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考点16动词不定式高考频度： 动词不定式定义动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号to+do构成。没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可做主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语,具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。形式时态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing-完成进行式to have been doing-否定式否定词（not/never）+动词不定式考向一 不定式的作用1. 作主语：不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。It took us two hours to finish the job.（1）其他系动词如look，appear等也可用于此句型。（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is .to.句型。试比较：It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（错）To believe him is to negate my own idea .（对） （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb to do sth结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of，否则用 for。2. 作宾语（1）动词+不定式。He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）（2）动词+疑问词+to，特殊疑问句+不定式相当于名词，作宾语。I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3. 作宾语补足语（1）动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。He warned me to be careful.注意：可以用动词不定式作宾补的动词有：ask，tell，order，want，get，would like，like，advise，invite，allow，help，wish，warn，expect，would prefer，encourage。（2）表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）（3）There +不定式。We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像regard，think，believe，take，consider。We regard Eric as our best teacher. 我们认为艾瑞克是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（4）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。They saw the boy fall off the tree.（5）help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。I often help him (to) clean the room.I helped him (to) find his things.1. (2018新课标III卷语法填空)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _70_ (stay)and watch.【参考答案】 【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。此处allow sb to do允许某人做某事，动词不定式作宾补，应该用to stay。2. (2018天津卷单项填空) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs_.A. taking B. takenC. being taken D. take【参考答案】B3.（2017新课标卷I语法填空）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.【参考答案】to process【答案解析】考查不定式。句意：他们被要求加工食物。require表示要求，require sb. to do sth.表示要求某人做某事，被动形式为sb. be required to do sth.(某人被要求做某事)。故填to process。4. 作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）（1）不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。Do you have anything else to say?（2）如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。I need a pen to write with. (I will write with the pen ) 我需要一支钢笔写字。I have a little baby to look after. (I must look after the little baby ) 我有一个婴儿要照看。5. 作状语作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to，so as to，so. as to，such.as to，enough to，too.to等。（1）作目的状语，just to，only to（仅仅为了），in order to，so as to，so(such). as to.（如此以便）He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.（3）作原因状语。We were very excited to hear the news.（4）作条件状语。To turn to the left, you could find a post office.6. 作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。The question is how to put it into practice.（1）不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。（2）当主语是不定式时，表语不能用V-ing形式，可用不定式。To see is to believe. （眼见为实）(Seeing is believing. )1.（2018新课标I卷语法填空） You dont have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit.【参考答案】to see2.(2017新课标卷II短文改错)When summer came（comes）, they will invite their students pick the vegetables！【参考答案】 pick改为to pick3. (2017浙江卷语法填空)Sixteen years earlier (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal.【参考答案】to cook 【答案解析】考查动词不定式。一个句子不能出现双重谓语，所以此处要用不定式作目的状语。故填to cook。考向二 不定式的时态和语态1. 不定式的时态（1）现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this. （2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.（4）完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2. 不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。He was seen to enter the hall. 考向三省to 的动词不定式一、使役动词后省略to的情况在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：My mother wouldnt let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。I dont like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶，可是母亲强迫我喝。注意： 1. 当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被动语态)。2. force, oblige等虽然也表示2. force, oblige使，但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如：He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他们一起去。The police obliged him to leave. 警方强迫他离开。二、感官动词后省略to的情况在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。We often hear her sing this song. 我们经常听到她唱这首歌。 Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗?注意：1. 这里所说的感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等。但是它们用于被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。但是，用于以上句型的动词notice 和watch和通常不用于被动语态。2. 类似地，动词look at和listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to。3. 若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为 to be，则要带 to(其他情况不带 to)。4. 若不定式为完成式，通常应带 to。三、动词help后省略to的情况在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。如：Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗？Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 妈妈帮助我做作业。注意：1. 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时，不定式通常带to。如：Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。These tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。2. 在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。如：The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。四、why (not)后省略to的情况在why (not)?之后的不定式不能带to。如：Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师？Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?五、介词except / but后省略to的情况用作介词except, but宾语的不定式有时带to，有时不带to。其大致原则是：若其前出现了动词 do，其后的不定式通常不带 to；若其前没有出现动词 do，则其后的不定式通常带 to。如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。It had no effect except to make him angry. It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。六、主语带do表语省略to的情况当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。What Ill do is 我要做的就是告诉她真相。七、并列不定式省略to的情况当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略。如：He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。