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小学英语语法归类1. 名词的数Look and learn.a baby a boy a girl a chair a mirroran umbrella an apple an ice cream an egg an orange 同学们,你们发现了吗?有的单词前面用的是“a”,有的是“an”,为什么呢?因为“a”是要放在一辅音开头的名词之前,而“an”是放在一元音开头的名词前。Four babies three knives two boxes seven potatoes six photos five chairsEight feet nine men ten sheep英语中表示两个或两个以上的概念是,要用名词的复数形式。名词单数变复数的规则:构成法例词读音一般情况在词尾加-sCow-cowsTree- treesDuck- ducks-s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/以s,x, sh,ch,结尾的词在词尾加-esBus busesBox boxesBrush brushesPeach -peaches-es读/iz/以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i加-esBaby babiesStory storiesFamily - families-ies读/iz/以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f或fe为v加-es;少数不变,只在词尾加-sKnife knivesWolf wolvesLife -lives-ves读/vz/下列单词变复数属于不规则变化:Man-men woman-women tooth- teeth mouse-miceFoot- feet goose-geese child-children fish-fish Sheep-sheep Chinese-chinese下列单词只有复数形式:Clothes trousers glasses2. 可数名词和不可数名词One baby two babies three babiesOne book two books three booksOne child two children three childrenOne foot two feet three feet One sheep two sheep three sheep像上面的这些单词一样,能够以数计算的事物的名词就是可数名词。a slice of bread (some bread) a box of chalk(some chalk) a packet of tea (some tea) a piece of meat(some meat)a jar of jam(some jam) a bowl of rice (some rice)a glass of water(some water)像上面的这些单词一样,不能以数计算而且必须通过用容器的量来表示的名词就是不可数名词。3. 指示代词,名词所有格Those are trees. This is a goose.That is a duck. These are flowers.句子中的this ,that, these,those是表示四个指示概念的词,它们被称为指示代词。你知道它们分别表示什么意思吗?this,these 靠近我that,those 离我远this,that 指单数these,those 指复数构成法例词变所有格后的意义+sJack-JacksHansel-Hanselsmy sister-my sisters 杰克的汉瑟的我妹妹的+students-studentsgirls-girlsJones-Jones同学们的女孩子们的琼斯的表示名词中所属关系的形式称为名词所有格。它分两种形式:上面这个表格反应的的是有生命的名词表示的所有格;而无生命的词,一般用“名词+of+名词”的结构表示该名词的所有格,如“the story of Jack and the beanstalk, the door of the classroom”.4. 物主代词Hello,everyone.My name is Teddy.His name is Billy.This is our classroom.Her name is Cathy.She is our English teacher.That pencil-box is his.The chalk is hers.The exercise-books are ours.Look,this book is mine.表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词(my,your, his,her,its,our,their)和名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs)。形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称his,her,itstheirhis,hers,itstheirs5.主格和宾格数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit替代人或事物的代词称为人称代词。人称代词有主格和宾格的变化,人称代词的主格在句子中作主语,人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语。6.现在进行时She is reading a book. He is writing,They are swimming. Im lying in the bed.表示现在正在进行着的动作或状态用现在进行时,其结构是:be(is,am,are)+动词现在分词。现在分词的三种构成形式:动词词尾加-ing,以不发音字母e结尾的词去e后再加-ing,以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母的词双写末字母再加-ing。(现在进行时表示动作状态,此时此刻现阶段正发生,结构是is,am,are+动词ing。现在分词直接加,去e加,双写加。read-reading,write-writing,swim-swimming)7.数词数词分为基数词和序数词两种,表示数目的的词是基数词。基数词百位以上数词的读法:在百位和十位(没有十位则和个位)之间加and。英语中的基数词每三位数算一个单位hundred 百 thousand千 million百万 billion十亿 长的基数词则要用逗号从右向左三位三位地分开,如20,405读作twenty thousand ,four hundred and five.表示数目顺序的词是序数词1) 从第4到第19的序数词形式是以基数词加-th 构成。2) 从20到90等以-ty结尾的十位整数,把y改成i再加-eth构成序数词。3) 两位或多位数,只将个位改成序数词,其余仍用基数词表示。8.形容词,副词的比较级和最高级单音节和部分双音节词的比较等级变化1) 加-er,-est long-longer longest short-shorter-shortest2) 加-r,-st nice-nicer-nicest large-larger-largest3) 改y为I,加-er,-est happy-happier-happiest easy-easier-easiest4) 双写末字母,加-er,-est big-bigger-biggest fat-fatter-fattest多数形容词和部分副词可以分为原级,比较级和最高级三个等级,用来区分程度的不同。比较两个物或两个人时,用比较级;比较三个或三个以上人或物时,用最高级。9.形容词,副词的比较级和最高级1)多音节词和部分双音节词,在词前面加more和the most分别构成该词的比较级和最高级。2)不规则变化good,well,fine-better-best bad,badly-worse-worstmany,much-more-most little-less-leastfar-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)10)There be 句型口诀:there is,there are某处有某物,there is there is 单数有,there arethere are 复数有,结构是:there be +某物+方位介词+某处。
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