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第4讲词义猜测类题型概述题型破解1 语境分析猜词义解题指导词义猜测常用的五种方法：1.基本构词法：根据前后缀、合成及词性转换去猜测词义；2.同义或定义解释法：上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释，如利用or, that is (to say), in other words, namely等词语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句等进行解释；3.前后对比法：上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景，且常以反义或对照的方式出现，以此可推测出生词的含义；4.因果推断法：结合上下文的因果关系进行猜测；5.语境理解法：要准确猜测出生词的含义大多需要根据上下文语境去分析和推断。典例(2019全国卷B篇) . But hes nervous. “Im here to tell you today why you should . should .” Chris trips on the “ld”， a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “. Vote for . me .”Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him. . 25What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses. BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes. DSilly jokes.解析A根据第二段中的“you should . should .”以及“. Vote for . me .”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语except for的语意相呼应。故选A。2 就近原则猜指代解题指导猜测代替词的指代内容，要求考生判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。典例 (2017全国卷C篇) . Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.解析C根据上一段中的“the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”可知，爵士乐不怎么受现在年轻人的喜爱，所以that指代上文提到的这种状况，故选C项。3 意义吻合猜句意解题指导句意猜测要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。考生要注意以下两点： 1.返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案；2.一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来进行了转换表达而已。典例(2019全国卷B篇)“You can use me as a last resort (选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.I guess that theres probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug_at_the_heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on . At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, Ill do it.” . 25What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?AEncourage teamwork.BAppeal to feelings.CPromote good deeds.DProvide advice.解析B根据画线短语前一句可知，这位家长可能需要一点点劝说。随后作者对这位家长进行了举例劝说：一位有四个孩子的单亲母亲在主持这次活动，一位孩子不在此队的父亲担任长曲棍球队的教练。这些例子都是为了动之以情，吸引这位家长来做志愿工作，故答案为B。过关检测(限时：35分钟)(2019人民附中高三月考)Best friends may be priceless but the cost of keeping the relationship alive is 23,870.According to a study, a BFF (Best Friend Forever) does not come cheap with devoted pals blowing 4,679 on birthday presents alone over a lifetime. And while it costs nothing to be a shoulder to cry on, bighearted Britons go the extra mile and spend 168 on pickmeups (提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch (艰难时刻) like the breakup of a relationship.Theres a further 242 spent on presents to show how much they mean from gifts bought on holiday to treats for no reason. And distance does not break up a close friendship as BFFs spend a whopping (巨大的) 18,000 on travel to see each other despite being miles apart because of university, jobs and marriage.The study by cashback site TopCashBack found on average BFFs who wed can expect 431 spent on them and a further 283 on gifts when they have children. And they can rely on their pals to help out when they move house as they will obtain 127 worth of housewarming presents and takeaways as well as putting in a shift with the packing and unpacking.The survey based on a friendship lasting 40 years found more than eight in ten adults with a BFF felt their friendships were worth every penny.TopCashBack spokesperson Natasha Smith said, “Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost. From train tickets once a month to flights and a new dress for a wedding on the Italian coast, the price paid for having a best mate can soon add up. But when we asked people to compare their friendship with the monetary investment, only 14% thought their friendship was equal to their investment with the vast majority thinking it was worth more.”篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。最好的朋友也许是无价的，但维持一段友谊却是高价的。那么你知道维持一段友谊需要多少钱吗？一项研究给出了答案。1What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?AAmbitious. BGenerous.CTroublesome. DEnergetic.答案：B词义猜测题。画线部分后的“go the extra mile and spend 168 on pickmeups (提神物品) to get their mate through a rocky patch (艰难时刻) like the breakup of a relationship”就是对它的进一步说明。此处指虽然在朋友哭泣时成为朋友的依靠并不需要花费什么，但是英国人会为朋友付出更多，他们会花168英镑来为朋友买令人振作的物品，助其度过诸如关系破裂等困难时期。由此推断画线部分的意思应该是“慷慨的”，故选B。2To keep the relationship, where do BFFs spend most money?ABuying birthday presents. BCheering up a friend in low spirits.CPaying for holiday gifts and other treats.DGoing a particular distance to visit friends.答案：D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“blowing 4,679 on birthday presents”“spend 168 on pickmeups (提神物品)”以及第三段中的“242 spent on presents . from gifts bought on holiday to treats .”