（全国）2020高考英语大一轮复习 话题版主题语境 Unit 8 学校生活（二）讲义

学校生活.单词拼写1.Thirty years later，a woman approached(靠近) me in a public place.(2018天津)2.I have a full day of classes on Monday and a birthday party to attend(参加) on Tuesday.3.I realized running was a battle against myself，not about competition(比赛) or whether or not I was athletic.(2018北京)4.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage(劝阻) spending“bad” tables，crowding，high pricesdont necessarily.(2018江苏)5.I can solve the problems in working effectively(有效地).6.The disappearance of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused by astronomical incidents.But alternative explanations(解释) are hard to find.(2017江苏)7.Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure(衰竭).(2017北京)8.She had rich imagination(想象力) and she was brave.9.This method(方法) provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.(2018全国)10.I woke up sweating and nervous(不安的)，but ready to prove something to myself.(2018北京).单句语法填空1.The training schedule，apart from regular training，includes joining(join) in a variety of activities.(2018天津)2.They arrive at the class in low spirits(spirit) and they leave with a smile.(2018全国)3.Theres nothing more rewarding(reward) than putting smiles on the faces around you.4.Our team will participate(participate) in a national competition on behalf of our school next Friday.5.It sounds fine in theory，but will it work?6.This task is very challenging(challenge).7.Its a science program on the origin of the universe.Ill give a presentation(present) on it in my class tomorrow.8.Anyway，we should spare no effort to protect(protect) our mother planet.9.It was a major accomplishment(accomplish) for a player who had been injured so recently.10.All checked-in baggage must be matched with a passenger travelling on the aircraft.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Every means been tried in order to find a good solution till now.2.We have made great towards meeting our goal.3.Students must have access good resources.4.The scientist that the manager to went to Shanghai last Monday.5.She decided to adopt a different approach the problem.选词填空1.Wang Shu won the 2012 Pritzker Architecture Prizewhich is often referred to as the Nobel Prize in architectureon February 28.(2018全国)2.I will eventually pay off my debt with this check.3.Jack has trouble keeping up with the rest of the class.4.The nurse is attending to a sick man now.5.Focusing on that goal helps me get through tough times.6.Dont lose heart.Youll make it next time.同义词语替换1.Along with your wonderful invitation，you need to hand in a report.turn in2.Helen volunteered to have Thanksgiving at her house this year.offered3.He often goes to the library in his free time to search for the information that he needs.in his spare time4.He gave me a puzzled look.confused5.She worked very hard and finally she passed the examination.got throughapproach vt.& vi.靠近，临近；走近；接洽n.方法；接近；通道，路径(1)an approach to.(做某事的)方法/途径；接近，靠近at the approach of在快到的时候(2)be approaching正在/将要接近with.approaching在快到的时候(1)Chinas approach to protecting(protect) its environment while feeding its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，” says the banks Juergen Voegele.(2018全国)句式升级(2)The time for graduation is approaching and we are busy with our papers.At the approach of graduation，we are busy with our papers.(用approach n.改写)With the time for graduation approaching，we are busy with our papers.(用with复合结构改写)As the time for graduation is approaching，we are busy with our papers.(用as引导的时间状语从句改写)易错点拨(1)approach表示“的方法/途径”时，后常接介词to；当表示某人或某物的来临时，其后常接介词of。(2)表示“来临”的表达有：be approaching，be drawing near，be (just) around the corner，be coming等。 award vt.授予；给予；判定n.