/.time that sb.have/has done sth.这是某人第一次/二次/次做某事了It is/has been .since . 自从已过了时间了It will be/was .before .要过时间才/在之前已过了时间不定代词全析考法单句改错1(2018全国卷)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals._解析：anotherotheranother“又一，再一”修饰可数名词单数，可数名词复数前用other，意为“其他的”。2(2015陕西高考)My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party._解析：anythingsomethingsomething一般用在肯定句中，表示“一些事”；anything一般用在疑问句和否定句中。此处是表示某件事而不是任何事情。3(2015四川高考)Weve been spending a lot of time singing in karaoke bars.Its been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many._解析：manymuch此处指的是花费很多钱，代指不可数名词，故用much。many用来指代可数名词复数。谨记规则1both, all, either, neither与none的区别代词用法both(1)表示“两者(都)”。(2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都”。(表示全部否定需用neither)all(1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。(2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定。(表示完全否定需用none)either(1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any)(2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。neither(1)表示“(两者)都不”。(2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。(3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。none(1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。(2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。(3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。2each与every的区别代词用法each(1)强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”。(2)可以与of短语连用；可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。every(1)强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”。(2)与not连用构成部分否定。(3)可用来表示“每隔”。(4)不可与of短语连用。3.the other, another, others与the others的区别代词用法the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的(多少)”。others/the othersothers只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。4none, nothing与no one/nobody的区别代词用法none(1)特指语境中提到的人或物，强调数量。(2)后可接of短语，可回答以how many, how much引导的特殊疑问句。nothing(1)指物，表泛指。(2)不可接of短语，可回答what引导的特殊疑问句。no one/nobody(1)常指人，仅用于指代可数名词单数。(2)不可接of短语，可回答以who引导的特殊疑问句。5复合不定代词的用法某任何每个；所有没有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothing知识拓展复合不定代词构成的习惯搭配：nothing but仅仅；只是anything but 决不something of 有几分；略微or something 诸如此类的人或物something else 别的东西；另外一件事for nothing 免费6表数量的不定代词的用法代词用法表示意义含义few修饰或代替可数名词否定含义几乎没有a few修饰或代替可数名词肯定含义几个；一些little修饰或代替不可数名词否定含义几乎没有a little修饰或代替不可数名词肯定含义少量；一点点many修饰或代替可数名词肯定含义许多much修饰或代替不可数名词肯定含义许多语法填空解题“2定向”1通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式(1)如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格； (2)如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格； (3)如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词； (4)如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又反射到句子主语，则用反身代词。2通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it(1)如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；(2)如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；(3)如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；(4)注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to .it从句。据第1条解题1He lives a very regular life, studying every day and never allowing himself (he) to fall behind in his schoolwork.2When told that it was a loss to humans, the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is our (we) decreasing income.”3While making a choice from various ways of spending our time, we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers us (we) up.4But she learned a lot as she worked, and her employer allowed her to use his (he) large library.5However, while it is fun to keep up with the latest news, we may actually be putting ourselves (we) in danger.6They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they (them) could get close enough to rescue the baby.7Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp kite string, hitting the wall and the tree branches to free himself (he) from the string.据第2条解题8We believe that it is the Silk Road that will help to realize the peace and development of this area.9Realizing it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.10Given hope, I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for it.11Unlike those taxis, my vehicle does not run on petrol or diesel (柴油) or even gas; it runs on my sweat.12It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.短文改错解题“3注意”1避免张冠李戴，注意前后一致性注意前后人称、性别、单复数是否一致。 2分析句子成分，掌握固定短语(1)根据所充当的句子成分正确使用人称代词、物主代词和反身代词；(2)注意一些含代词的固定短语。3搞清范围，确定不定代词(1)两者：二者选其一用either; 二者都不选用neither; 二者都选用both；(2)三者或三者以上：三者或三者以上的任何一个用any; 三者或三者以上都不选用none; 三者或三者以上都选用all; (3)其他：若表示“另外一个”用another; 若在名词前用other; 若不跟名词且指代复数，用others；(4)肯定句用something，否定句和疑问句用anything。据第1条解题1Once I got first prize in the English Writing Competition in your school.In addition, I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which I think will certainly help me do the job better.yourour2The moment he tried to hang the bottle on it, they fell and broke.theyit3First of all, as students we should manage our own behaviors and help people around you form good habits.youus4In spite of my own exhaustion, I rose from my seat and gave them away without hesitation to her and the baby.themit5After picking out one of my shirts and a coat, I washed and then hung it out.itthem6My brother and Ah Bao came to a river nearby and enjoyed himself.himselfthemselves据第2条解题7It is me that should clean the classroom.meI8As a result, he is popular with our students. ourus9I rushed out and it was my mother, who is already in the fifties, that brought me lunch, in spite of the heavy rain.第一个theher10It is a very precious present from mine Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.minemy据第3条解题11Now I am writing here in my flat to tell you anything about it.anythingsomething12Dad found a new job, and as Mom explained, “He was lucky to find other one.”otheranother(二)介词常用介词全析考法.单句语法填空1(20186月浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home _ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.解析：for此处for .与前面的go to .搭配，表示目的。2(2017全国卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) _ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析：as分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语表示“作为一种抵抗心脏病的方式”。as意为“作为”。3(2017全国卷)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree _ engineering or architecture.解析：in名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。4(2016全国卷)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _ their hands.解析：withwith ones hands“用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。5(2016四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda _ more than two years.解析：for 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for时间段”表示持续一段时间。