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考点15非谓语动词高考频度： 【命题解读】非谓语动词是动词用法中最为复杂的部分之一，它不仅有时态的变化、语态的不同，而且还要格外注意其所表达的逻辑关系，这些都是非谓语动词用法的难点。 近年来，高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。 另外，对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。【命题预测】预测2018年高考非谓语动词仍将是考查的重点。非谓语动词在语法填空、短文改错中考查的份额很重。【复习建议】 1. 掌握非谓语动词的基本用法和含义；2. 掌握非谓语动词的时态和语态；3. 掌握非谓语动词的句法功能；4. 掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语意下的运用。非谓语动词的形式和意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done 不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词/动名词一般式doingbeing done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生完成式having donehaving been done 其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成考向一非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。To keep themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories.为了不至于睡着，他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。(2)作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，经常与only连用。We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。(3)作原因状语形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。Were proud to be young people of China.作为中国青年我们感到自豪。在“主语系动词表语(形容词)to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy，difficult，important，interesting，pleasant，comfortable，dangerous等。The chair is very comfortable to sit on.这把椅子坐上去很舒服。1.（2018新课标I卷语法填空） You dont have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit.【参考答案】to see2.(2017北京卷单项填空)Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online _ their valuable time. A. save B. saving C. to save D. saved【参考答案】C【答案解析】 考查非谓语动词。此处动词不定式表示目的， 故答案为C。句意：现在很多航空公司为节省乘客的时间所以允许他们在线打印登机牌。其它选项不符合语境及题意。3.(2017天津卷单项填空)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train _.A. catching B. caught C. to catch D. to be caught【参考答案】C【解题技巧】 动词的不定式用法口诀：不定式有标记，to与动词连一起。没有人称数变化，动词特点它具备。主宾定状表补语，唯独作谓不可以。not 加上不定式，否定结构要牢记。疑问词与不定式，构成短语有意义。仔细推敲多思考，准确判断有依据。2分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。Satisfied with what he did，the teacher praised him in class.由于老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。(2)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。Having cleaned the desks，we began reading.擦完桌子后，我们便开始看书。(3)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。Having been shown the classrooms，we were taken to see the library.我们被领着看了教室后，又被带去看图书馆。(4)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。1. (2018江苏卷单项填空)Around13,500newjobswerecreatedduringtheperiod, _theexpectednumber of 12,000 heldby marketanalysts.A. havingexceeded B. toexceedC. exceeded D. exceeding【答案】D【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在这期间，大约创造13,500个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12,000的预期数量。分析全句可知，这里指前一件事情所带来自然而然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。故选D。 2.(2017天津卷) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _ more patients to be treated.A. being allowed B. allowing C. having allowed D. allowed【参考答案】B考向二非谓语动词作宾语1下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish; refuse，manage，care，pretend; offer，promise，choose，plan; agree，ask/beg，help。此外，afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。2有些动词只能用动名词作宾语【巧学妙记】巧记动词后跟动名词的口诀：避免错过少延期，建议完成多练习，喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌，逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。avoid, miss, delay,suggest, finish, practice, enjoy, imagine, resist, admit, deny, envy, escape, risk, pardon, stand, keep, mindI would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.今天下午如果你能给我回电话，我将非常感激。3下列短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语be used/accustomed to，lead to，devote to，stick to，object to，He has accustomed to living the small village.他已经习惯了住在这个小乡村。We are looking forward to coming to China.我们期待着来中国。4下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意I didnt mean to hurt you.我本无意伤害你。Doing morning exercises means getting up early. 做早操意味着早起床。1. （2018新课标I卷语法填空）You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die) early by running. 【参考答案】 dying2.After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on all the people who had helped in her career. A. to thank B. thanking C. having thanked D. to have thanked【参考答案】A【答案解析】句意：在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角后，Anne Benedict继续感谢所有帮助她演绎生涯的人。go on to do继续做不同的事情，所以选A。考向三非谓语动词作宾补1感官动词(词组)see，watch，observe，look at，notice，hear，listen to，feel的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：I saw him leave a few minutes ago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多地找机会听英语。2使役动词make，let，have，get后加复合宾语的情况The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到他。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。He had the fire burning all night.他让火燃烧了一夜。 He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.他试图使他的工作在医学界被认可。1.(2018新课标III卷语法填空)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _70_ (stay)and watch.2. (2018天津卷单项填空) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs_.A. taking B. takenC. being taken D. take【参考答案】B3.Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _ live is quite another.A. perform B. performing C. to perform D. being performed【参考答案】D【答案解析】句意：在家里面听音乐是一回事，去到现场听又是另一回事。hear sb./sth. doing 表听到某人/某物做某事。由于音乐是被演奏的，所以需要被动，所以选D。考向四非谓语动词作定语1现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。A young teacher teaching English came to apply for the position.一位教英语的年轻老师来申请这个工作岗位。