奖；奖品award sth. to sb. award sb. sth. 把某物颁发给某人win/receive/get an award for.因而赢得/得到/获得奖项(1)The gold medal will be awarded(award) to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race. (2018天津)(2)She was one of the three scientists awarded(award) the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in developing effective drugs against parasitic diseases.(3)She won an award for her outstanding performance.易错点拨(1)要表示多少奖金，通常用“an award of钱数”。(2)表示“授予”时可接双宾语。 cheat v.欺骗；作弊；舞弊n.欺诈行为；骗子cheat sb. (out) of sth. 骗取某人某物cheat sb. into doing.欺骗某人做(1)Two young men cheated the old lady of her necklace and then got away.两个年轻人骗走了老太太的项链，然后逃走了。(2)He cheated me into believing that he was rich.他骗我相信他很有钱。易错点拨cheat用作及物动词表示“欺骗”时，其宾语通常是人而不能是物，且不能接双宾语，要表示“骗取某人的某物”，通常用cheat sb. (out) of sth. 。 (1)discourage doing sth. 阻止做某事discourage sb. from doing sth. 劝阻/阻止/不鼓励某人做某事(2)discouraged adj.泄气的，沮丧的，灰心丧气的discouraging adj.令人泄气的，令人沮丧的discouragement n.劝阻；泄气；使人泄气的事；挫折，气馁(1)Its discouraging(discourage) that so many students have failed.(2)Parents should discourage their children from smoking.(3)Unfortunately，dealing with the rising water does not make the natives discouraged(discourage).(2018四川广安二模)(4)Being confident can help us overcome difficulties when were encountered with adversity and discouragement(discourage).易错点拨discourage是及物动词，所以当没有宾语的时候，要考虑使用被动结构，如将“不要气馁”译成英语，不可译为“Dont discourage.”，而应译为“Dont be discouraged.”。discourage后面不接不定式作宾语，也不接不定式作宾补。 (1)involve sth. /sb. 包括，牵连某物/某人involve sb. in (doing) sth. 使某人卷入(做)某事involve doing.包括/牵扯到做(2)involved adj.有关的；卷入的；复杂的be involved in参与；卷入；专注于be involved with涉及；与有关(3)involvement n.连累；牵连；卷入(1)Well make our decision and contact the people involved(involve).(2)Being a soldier can involve getting(get) killed.(3)More than 30 software firms were involved in(参与) the project last month.易错点拨(1)involve是及物动词，后跟动词时要用动名词形式。(2)involved作前置定语时，意为“复杂的”；作后置定语时意为“有关的；涉及的”。the involved problem复杂的问题；the problem involved所涉及的问题。 match n.比赛；对手；敌手；相配者；火柴v.敌得过；和相匹配；使成对(1)match.against让同较量；拿与比较match.with.使与相配(2)be no match for比不上，不是的对手meet ones match遇到对手写出下列句子中match的汉语意思(1)Did you watch the basketball match yesterday？比赛(2)I was his match at tennis.对手(3)You cant match him in knowledge of wild plants.敌得过，比得上(4)Then I noticed that he was wearing shoes that did not match.和相配单句语法填空(5)I was no match for him at chess.(6)We try to match the entertainments with the preferences of the holidaymakers.用suit，fit，match的正确形式填空(7)The size of the shirt fits me well and its color matches my tie，so it suits me.易混辨析suit，fit，matchsuit侧重合乎条件、身份、口味、需要等；指衣服时，指在色调、颜色、花样等方面适合某人。fit侧重尺寸、大小合适，因而引申为“吻合”。match指大小、色调、形状、性质等方面的搭配，相当于go with。 by means of用办法；借助by all means尽一切方法；当然可以by no meansnot by any means绝不，一点也不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装语序(1)So far，every possible means has been tried(try)，but none worked.(2)He got into the house by means of(借助于) an open window.句式升级(3)Ill forgive you this time，but you shall by no means make the mistake again.(改为倒装句)Ill forgive you this time，but by no means shall you make the mistake again.易错点拨means表示“方式”“方法”“手段”时，单复数同形。表示做某事的方法，means后常接of doing sth. ，一般不接不定式。 (1)in reality事实上，实际上reality n.U现实，真实；C事实，现实的事物come into reality(梦想)实现become a reality成为现实(2)realistic adj.现实的；现实主义的(1)He seems self-confident，but in reality(实际上) he is very shy.(2)一句多译他上大学的梦想已经实现了。His dream of going to college has been realised.His dream of going to college has come true.His dream of going to college has become a reality.His dream of going to college has come into reality. spare adj.空闲的；剩下的；备用的vt.抽出；匀出；节约；赦免(1)spare sb. sth. (spare sth. for sb. )为某人抽出spare no effort to do.不遗余力地做spare no expense不惜工本to spare剩余的(2)in ones spare time在某人业余时间(1)In my spare time，I often go to the English Corner.