“spend a whopping (巨大的) 18,000 on travel to see each other”可知，为了维持一段友谊，花在旅途中的费用是最多的，所以选D。3What is Natashas understanding of BFF friendship?AIts costly and unaffordable.BIts expensive but worthwhile.CIts rewarding but hard to keep.DIts changeable but worth possessing.答案：B推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Those friendships which stand the test of time are often the most important in our lives. However, they come at a cost.”可知，Natasha认为，经受得起时间考验的友谊通常是我们人生中最重要的东西，但那是要付出成本的。也就是说与一生的挚友的友谊很贵但很值得。所以选B。4How is the passage developed?ABy listing figures.BBy giving examples.CBy analyzing causes.DBy making comparisons.答案：A推理判断题。根据文中的“23,870”“4,679”“168”，“242”“18,000”等数据可知，本文作者是通过列数据的方法来行文的，故选A。(2019百校联盟联考)Dealing with obesity is difficult. A lot of factors such as ethnicity, genetics, lifestyle, and personal habits should be considered in the management of obesity. Obesity, if not properly managed, can lead to a lot of health problems that may later evolve into lifethreatening diseases.The management of obesity mostly focuses on lifestyle changes. Reaching your healthy weight involves proper management of your diet and exercise. The obese person may seek the help of a dietitian or a personal trainer.There are a lot of diets that have gained popularity. However, it is best that you consult your dietitian on what is best for you. Furthermore, your dietitian would consider your food preferences. If you are a little low in the budget, take into consideration the current dietary recommendations that are based on the food pyramid. This is researchable on the Internet. You can use this as a guide on how much you are supposed to eat.Exercise has a lot of benefits. It burns those extra calories and prevents different health problems from occurring. Thus, exercise is vital if you wish to lose weight. People are often too lazy to engage in exercise. However, there are numerous alternatives to the usual exercise routine. If you want things to be plain, walking or biking is a good exercise. It is important that you stick to your exercise plan so that you would achieve your desired results. However, you must set realistic goals so as not to be disappointed.Behavioral changes are vital to conquering obesity. Those who engage in crash diets are mostly unsuccessful in weight management because they do not have any behavioral change.Sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain. Perhaps adding physical activity to your schedule would help in weight management. Physical activity could be as simple as dancing around the house or just plain strolling along the mall.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，肥胖会导致很多健康问题，甚至会威胁生命安全，所以它是一个值得认真对待的问题。本文建议人们从几个方面进行肥胖问题的自我管理，包括饮食、锻炼、行为习惯的改变和生活方式的选择等。5Why is obesity a severe problem?AIt may threaten your life.BIt can influence your work.CIt may make you look unattractive.DIt can prevent you from playing sports.答案：A细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Obesity, if not properly managed, can lead to a lot of health problems that may later evolve into lifethreatening diseases.”可知，肥胖会导致健康问题，甚至会发展成为威胁生命安全的疾病。故选A。6What should you do if you dont have much money?ATurn to an expert.BRefer to eating advice.CMainly eat energygiving food.DSeldom have nutritious food.答案：B细节理解题。根据第三段中的“If you are a little low in the budget, take into consideration the current dietary recommendations that are based on the food pyramid. This is researchable on the Internet.”可知，如果你预算紧张(资金不够)，可以考虑基于食物金字塔的饮食推荐，那些都可以在网上搜到。故选B。7Why should you set practical aims?AYou will never feel disappointed.BThey will make you go on.CYou will carry out simple things.DThey will make you feel relaxed.答案：B细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“However, you must set realistic goals so as not to be disappointed.”可知，在锻炼时，要设置合理的目标，那样就不至于失望，也就是说会有继续坚持的动力。B项“They will make you go on(他们将会使你继续坚持)”符合语境，故选B。8What does the underlined word “Sedentary” in the last paragraph mean?AUnhealthy. BOvereating.CUnchangeable. DInactive.答案：D词义猜测题。根据“Sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain.”可知，这种生活方式会让人长胖。再结合后文中的“Perhaps adding physical activity to your schedule would help in weight management.”可知，增加身体运动会有助于管理体重。说明前面那种生活方式就是“缺少身体锻炼的，不活跃的”。D项inactive表示“不活跃的，不积极的”。故选D。