Im really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知该怎么想怎么说。It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的to不可省略。如：To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。八、省略不定式是否保留to在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。如：I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。 Dont be late. Ill try not to. 不要来晚了。我尽量不来晚。Dont go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。注意：1. 若被省略的不定式为to be短语，则通常应保留to be。如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。2. 有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to。如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。They knew her very well. They had seen her _（grow）up from childhood.【参考答案】grow 题组一 基础过关单项填空1._ in Northern Europe rose steadily in the third quarter of 2016, following a 0.1 percent increase in the previous quarter.A. Tourist spendingB. Tourist spentC. Tourist spendD. Tourist spends2.Its natural for there _ a generation gap between parents and their children.A. beingB. having beenC.to beD.to have been3.Its important for the figures _ regularly.A. to be updatedB.to have been updatedC. to updateD.to have updated4.Its interesting _ the children _there.A. watching; playingB.to watch ; to playC.to watch; playingD. watching ; play5._ exactly what was wrong with him, the doctors gave him a complete examination.A. To discoverB. DiscoveringC. DiscoveredD. Having been discovered6.Many parents dont take their kids interests and ages into consideration, only _ More haste, less speed their curiosity is being killed.A. findingB. having foundC.to findD. find7.My grandma, living separately in the country, is just content to sit comfortably in front of TV each evening, happy _ Chinese traditional opera programs.A.to be watchingB. watchingC.to watchD.to be watched8.How pleasant the picture is to _!A. look atB. being looked atC. looking atD.be looked at9.Tom was proud _ captain of our school football team.A.to chooseB.to be chosenC.to have been chosenD.to have chosen10.A lot of employees at the company said Eric was impossible_, and indeed he was tough.A. dealing withB. dealt withC.to deal withD.to be dealt with题组二 能力提升阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。In much of Asia, especially the so-called rice bowl cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 1 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 3 (create) special designs.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4 (use) twigs(树枝)to remove it. Over time, 5 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 8 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9 (be) too violent for use at the table.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10 their hands. 题组三 体验真题1.（2016北京卷单项填空）_ it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.A. Made B. Make C. Making D. To make2.（2016全国新课标卷III语法填空）Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.3. (2014天津卷)Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _ it didnt fitA. to find B. found C. finding D. having found4.(2014山东卷) Its standard practice for a company like this one_ a security officer. A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs5.（2014四川卷） I hope to take the computer course. Good idea. _ more about it, visit this website.A. To find out B. Finding out C. To be finding out D. Having found out题组一 基础过关单项填空1.A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句意在2016年的第三季度北欧的旅游支出稳步上升，比上一季度增长0.1%。 和句子结构可知， _in Northern Europe是句子的主语，所以动词spend该用ing形式（即动名词），而Tourist是动名词的逻辑主语，所以A项（Tourist spending游客花销/旅游支出）的结构正确且符合语境之意。故选A。2.C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。it是形式主语，to do（动词不定式）作真正的主语。构成It is +adj. to do 结构。3.A 【解析】考查不定式短语作主语的用法。句意:数据定期更新很重要。题干属于It+be+adj.+for sb./sth.+不定式结构，该结构中,It为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语。update与the figures为动宾关系，所以不定式用被动形式，而且此处陈述的是一般情况，不涉及谓语动作与非谓语动作的先后次序，故用不定式的一般被动式作主语，所以A项切题。4.C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：看到孩子们在那儿玩非常有趣。由语境可知，孩子们正在那边玩。该题考查watch sb. doing sth.结构，意为看到某人正在做某事，故第二个空填playing。doing做主语，表示经常性的动作。to do做主语，表示某一次的行为。由语境可知，该处并不是经常性的动作。故要用to do作主语。C选项切题。7.C 【解析】考查不定式。句意：独自住在村里的奶奶，每晚只是喜欢舒适地坐在电视机前，快乐地观看中国传统戏剧节目。此处源于词组be happy to do sh.乐意做某事，该空处为形容词词组作状语，修饰主语的状态。故选C。8.A 【解析】该句是感叹句，解题时应将其还原为陈述句：the pictures is pleasant to 该结构中不定式作状语修饰作表语的形容词pleasant，且look at与句子主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，sb/sth is adj to do sth是固定句式，用不定时的主动表被动，选A项。9.C 【解析】考查非谓语。句意：Tom非常自豪被选为我们校足球队的队长。根据句意可知要运用被动语态，用现在完成时的被动语态表示此事已经发生，且有一定影响。故选C。10.C 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：公司里的许多员工说，对付Eric是不可能的。他确实很难对付。hard, difficult, easy, impossible等形容词作表语时，其后的不定式如果与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，通常用不定式的主动形式，故选to deal with。题组二 能力提升【语篇解读】本文介绍了筷子的材质与中国使用筷子的悠久历史及文化内涵。1.and 【解析】考查并列连词。分析句子结构及语境可知，Vietnam与空前的China， Japan， Korea之间是并列关系，故填并列连词and。4.using 【解析】考查非谓语动词。use与其逻辑主语People之间是主谓关系，故此处用现在分词作状语。5.as/when 【解析】考查状语从句。随着人口的增长或当人口增长时，人们开始把食物切成小片。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导状语从句，表示随着或当时，故填as或when。6.gradually 【解析】考查副词。应用副词修饰动词，故用 gradually。7.who 【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Confucius，且关系词在从句中作主语，故填who。8.development【解析】考查名词。根据空前的the及空后的of可知，此处应填名词development。9.were 【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的believed可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，应用一般过去时；从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。故填were。10.with 【解析】考查介词。此处指大部分人用手吃饭，故填with。题组三 体验真题1.D 【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。句意：为了更方便地联系到我们，你最好随身带着这张卡片。根据句意可知，这里是目的状语，表目的用动词不定式，故选D。2.to create【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来，以创造出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的，故填to create。4.C 【解析】it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。句意：像这样的一个公司雇用一名保安是惯例。故答案选C。5.A 【解析】由结构判断此处是非谓语短语位于句首表示目的，现在分词不做目的状语，排除CD选项。To be doing强调正在进行，不能做目的状语，故答案选A。句意：-我希望选修计算机课程。-好主意。要想多了解计算机情况的话，去这个网站看看。 14
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