6(2015全国卷)For those who fly to Guilin, its only an hour away _ car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.解析：by此处表示“驱车只有一小时的路程”。“by交通工具名词”为固定用法。7(2015广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living _ the cow.解析：without根据语境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此约翰逊一家人就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。故填without。.单句改错1(2018全国卷)At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, and he agreed._解析：去掉for此处的every two years是名词性短语，意为“每两年”，在句中作状语，其前不用介词。2(2018全国卷)Still I was unwilling to play the games for them sometimes._解析：forwithplay the games with sb.为习惯性用法，意为“和某人一起玩游戏”。3(2017全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies._解析：去掉第二个ofrealize是及物动词，后面直接跟宾语从句“how fast time flies”。4(2015全国卷)Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted._解析：onwithwith the development of为固定短语，意为“随着的发展”。5(2015全国卷)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crowded.Tony saw a toy on a shop window._解析：onin根据语境可知，玩具是摆放在商店的橱窗里面的，故用介词in。6(2015陕西高考)My soccer coach retired in last week._解析：去掉inlast week“上个星期”，前面无需加介词。7(2015四川高考)Please help with me and give me some advice._解析：去掉with动词help为及物动词，其后接宾语时无需加介词，故去掉with。谨记规则1against的用法含义例句反对；违背；与相反Are you for or against the plan?你是赞成还是反对该计划？触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。与竞争We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。防备，抵御They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。以为背景，衬托The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。2.at的用法含义及用法例句用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处”Ill pick you up at the airport at 2 oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点我会到机场接你。用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、岁、时节等的名词前He left school at (the age of) 16.他16岁便离开了学校。表示“以，按(价格、速度、数量等)”Admission is at normal charges and you dont need to book.以正常价格收取门票费，无须预约。表示“因而；一听到/看到/想到就”We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。表示“朝，向(某方向、目标)”He shot at the bird but missed it.他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。表示“在方面”Shes hopeless at managing people.她对人事管理一窍不通。3beyond的用法含义例句(指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)为所不及The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.一氧化碳排放量超出标准的城市数量已经由40个减少为9个了。(指空间)在的那一边，在更远处The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。(时间)晚于，迟于He came home beyond the usual time.他比平时回家晚。易错提醒如果表达“(范围、程度)在之内”，则用within。The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims. 政府正尽其所能帮助那些受害者。4by的用法含义及用法例句(时间)不迟于，在之前He is sure to come by three oclock.他三点之前肯定会来。(位置)靠近，在旁边/附近On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以计算”，常用结构为“bythe单数可数名词”They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。We rent the car by the day.我们按天租用汽车。(表示程度、数量)相差We lost the match by one goal.我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。经过，经由They came in by the back door.他们是从后门进来的。靠，用，通过(某种方法、手段)You can reserve the tickets by phone.你可以通过电话订票。“被/由”(常置于表被动的动词后，后接动作的执行者)He was knocked down by a car.他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。5for的用法含义例句(表示目的或功能)为了Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？(表示对象或用途)给，对The problem was that it was too expensive for everyday use.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵了。(表示原因)因为，由于Bill was arrested for dangerous driving.比尔因危险驾驶而被拘捕。(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计We drove for miles before we found a gas station.我们开车数英里后才找到一个加油站。(表示等值或比例关系)换取He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture.他答应付300美元买下那幅画。支持，赞成How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支持这项提议？至于，关于，就而言Its cold for the time of year.在一年的这个时节天气是冷了些。(表示去向)往，向A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要去纽约了。(表示陈述或问题的对象)适于，适合于Im sure shes the ideal person for the job.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。常用介词短语与搭配全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)I was searching _ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.解析：forsearch for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。2(201811月浙江高考)One cup of coffee _ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.解析：inin the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。3(2017全国卷)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and _ work.解析：fromto and from work为固定短语，意为“上下班”。4(2016全国卷)But my connection with pandas goes back _ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s .解析：togo back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。5(2016全国卷)Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.解析：on句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on为固定短语，意为“专心于，集中于”。6(2015全国卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; _ the same time, they warm up again for the night.解析：atat the same time为固定短语，意为“同时”。7(2015广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby _ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.解析：for根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。exchange .for .为固定搭配，意为“用交换”。8(2014全国卷)When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board.I got a place next _ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk.解析：tonext to为固定搭配，意为“挨着”。9(2014辽宁高考)OK.Dont laugh _ me.I may look funny.解析：atlaugh at是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑，取笑”。10(2014广东高考)I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged _ the reservation.解析：for根据语境可知，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。be charged for是固定搭配，意为“为支付”。.单句改错1(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road._解析：onofin the middle of “在中间”，是固定搭配。2(2017全国卷)They have also bought for some gardening tools._解析：去掉forbuy为及物动词，其后直接跟宾语。buy sth.(for sb.)或buy sb.sth.表示“为某人买某物”。3(2016全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time._解析：dreams后加of固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。4(20166月浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge._解析：inonon the top of为固定搭配，意为“在的上面/顶端”。故应把in改为on。5(2015浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three sides of the classroom were made from glass._解析：fromofbe made from和be made of都意为“由制成”，但be made of是指从制成品中能直接看出原材料；be made from则不能直接看出原材料。此处表示“教室的三面都是由玻璃制成的”，从制成品中可以看出原材料，故用be made of。6(2014全国卷)We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sit by the lake listening music._解析：listening后加tolisten为不及物动词，后跟名词时应该加上介词to。7(2014辽宁高考)We appreciate your apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good
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