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十一、主旨大意标题归纳题(20186月天津，C)Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus：food.Recent development has made possible machines that print，cook，and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed，rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050，and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end，freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson，a professor at Columbia University，said，“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket，youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing，the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently，most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them，and the printing process is quite time-consuming，because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients，because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers，believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A.It helps cooks to create new dishes.B.It saves time and effort in cooking.C.It improves the cooking conditions.D.It contributes to restaurant decorations.答案B解析推理判断题。根据Food production下的第二句中的“.it takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.”可知，利用3D打印机打印食物省时省力。故答案为B。47.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?A.It solves food shortages easily.B.It quickens the transportation of food.C.It needs no space for the storage of food.D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).”可知，3D打印机用的是可再生材料。故D项正确。48.According to Paragraph 4,3D-printed food .A.is more available to consumersB.can meet individual nutritional needsC.is more tasty than food in supermarketsD.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials答案B解析推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.”可知，3D打印机打印食物可以满足个人的营养需求。故答案为B。49.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A.The printing process is complicated.B.3D food printers are too expensive.C.Food materials have to be dry.D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.答案C解析细节理解题。根据Challenges下的“On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients.”可知，选项C正确。50.What could be the best title of the passage?A.3D Food Printing：Delicious New TechnologyB.A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC.The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD.3D Food Printing：From Farm to Table答案A解析标题归纳题。本文介绍了一种美味的新科技3D食物打印，故A项适合作文章标题。一、题型解读记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体所涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有：(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text? (3)What is the best title for this passage?(4)The most suitable title of this passage is .一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括准确而又简短；针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。二、解题技巧1.“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。2.文章标题三特点(1)形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。例如：【真题感悟】中第50题，要求概括标题，文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题“3D Food Printing：Delicious New Technology”。考生做此题时一定要注意选项的内容必须要能概括整个文章的内容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D选项的内容在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意。A(2018天津十二区县二模)Tears of relief and shouts of joy rang out at the San Jose Mine in northern Chile when 33 miners were lifted to freedom，one by one.The men，ranging from 19 to 63 years old，have been buried alive since a cave in the copper and gold mine they were working collapsed on August 5,2010.It is the longest time anyone has ever survived being trapped underground.After the collapse，the men found an emergency shelter off one of the mines tunnels.The temperature in the dark shelter was around 90 degrees Fahrenheit.For more than two weeks，the miners water came from the tanks on their work vehicles.They shared a supply of food that was meant to last for only 48 hours.The miners were totally isolated until rescue teams made contact with the men on August 22.They sent a note to the surface explaining their situation.Rescuers drilled small holes to reach the cave and sent down supply tubes containing food，water，clothes，medicine，fresh air and other supplies.They also received letters from their families，a television set and games.Additional collapses slowed down rescue efforts.Finally，a tunnel was built that could fit a 13-foot rescue capsule(救生舱)，called the Pheonix.The escape hole measures 28 inches across，a tight fit for the twisting 20 minutes,2,041-foot ride.The first miner reached the surface just after midnight on October,13.The rescue mission was faster than expected，and all 33 men had been brought to safety by late the same day.The miners were met by family members who were waiting at Camp Hope，a settlement of tents near the mine.Chiles president，Sebastian Pinera，cheered at the scene and hugged the miners.“We made a promise never to give up，and we kept it，” he said.After an immediate medical exam，the men were airlifted to the nearest hospital for 48 hours of observation.1.How long were the rescued miners trapped in the mine?A.About 48 hours.B.About two weeks.C.One month and a half.D.More than two months.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a cave in the copper and gold mine they were working collapsed(倒塌) on August 5,2010”和倒数第二段第四、五句“The first miner reached the surface just after midnight on October,13.all 33 men had been brought to safety by late the same day.”可知，所有被营救出来的矿工已被困了两个多月。2.Which of the following doesnt belong to the rescue work?A.The water from the tanks.B.Small holes drilled to reach the cave.C.A tunnel built to fix a rescue capsule.D.Letters，games and a TV set from the surface.