(2)I will spare no effort to help(help) you with your English.(3)Im sorry I have no time to spare(spare) at the moment.(4)They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to spare.他们动身晚了，到达机场时只剩下几分钟了。(5)Now parents spare no expenses on their childrens education.现在父母在孩子的教育上不吝惜花费。 be due to do sth. 预期/预定要做某事be due for sth. 期望得到某物(1)The meeting isnt due to start(start) until three.会议直到三点才开始。(2)Raynor Winn and her husband Moth became homeless due to their wrong investment.(2018江苏)雷诺韦恩和她的丈夫莫斯因为他们的错误投资而无家可归。(3)The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow.他应得的工资明天付给他。 (1)concentrate on (doing) sth. 专心于(做)某事concentrate ones mind/attention on集中注意力于；致力于；专心于(2)concentrated adj.浓缩的；密集的concentration n.集中；专心(1)Because the places where wildlife is accessible are few in number，tourist traffic can become concentrated(concentrate) in specific areas，putting Arctic vegetation at risk.(2018安徽六安模拟)(2)With his attention concentrated(concentrate) on his study，he didnt notice me coming in.(3)The boy found it hard to concentrate his attention on(集中注意力于) his study.get through通过；设法联系上(尤指打通电话)，接通；用完，耗尽；完成；到达；(使某人)熬过困难时期get away from从脱离；逃脱；摆脱get across解释清楚，使人了解；传达get over克服；恢复get round/around/about走动；(消息等)传开写出下列句子中get through的汉语意思(1)We got through a fortune while we were in New York！用完(2)I tried to ring my girlfriend but I couldnt get through.接通电话(3)Lets start；theres a lot of work to get through.完成(4)Every confusion seemed like a barrier I had to get through to reach my goal.(2018北京海淀区二模) 通过易错点拨表示“用电话接通到(联系到)某人”用get through to sb. 。 keep it up保持优秀成绩；继续干下去keep back隐瞒；抑制keep off(使)不接近；远离；减去keep up坚持；维持；沿袭(风俗、传统等)keep away from使不接近；使远离根据语境用keep短语的正确形式填空(1)They lit a fire to keep off wild animals.(2)Neither of them is telling the whole truth.Invariably，they keep something back.(3)Even well-established companies can scarcely keep up with demand.(4)If youre eating a healthy diet，keep it up. pay back偿还；报复；回报pay for花钱买；付出代价pay a visit to参观；拜访pay attention to注意；留心(1)That I can pay back the help people gave me makes me happy.我可以回报别人给我的帮助，这让我很高兴。(2)He had to work part-time so as to pay for his school fee.他得做兼职工作以支付学费。(3)The efforts made by Jack and his parents paid off.杰克和他父母的努力奏效了。 (1)refer.to.把提交给refer to.as.把称为(2)in/with reference to关于for reference以备查阅；以供参考写出下列句子中refer to的汉语意思(1)Complete the exercise without referring to a dictionary.查阅(2)When I said some people were stupid，I wasnt referring to you.指的是(3)Your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test.参考(4)The new law does not refer to the land used for farming.涉及；提到单句语法填空(5)The book referred(refer) to is not in the library.(6)The Chinese refer to their language as Han，as it became popular among the people during the Han Dynasty.联想发散“查词典”的各种表达形式：turn to a dictionary，refer to a dictionary，consult a dictionary，look.up in a dictionary。Please actively take part in afterclass activities，which will not only make our school life colorful，but also improve your learning.请积极参加课外活动，这不仅可以使你的学校生活丰富多彩，而且还可以促进你的学习。(1)which引导的非限制性定语从句其先行词可以是单个的名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分或整个句子，当先行词是主句时，which从句只能放在主句后，在从句中作实义动词的主语时，只能用which。(2)as也可引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词只能是主句。as引导的从句既可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，还可插在主句中间。(1)He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true.(2)Einstein，as we all know，is a famous scientist.单句改错(3)He didnt come to the meeting， made the boss angry.(4) we all know，heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back.(5)She is always careless， we should not be.In response to the Sunshine Sports Activities launched by our school，we have organized longdistance running in the morning.