(2019安徽皖江名校联盟联考)Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing?Tomato sauce is not Italian; the tomato is native to South America and was not introduced to Europe until the 16th century. Tea isnt British, it wasnt even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.Tea is of such great importance, that it was featured in the Evening Standard written by George Orwell back in 1946. The famous author describes the beverage (饮品) thusly “tea is one of the main stays of civilization in this country”. But when, exactly, did this practice become in fashion?The year was 1662, a mere 111 years before insurgents (茶党) from the soontobe ruling champions of the Revolutionary War dumped a whole bunch of tea into Boston Harbor. Catherine of Braganza of Portuguese royalty married King Charles of England, and then went on to make teatime a thing. But the thirst for tea fell at one timethe costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford. However, when Catherine started to make tea consumption a daily practice, it passed on to the other nobles.Not long after the practice was initially adopted by the upper class, the East India company began to import more tea to meet the demand. With the prices lowered, everybody could afford to have a good taste, and suddenly tea was the drink of the everyman.After centuries of ritual (习惯), it has become entirely rooted in the British identity itself. Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了为什么英国人对茶的钟爱日渐流行，成为一种标识性的生活方式。9What is the best title for the passage?AWhy the British Drink So Much TeaBWhy Tea Is So Popular Across the WorldCHow Tea Was Introduced into EuropeDWhich Kind of Tea Is the Most Favored答案：A标题判断题。根据首段“Tea is obviously a big deal in Britain, but have you ever wondered how it became a thing？”可知，本文讲述了为什么英国人会喝那么多茶。故选A。10The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refers to “_”Atomato Btomato sauceCtea Da thing答案：C指代判断题。根据第二段最后两句“Tea isnt British, it wasnt even all that popular for Britons until the 17th century. But now it is as British as dull weather and red phone booths.”可知，茶并非原产于英国，甚至在17世纪之前在英国都不怎么流行，但是现在茶、阴沉的天气和红色电话亭都已成为英国独有的标识。故选C。11According to Paragraph 4, Britons interest in tea once dropped because _.Ait was not drinkableBthey were not used to itCit was not affordableDthey refused anything foreign答案：C推理判断题。根据第四段倒数第二句“But the thirst for tea fell at one timethe costs to transport it from the Far East were far more than Britons could afford.”可知，英国人曾经对茶的热情度下降，这是因为运送成本太高超出了英国人的支付能力。故选C。12What can we know from the passage?AGeorge Orwell promoted tea sales across England.BKing Charles of England drank tea on a daily basis.CThe Turkish produce the most tea every year.DPeople may associate tea with Britons a lot.答案：D推理判断题。根据最后一段末句“Turkey may consume the most tea annually, but the British still hold the title of association.”可知，尽管土耳其对茶的年消耗量最多，人们还是会把茶和英国联系在一起。故选D。(2019浙江新高考名校联考信息卷四)Ill never forget that “very important meeting” with a guidance counselor (咨询顾问) during my senior year of high school. I gladly and dutifully shared my dreams, and was looking forward to hearing his lifechanging advice on how best to achieve my academic and professional goals for the future. He told me that I was not college material and that “possibly_a_nice_secretarial_school”_would_be_more_my_league. His advice did change my life, though not in the way he expectedbecause I didnt follow it. I didnt even consider it. By trying to put limitation on my future, he made me even more determined to pursue (追求) a college degree and a career of my choice.At that moment in my eighteenth year, I took charge of my life. I decided what kind of college I wanted to attendone that was small, personal and would foster my enthusiasm and interests. I searched through many resources until I found the one for me: Endicott Junior College, then a womenonly college in Beverly, Massachusetts. When I visited Endicott, it felt like home, and my choice was made. It was the only college I visited, applied to, and was interviewed by.I was accepted into Endicott for the fall term and immediately knew it was the right school for me. After studying subjects ranging from English to early childhood education to psychology and art, I graduated with an associate degree in advertising. Then I went to one of the state universities. I decided to get my Bachelors degreeand I did, while holding two parttime jobs. Now, when my little girls tell me they want to do this or that, I always tell them that Ill be right there for them, doing everything in my power to support them in making it happen. Because I know dreams really do come true.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者坚定地坚持和追求自己的梦想，最终梦想成真的故事。13What does the underlined sentence indicate?AThe author could work in a secretarial school.BThe author might be more suitable to be a secretary.CThe author was good at communicating with others.DThe author was encouraged to receive higher education.答案：B句意理解题。