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“For more than two weeks，the miners water came from the tanks on their work vehicles.”可知，矿工们起初两个多星期饮用的水是作业车辆水箱中原先就有的，不属于救援工作。故选A。3.What can we learn from the text?A.All miners reached the surface just after midnight on October 13.B.The loss of the mine collapse.C.The health condition of the trapped miners.D.The concern of Chiles president about the mine collapse.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Chiles president，Sebastian Pinera，cheered at the scene and hugged the miners.We made a promise never to give up，and we kept it， he said.”可知，智利总统对矿难非常关切。故选D。4.According to the text，the rescued miners .A.received medical examination in a hospital at firstB.could go home immediately they got out of the mineC.had to stay in a hospital for two days before going homeD.felt relieved to see their family members taken good care of答案C解析细节理解题。根据最后一段末句“After an immediate medical exam，the men were airlifted to the nearest hospital for 48 hours of observation.”可知矿工获救后被送往最近的医院进行为期两天的观察。故选C。5.The best title for the text should be .A.Disaster at the MineB.A Miracle at the MineC.Efforts of Great ChileansD.Miserable Life of Chilean Miners答案B解析标题归纳题。本文主要描述了在营救者不懈的努力以及矿工们的顽强毅力下，智利矿难的营救工作取得了圆满成功，33名矿工在困于矿井两个多月后终于获救，这可以说是一个生命的奇迹。B(2018和平区二模)Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers.Brain-computer interface(界面)(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.Recently，two researchers，Jose Milan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic school in Lausanne，Switzerland，demonstrated(展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts.In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.“Our brain has billions of nerve ceils.These send signals through the spinal cord(脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move.But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，” Tavella says.“Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.”The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path.They help the computer react to commands from the brain.Prof.Milan，the team leader，says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands.“The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories：communication，and controlling devices.One example is this wheelchair.”He says his team has set two goals.One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time.6.BCI is technology that can .A.help to update computer systemsB.link the human brain with computersC.help the disabled to recoverD.control a persons thoughts答案B解析细节理解题。根据第一段可知，人类一直在寻找把人脑和电脑联系在一起的方法，BCI可以帮助残疾人向机器发布命令。由此可知，BCI是一种可以连接人脑和电脑的技术。7.How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory?A.By controlling his muscles.B.By talking to the machine.C.By moving his hand.D.By using his mind.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.”可知，特维拉通过想着移动左手或右手，就可以操作轮椅了。说明他通过思维来控制轮椅。8.Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5?A.scalpcomputercapwheelchairB.computercapscalpwheelchairC.scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD.capcomputerscalpwheelchair答案C解析细节理解题。根据第五段第前三句“The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.”可知，首先头皮接收人的思想信号，接着特殊的帽子从头皮上获取信息，再传到计算机上，最终计算机操作轮椅移动。9.The team will test with real patients to .A.make profits from themB.prove the technology useful to themC.make them live longerD.learn about their physical condition答案B解析细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.”可知，他们把这个技术运用于真正的病人身上是为了证明这个技术对病人有用。10.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.Switzerland，the BCI Research CenterB.New Findings About How the Human Brain WorksC.BCI Could Mean More Freedom for the DisabledD.Robotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries答案C解析标题归纳题。文章第一段第二句“Brain-computer interface(界面)(BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.”指出BCI是一种可以连接人脑和电脑的技术，未来它能够帮助残疾人自由活动。文章的其他部分则叙述了与之相关的研究信息。故C项为最佳标题。题型组合练(十四).单项填空1.So involved in his teaching that he can hardly accompany his family at weekends.A.has Mr Wang becomeB.has become Mr WangC.Mr Wang has becomeD.become Mr Wang答案A解析以so开头的句子用部分倒装。此句可还原为：Mr Wang has become so involved in his teaching that he can hardly accompany his family at weekends.。2.I dont think its right to cancel all large celebrations or events just because of one accident.“Once bitten，twice shy” is not a(n) response.What we need to do is to learn the lessons from it.A.spiritual B.considerateC.efficient D.appropriate答案D解析句意为：我认为仅仅因为一次事故就取消所有大型庆祝活动是不对的。“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”是不恰当的反应，我们要做的是从中吸取教训。appropriate适当的；spiritual精神的，心灵的；considerate体贴的，体谅的，考虑周到的；efficient效率高的，有能力的。故选D。3.Our monitor is so quick at taking notes in class that almost every key point our English teacher says in his notebook.A.writes down B.puts downC.goes down D.keeps down答案C解析句意为：我们的班长课上记笔记很快，英语老师讲的每个要点几乎都记到笔记本上了。go down是不及物动词短语。write down和put down都可以表示“记下”，但是要用被动语态。keep down压制，镇压。故选C。4.My mother is always warning me when I go out，“Dont get off the bus it is stopping.”(2018河东区一模)A.until B.while C.before D.after答案B解析此处while意为“当的时候，在过程中”，相当于Dont get off the bus until/before it stops.5.Student loan is supposed to provide financial support for people who would not be able to go to college.A.nevertheless B.meanwhileC.therefore D.otherwise答案D解析nevertheless然而；meanwhile与此同时；therefore因此；otherwise否则，要不然。句意为：学生的助学贷款应该提供给那些无法上大学的人。定语从句who would otherwise not be able to go to college是含蓄虚拟条件句。故选D。6.Whether you are teachers or doctors，your is worth great respect of the whole society because it brings benefits to the development of society.A.guidance B.principleC.recognition D.commitment答案D解析guidance指导；principle原则；recognition识别，辨别，认可；commitment奉献。