为了响应学校发起的“阳光体育活动”，我们在早晨组织了长跑活动。过去分词(短语)作定语，和被修饰的词之间往往是被动关系，并且表示动作已经完成。单个的过去分词作定语常放在被修饰的词前面；过去分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。(1)At that time，such a thing was a forbidden(forbid) topic to be talked about.那时，这样的事情是一个被禁止谈论的话题。(2)同义句改写To return to the problem of water pollution，Id like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.(用定语从句改写)To return to the problem of water pollution，Id like you to look at a study which/that was conducted in Australia in 2012.Not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy schoolwork，but it also promoted the friendship among us.它不仅可以使我们接近大自然，在繁忙的学习中得以放松，而且促进了我们之间的友谊。(1)not only.but also.意为“不但而且”，连接两个分句时，若not only置于句首，not only所在的分句要部分倒装，but also后面的分句不倒装。(2)not only.but also.连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要遵循“就近一致”的原则。(3)not only只能连用，而but also既可以连用也可以分开用，also可省略也可被as well代替。(1)Not only you but also he has to leave.不只是你，他也得离开。(2)Not only the students but also the teacher was(be) against the plan.不仅学生反对这个计划，老师也反对。句式升级(3)The workers want to reduce working hours as well as increase their pay.(用not only.but also.改写为倒装句)Not only do the workers want to increase their pay，but they also want to reduce working hours.(2016全国，B)Five years ago，when I taught art at a school in Seattle，I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student，and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys.You have 45 minutes todayand 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”A few students hesitated to start.They waited to see what the rest of the class would do.Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.I was delighted at the presence of such a student.Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare，“But Im just not creative.”“Do you dream at night when youre asleep？”“Oh，sure.”“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.” The student would tell something wildly imaginative.Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads.“Thats pretty creative.Who does that for you？”“Nobody.I do it.”“Reallyat night，when youre asleep？”“Sure.”“Try doing it in the daytime，in class，okay？”25.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to .A.know more about the studentsB.make the lessons more excitingC.raise the students interest in artD.teach the students about toy design答案A解析细节理解题。根据第一段第一句中的“.I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students.”可知，作者使用Tinkertoys是为了更多地了解自己的学生。故选A。26.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?A.He liked to help his teacher.B.He preferred to study alone.C.He was active in class.D.He was imaginative.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句“Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.”可知，他是一个很有创造力的人。27.What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Mistake. B.Drawback.C.Difficulty. D.Burden.答案B解析词义猜测题。画线词所在句为段落主题句。结合后面的句子“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可知这里指的是：鼓励这种思维方式也有缺点。drawback缺点，符合语境。28.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?A.To help them to see their creativity.B.To find out about their sleeping habits.C.To help them to improve their memory.D.To find out about their ways of thinking.答案A解析推理判断题。根据最后的对话内容可知，作者让孩子们谈论他们那些富有想象力的梦，是为了帮助他们看到自己的创造力。.宏观把握抓住主旨大意，理清文章脉络通过阅读文章可知这是一篇记叙文。本文主要讲述的是作为一名老师，作者让学生拼装玩具以便更多地了解他们，从中发现并鼓励他们的创造力和想象力。文章的脉络如下：.微观排障长难句分析His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.句式分析：该句中that引导的是宾语从句，whose又引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词an unexpected teaching assistant。翻译：他的存在意味着我在班级中有一位意想不到的助手。他的创造力会感染其他的学生。.词汇积累1.art n.艺术2.test n.测试3.term n.学期4.model n.模型5.imagination n.想象力6.experimentally adv.实验(性)地7.creative adj.