2过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动和完成。Tsinghua University，founded in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures.建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。3不定式作定语表示未做的事情。The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。 (2017北京卷单项填空) Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time _ with his students.A. to spend B. spend C. spending D. spent 【参考答案】D【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。 分析句子结构可知，_ with his students是非谓语动词短语作后置定语，且“时光”是被度过，而且这里指的是“已经被度过的时光”， 故选 D 。句意：吉姆已经退休了， 但他仍然记得跟学生们一起度过的快乐时光。考向五非谓语动词作主语和表语1不定式、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。Eating too much chocolate is bad for your teeth.吃太多的巧克力对你的牙齿有害。To complete that building in ten months was a great achievement.那座楼10个月就盖成是一个了不起的成就。2动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征；不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。Our job is playing all kinds of music.我们的工作是演奏各种各样的音乐。His ambition is to go to Harvard University.他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。3下列句型中常用动名词作主语：Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动只是抱怨是没有用的。 (2018北京卷单项填空） _ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experienceA. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled【答案】B考向六独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的形式独立结构可分为两部分，一部分事名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。1. 名词/代词+形容词I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下，门开着，他默默地站在那。2. 名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散散步。3. 名词/代词+过去分词 More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们会做的更好。The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里，右手高举。4. 名词/代词（主格）+不定式Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.这是前俩卷，第三卷将于下雨问世。The two boy said good-bye to each other ,one to go home ,the other to go to his friends俩个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。5. 名词/代词+介词短语The huntsman entered the forest ,gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。注意：这里 gun in hand 还可以说成 with a gun in hand。 但不可以说 a gun in hand 或 gun in his hand。6. 名词/代词+副词 Nobody in ,the thief took a lot of things away. 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。Lunch over ,he left the house .But he was thinking.午饭结束，他离开了路。但他还在考虑。7. 名词/代词+名词He fought the wolf ,a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。8. with 复合结构它的构成是：“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾语由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour.福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）He used to sleep with the door open . 他过去常开着门睡觉 （形容词）With a boy leading the way ,they started towards the village.由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）With the work done ,he went home. 工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）With you to help us, we will finish the task in time 有你来帮忙，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on night .夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）从以上例句可以看出：在with 复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态是，用现代分词：当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是，用过去分词：当这种主谓关系表示将来意义是，用不定时：当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。二、独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。2. 作条件状语Weather permitting(If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。Much time _ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. spending【参考答案】C题组一 基础过关I.用所给词的适当形式填空1.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but he refused _ (stop)until we reached the next stop.2.After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on _ (thank) all the people who had helped in her career.3.I got to the office earlier that day，_ (catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.4.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground，_ (wonder) whether to stay or leave.5._ (catch)the early flight，we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.6.One morning，I was waiting at the bus stop，worried about _ (be)late for school.7.It took years of work _ (reduce)the industrial pollution and clean the water.9.Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way _ (use)the sun and the stars.9.Keep _ (hold)your position for a while.It helps develop your strength and flexibility.10. _ (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.题组二 能力提升I单项填空1.The number of Internet users in China _hit 604 million by the end of September in 2013, with mobile phones _the favored means of accessing the Web.A. had; becomingB. have; becameC. has; to becomeD. have; becomes2.Most of her spare time _, she still kept on her research in the library.A. occupiedB. had been occupiedC.to be occupiedD. was occupied3.Many people are believed _their homes in the past month as a result of the flood.A.to leaveB.to have leftC.to be leavingD.to be left4._of risk in the street at night, the girl had to go home, with a friend accompanying her.A. WarningB. Having warnedC. Having been warnedD. to be warned5.When _about the reason for winning the prize, the girl owed the success to her teachers.A. askedB. askingC. being askedD. having asked6.She suggested several ideas to help him keep the children_.A. being entertainedB.to entertainC. entertainedD.to be entertained7.A Chinese passenger was among people _when a Mozambique Airlines plane crashed in a national park in northeastern