句意为：无论你是教师还是医生，你们的奉献值得整个社会的尊敬，因为它给社会的发展带来了益处。故D正确。7.In a yard，where a birthday party ，some members were happily setting the table，making preparations for it.A.had been held B.was to be heldC.should be held D.was being held答案B解析句意为：在一个院子里，生日派对即将在这里举行，一些成员正高兴地摆放桌子，为此做着准备。由主句中的were可知，此处用过去时；又由party与hold之间存在被动关系；be to do sth. 表示按计划或安排即将做某事。故选B。8.It will take technology to give everyone a fair start in life，but personalized learning can be one extended way to give all children a better education and more equal opportunity.A.rather than B.other thanC.little more than D.more than答案D解析rather than而不是；other than除了还有；little more than只有；more than不仅，超过。句意为：要让每个人在生活中有一个公平的开端，需要的不仅仅是科技，而个性化学习是一种可扩展的方式，可以给所有孩子更优质的教育和更平等的机会。9.The mountain village is so beautiful.Yes.Moreover， the villagers live，there is fresh air.A.that B.whereC.when D.whether答案B解析此处where引导的是地点状语从句，修饰后面的主句。故选B。10.Its a long time I saw you last.Yes，and what a pity！It will be a long time we see each other again.A.since；before B.when；whenC.since；when D.before；since答案A解析句意为：自从我上次见到你有很长时间了。真是遗憾！要过很长时间我们才能再次见面。It will be.before.得过多久才。.阅读理解A(20183月天津)When you choose a higher education course，here are some tips for you to follow.Choosing your courseThere are a range of subjects and courses available.Many are work-related；others are academic.Youll need to look beyond the course title because courses with almost the same name may differ enormously.For example，if youre interested in construction but wish to use your creative skills，you may be better suited to a building design management course than a building project management course.Style of learningThink about the style of learning that best suits you.Its important to study a subject that you particularly enjoy，but if you want to follow a career in a different area，you may consider taking the subjects you want to learn and joining them into one degree.Many degree courses are made up of different subject modules which deal with particular areas of interest.Choosing where to studyWhere you study can be almost as important as what you study.One thing to consider is whether you want to live at home or move away.For some people，living at home offers the best of both worlds，but it may make sense to move if you want to study a particular course at a specific university or college.Many students value the experience of living on campus or in a different part of the country as an important part of university life.Finding out more about coursesOnce youve got a list of courses that appeal to you，its worth looking at some other sources of information about them，like independent reports.These provide information on the numbers of students who finished the course，student satisfaction and more.Open daysOpen days usually take place in spring or autumn.Although you may have an idea about what a course is like，theres no substitute(替代) for attending a class yourself.If you cant come on the open days，you can sign up for a guided tour instead.11.You need to look beyond the course title because courses with similar names may be .A.creativity-focused B.work-relatedC.far different D.quite similar答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“Youll need to look beyond the course title because courses with almost the same name may differ enormously.”可知，题干中be后面的单词应该表示“不同的”，只有C项符合。creativity-focused关注创造力的；work-related和工作相关的；quite similar非常类似的。12.What are you advised to do if your interest disagrees with your future career?A.Add preferred subjects to your degree courses.B.Choose the subjects based on your interest.C.Earn different degrees.D.Give up your interest.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“.but if you want to follow a career in a different area，you may consider taking the subjects you want to learn and joining them into one degree.”可知，你可以把你更想上的科目加入到学位课程中。A项符合。13.What do we learn about from Para.4?A.Disadvantages of studying on campus.B.Reasons for choosing where to study.C.Importance of attending a nearby college.D.Problems of going to a faraway university.答案B解析段落大意题。本文第四段讲的是选择学习的地方，涉及到两个选择：住在家里还是搬到别的地方。接着讲到了住在家里的好处和坏处，最后一句讲到了住在大学或不同的地方的好处。所以B项符合题意。14.Why is it recommended to check independent reports?A.To increase applicants interest.B.To better understand a course.C.To figure out how to complete a course.D.To find out how different the courses are.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“These provide information on the numbers of students who finished the course，student satisfaction and more.”可知，报告提供了关于完成课程的学生人数、学生满意度等相关信息，由此我们可以更加了解这门课程，所以选B。15.On the open days，would-be college students can .A.sign up for a particular courseB.take a guided tour on the campusC.see whether there is a substitute courseD.have a first-hand experience of a course答案D解析细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Although you may have an idea about what a course is like，theres no substitute(替代) for attending a class yourself.”可知，学生可以在开放日自己来上课，亲身体验课程。B(20183月天津)If you were bringing friends home to visit，you could show them the way.You know the landmarksa big red house or a bus-stop sign.But what if you were swimming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean? Could you still find your way home? A loggerhead turtle(海龟) could.According to Dr Ken Lohmann，loggerheads have a magnetic(磁力的) sense based on Earths magnetic field.It helps them locate the best spots for finding food and their home beaches.Scientists already know that several other animals，such as whales and honeybees，can detect(探测到) magnetic fields.The difference between them and loggerheads，however，is the way they learn to use the
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