具有创造力的8.creativity n.创造力9.encourage vt.鼓励，激励10.wildly adv.极其；非常；失控地，激动地11.imaginative adj.富于想象力的12.free time自由时间，业余时间根据上下文语境和前后句逻辑关系做好词义猜测题近几年高考阅读中猜测词义的考查方法多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测将会越来越多。根据上下文语境做出判断：有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义域解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例如本篇27题，我们可以根据后句“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”中的“risk”说明我的教育方法也有不足之处，故画线词意为“drawback(缺点，不足)”。本题属于典型的根据上下文语境来推测词义的题。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断：俗话说，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如：The biggest power failure in the citys history.All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted.根据因果关系，停电只能导致冰激凌和冷冻食品“融化”，也就是melted意为“融化”。.阅读理解(2018河北武邑中学五模)Many people have long dreamed of being able to fly around as simply as riding a bicycle.Yet the safety and strength of a flying bike was always a big problem.Over the past 10 years，development in technology has moved the dream of personal flying vehicles closer to reality.Now，two groups of inventors say such vehicles may be available soon.The British company Malloy Aeronautics has developed a prototype(原型) of its flying bicycle.Grant Stapleton，marketing sales director of Malloy Aeronautics，says the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly.“It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed，” he adds.Mr Stapleton says safety was the companys main concern.He says the designers solved the safety issue by using overlapping rotors(交叠式旋翼) to power the vehicle.The company is testing a full-size prototype of the Hoverbike，which will most likely be used first by the police and emergency rescue teams.In New Zealand，the Martin Aircraft Company is also testing a full-size prototype of its personal flying device，called Jetpack(喷气背包).It can fly for more than 30 minutes，up to 1,000 meters high and reach a speed of 74 kilometers per hour.Peter Coker is the CEO of Martin Aircraft Company.He said Jetpack “is built around safety from the start”.In his words，“reliability is the most important element of it.We have safety built into the actual structure itself，very similar to a Formula One racing car.”Jetpack uses a gasoline-powered engine that produces two powerful jet streams.Mr Coker says it also has a parachute(降落伞) that can be used should there be an emergency.“It starts to work at very low altitude and actually saves both the aircraft and the pilot，” he adds.Mr Coker says Jetpack will be ready for sale soon.语篇解读本文为一篇说明文。飞行器能够像骑自行车一样飞来飞去一直是许多发明家长期以来的梦想，文中介绍了两家研发飞行器的公司的最新产品，他们有可能促使这个梦想成为现实。1.We can learn from the passage that the Hoverbike .A.can hardly get in and out of small spaces quicklyB.can fly for over 30 minutes，up to 1,000 meters highC.has been used by the police and emergency rescue teamsD.can be transported quickly after being folded and packed答案D解析细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the Hoverbike is able to get in and out of small spaces very quickly.It can be moved across continents very quickly because it can be folded and packed”可知，Hoverbike能够很快地进出小空间。它可以快速地跨洲移动，因为它可以折叠和包装。分析选项可知，D项正确。2.The writer uses the example of Formula One racing car to show that .A.Jetpack is very safe and reliableB.Jetpacks engine is powerfulC.Jetpacks actual structure is uniqueD.Jetpack can reach a great speed and height答案A解析推理判断题。根据第六段中的“.reliability is the most important element of it.We have safety built into the actual structure itself.”可知，安全性、可靠性是最重要的考虑因素，故选A项。3.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to “ ”.A.the jet stream B.the engineC.Jetpack D.the parachute答案D解析代词指代题。根据最后一段中的“Mr Coker says it also has a parachute(降落伞) that can be used should there be an emer