Namibia _all on board.A. killing; to killB. killed; killedC. having killed; killingD. killed; killing8.The lake water is polluted by chemicals from the factory, and the water is not fit _any longer.A.to be drunkB. being drunkC.to drink itD.to drink9.The soldier narrowly escaped _in the fierce battle.A. have killedB. killingC.to be killedD. being killed10.Your father died when you were very young, _me with the full burden of bringing you up.A.to leaveB. leftC. leavingD. being leftII语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 1 (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 2 (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring.Pahlsson screamed 3 loudly that her daughter came running from the house. She thought I had hurt 4 (I),says Pahlsson. Sixteen years 5 (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 6 (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters then ten, eight, and sixhad picked it up, but the girls said they hadnt. Pahlsson and her husband 7 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. I gave up hope of finding my ring again, she says. She never replaced it. Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 8 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 9 it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 10 wonder. 题组三 体验真题1.（2018天津卷） I didnt mean _anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help_ it.A. to eat；to try B. eating；tryingC. eating；to try D. to eat； trying2.(2017江苏) Many Chinese brands, _their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.A. having developed B. being developed C. developed D. developing3.（2016 北京）_ it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.A. Made B. MakeC. Making D. To make4.（2016 北京） Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _ the old town into a dreamland.A. turn B. turningC. to turn D. turned5.（2016江苏）To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study _in Australia in 2012.A.having conductedB.to be conductedC.conductingD.conducted6.(2016北京)_ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.A. Ordering B. To orderC. Having ordered D. Ordered7.(2016江苏)In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message_within the work.A.to hideB. hiddenC. hidingD. being hidden8.（2016 天津）The cooling wind swept through out bedroom windows, _ air conditioning unnecessary.A. making B. to make C. made D. being made题组一 基础过关用所给词的适当形式填空1.to stop2.to thank 3.having caught 4.wondering5.To catch6.being7.to reduce8.using9.holding10.Raised题组二 能力提升I单项填空1.A 【解析】考查时态和with的复合结构。由句中的by the end of September of this year可知谓语应用had，表示过去的过去。第二空处是with的复合结构with+宾语+宾语补足语。become与mobile phones之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词形式becoming。2.A 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：她的大部分时间都被占了，她仍然坚持在图书馆里从事研究工作。空格后为句子，且题干中没有连词，由此可知此处是独立主格结构，可排除B项和D项。由句意可知，此处不表示将来的行为，故选A。3.B 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：人们认为，由于洪灾，在过去的一个月里很多人离开家园。be believed to do人们认为，该短语中的不定式可根据需要采用不同的形式。根据句意可知，此处应用不定式的完成式表示该动作先于谓语动词表示的动作发生。6.C 【解析】考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。句意：她出了几个主意帮助他逗孩子们开心。keep+宾语+宾语补足语结构中，动词作宾语补足语一般用其现在分词或过去分词形式，故排除B和D;being entertained正在被娱乐，与句意不符，故排除A。keep+宾语+宾语补足语结构中，宾语children与entertain为动宾关系，故选C。7.D 【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。第一空用过去分词作定语，表示被动；第二空用现在分词作结果状语。句意：一架莫桑比克航空公司的客机在纳米比亚东北地区的一个国家公园里坠毁时，机上全部人员遇难，其中有一位中国籍乘客。8.D 【解析】形容词fit后跟不定式结构要求用主动形式表示被动意义，注意drink后不再跟宾语it。故选D。9.D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：那位士兵差一点在激烈的战斗中阵亡。escape后接动名词作宾语，The soldier与动词kill之间为动宾关系，故用被动语态。故选D项。10.C 【解析】根据逗号及逗号后无连词可知此处应作状语，主语father与leave之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词表示合乎逻辑的结果。故选C。句意：你父亲在你很小的时候就去世了，留下我一个人承担抚养你的全部责任。II语法填空【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Lena Pahlsson在花园里拔胡萝卜时，找到了丢失已久的结婚戒指的故事。1. carrots 【解析】考查名词。根据a handful of 可知要用carrot的复数形式，故填carrots。2. shiny/shining 【解析】考查形容词。a为冠词，object为名词，横线处应填写形容词。故填shiny或shining。5. earlier 【解析】考查形容词。这里指早在十六年前，故填earlier。6. to cook 【解析】考查动词不定式。一个句子不能出现双重谓语，所以此处要用不定式作目的状语。故填to cook。7. searched 【解析】考查动词时态。根据but turned up nothing可知这里是叙述过去发生的事情，要用一般过去时，故填searched。8. swept 【解析】考查动词。ring与sweep之间是被动关系，要用被动语态。故填swept。9. where 【解析】考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，定语从句中缺少地点状语，先行词为the garden，表示地点，故填关系副词where。10. a 【解析】考查冠词。wonder是可数名词的单数形式，且此处表示泛指，因此其前应加不定冠词a。故填a。题组三 体验真题1.D【解析】考查短语固定搭配。句意：我不打算吃任何东西，但冰淇淋看起来如此的好以至于我忍不住的要试一试。固定短语短语mean to do（打算做），couldnt help doing忍不住做。故选D。2.A【解析】考查非谓语动词。many Chinese brands与develop是逻辑上的主谓关系，也是主动关系，再根据over centuries(数百年了)可知“发展”的动作在“面临挑战”之前早就完成了，故用现在分词的完成式，故选A项。句意：许多已经发展了几个世纪的声誉的中国品牌，现在正面临着来自现代市场的新挑战。3.D 【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。句意：为了更方便地联系到我们，你最好随身带着这张卡片。这里动不定式短语作目的状语，故选D。4.B 【解析】考查现在分词表伴随状况。句意：新建的木屋林立在街道的两旁，使古镇变成了一个梦幻之地。turn的逻辑主语是cottages，两者是主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，故选B。5.D 6.D 【解析】考查过去分词作状语。句意：(因为)那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。Books和order是动宾关系，即order books/books are ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成，在此相当于原因状语从句because they were ordered.，故选D。7.B 【解析】考查分词作定语。本句中名词短语a secret message与动词hide构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词短语hidden within the work在句中做后置定语，修饰名词短语a secret message，相当于定语从句that is hidden within the work。AC项表示主动含义，D项强调正在进行，与语境不符。故B正确。8.A 19
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