根据画线处所在句“He told me that I was not college material and that possibly a nice secretarial school would be more my league.”可知，咨询顾问告诉作者她不是上大学的料，可能一所好的秘书学校更适合作者。也就是说咨询顾问觉得作者可能更适合做秘书。故选B。14What can we learn about the author from the passage?AShe worked parttime after graduation.BShe got her Bachelors degree at Endicott.CShe was satisfied with her choice of Endicott.DShe visited many colleges before picking Endicott.答案：C细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“When I visited Endicott, it felt like home, and my choice was made.”及第三段第一句“I was accepted into Endicott for the fall term and immediately knew it was the right school for me.”可知，作者选择了Endicott，而且她觉得这所学校很适合自己。由此可知，作者对自己选择了Endicott这所学校很满意。其他选项均与原文细节有出入。故选C。 15.Which of the following can be best used to describe the author?AStubborn and ambitious.BBrilliant and supportive.CCreative and hardworking.DDetermined and strongminded.答案：D推理判断题。根据文章内容，尤其是第一段最后三句“His advice did change my life, though not in the way he expectedbecause I didnt follow it. I didnt even consider it. By trying to put limitation on my future, he made me even more determined to pursue (追求) a college degree and a career of my choice.”可知，作者没有听从咨询顾问的建议，而是坚定地选择坚持自己的梦想，选择攻读大学学位，选择自己的职业；再结合下文内容可知，作者一步步努力去实现自己的梦想，是一个有主见、意志坚定的人。16What is the theme of the passage?AThe best choice is the one that fits you.BSchool education is of great importance.CEveryone should hold on to their dreams.DHonest advice is always difficult to take.答案：C主旨大意题。根据作者没有盲目地听从咨询顾问的建议，而是坚持自己的梦想，并最终实现了梦想的故事以及作者支持女儿们做想做的事情这一态度，同时结合文章最后一句可知，本文要传达的主题应是“每个人都应该坚持自己的梦想”。故选C。强化特训6词义猜测类(限时：25分钟) 1For many animals in the ocean, crabs (螃蟹) are food. How can they stay off the dinner menu?One type of crab, known as the decorator crab, has found a clever solution. It “decorates” itself. Decorator crabs use seaweed or sea sponges to protect themselves from natural enemies. More than 100 types of decorator crabs are found worldwide. One type, commonly called the longnose spider crab, takes decorating to a whole new level.“My original thought was that they might just try to look like a piece of seaweed to blend into (融入) the background，” says Dr Jay Stachowicz, from the University of California. But he soon noticed something odd.The ocean floor was covered in seaweed, but these crabs wouldnt use just any kind they found. “They were very, very picky，” says Dr Stachowicz. “They were picking things that were fairly uncommon.”Dr Stachowicz noticed that longnose spider crabs would pick up a piece of seaweed and attach it to their back. Sometimes they would just eat it. These crabs were choosing to decorate themselves with seaweed that has a pepperytasting chemical in it. Most fish find this chemical unappetizing.Picking the right decorating material is important to the longnose spider crabs chances of survival. “If the crabs just decorated themselves to look like the background, they would be giving their natural enemies a little side salad with the main course，” says Dr Stachowicz. But by carefully choosing the peppery seaweed, these decorator crabs can make their natural enemies stay away from them.Once a longnose spider crab has put together a good suit of “seaweed armor (盔甲)” to protect itself, it is set for a while. “When a crab leaves its old shell naturally, it has to redecorate. It often uses seaweed from its old shell to decorate the new one. What a smart animal it is！” says Dr Stachowicz.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种属于装饰蟹的蜘蛛蟹，它们把伪装自己的本领发展到了一个新的境界它们通过食用一种让其捕食者没有食欲的海草或用这些海草装扮自己的蟹壳来躲避危险。1What does the underlined word “odd” in Paragraph 3 mean?ADangerous. BRidiculous.CUndisturbed. DUnexpected.答案：D词义猜测题。根据画线词所在的第三段中的“My original thought was that they might just try to look like a piece of seaweed to blend into (融入) the background”及第四、五段内容可知，Stachowicz博士一开始认为这种蜘蛛蟹会把自己装扮得跟周围的环境一样来躲避捕食者，但后来他发现它们会挑选特定的海草来伪装自己。它们如此地挑剔，这是他“意想不到的”。2Whats the longnose spider crabs survival secret?ADont move.BDont be alone.CDont look tasty.DDont approach seaweed.答案：C推理判断题。文章第五、六段讲长鼻蜘蛛蟹的求生技巧。根据第五段中的“These crabs were choosing to decorate themselves with seaweed that has a pepperytasting chemical in it. Most fish find this chemical unappetizing.”及第六段中的“But by carefully choosing the peppery seaweed, these decorator crabs can make their natural enemies stay away from them.”可知，长鼻蜘蛛蟹会特意选择一种有胡椒味的海草，这种味道让它们的捕食者们望而却步，所以长鼻蜘蛛蟹的生存技巧就是不要让自己看起来那么美味。A、B两项文中未提及，而D项描述与原文不符，长鼻蜘蛛蟹就是要靠海草伪装自己。3What did Dr Stachowicz find out about longnose spider crabs?AThey fight with fish over food.BThey recycle their decorations.CThey are sensitive
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