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第3讲议论文和说明文议论文和说明文的完形填空都属于较难的文体，在全国卷中出现的频率很低，议论文在全国卷中基本没有考查，说明文也仅仅是在2012年和2014年出现过两次，不过也应加以足够重视。议论文是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表见解或提出主张的说理性文章。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。议论文类完形填空具有如下特点：(1)首句制胜，论点明确。议论文一般都在首句提出论点，然后在各段的前句提出分论点。(2)结构清楚，逻辑通顺。作者为了使文章的脉络清晰，一般会使用一些逻辑关联词(或短语)，如on the contrary, all in all, in short, generally, surely, obviously等。(3)方法论证，合情合理。议论文都是按一定的方法来论证的。常用的论证方法有：归纳法、推理法、对照法。说明文常就某一个问题、某一种社会现象、某一个产品的制作过程和使用方法、某个科学成就或人类生活中所面临的某个具体的难题等从不同角度来加以说明。说明文一般有两种结构模式：总分式：包括“总分”“分总”“总分总”等具体形式；递进式： 一层一层地剖析事理，所以事理说明文多采用这种形式。常用空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序等去组织文章。议论文可利用以下几种技巧：1把握首句和首段的完整信息，从而去掌握文章的中心论点：议论文的论点一般出现在首句或首段，因此我们要认真阅读这部分内容，以便掌握文章的导向，也有利于我们对上下文的理解。2把握作者的观点态度：议论文往往体现作者对某一事物的观点，而作者的观点就是文章的论点。考生要去把握作者的观点，了解作者对某一事物的态度是褒还是贬，是赞成还是反对，通过把握作者的观点也就找准了文章的论点。3论点和论据相互结合：一般来说，能说明论据主要内容的答案可以在论点里得到印证，而论点里的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来，使论点、论据形成相辅相成的关系，从而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾，论据与论点相悖，那么我们就要重新梳理文章，这样才能得到正确的答案。说明文可利用以下方法：1理清文章结构，了解文章主旨：对全文有一个清晰的概念，理清了文章的结构才能掌握文章的主旨。2掌握说明顺序，弄懂逻辑关系：掌握了文章是按时间、空间、逻辑或认知等的顺序去组织后，考生才能理顺逻辑关系，才能找准关键信息，才能得出正确推论。3明白所举事例，找准突破口：为了说明一件事情或一个道理，说明文中常使用举例的方法，明白了所举的事例，也就找到了做题的突破口。真题导练(2014全国卷)As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this _41_ at work in people of all _42_. For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about _43_ with their new toys. But their _44_ soon wears off and by January those _45_ toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of _46_ stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones _47_ interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child _48_ bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the _49_ of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents enter high school with great _50_ but are soon looking forward to _51_. The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many _52_， who now complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work, _53_ drove for hours at a time when they first _54_ their drivers licenses (执照)? Before people retire, they usually _55_ to do a lot of _56_ things, which they never had _57_ to do while working. But _58_ after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they _59_. And, like the child in January, they go searching for new _60_.41A.principle BhabitCway Dpower42A.parties BracesCcountries Dages43A.working BlivingCplaying Dgoing44A.confidence BinterestCanxiety Dsorrow45A.same BextraCfunny Dexpensive46A.wellorganized BcolorfullyprintedCnewlycollected Dhalffilled47A.broad BpassingCdifferent Dmain48A.silently BimpatientlyCgladly Dworriedly本文是一篇议论文。文章以小孩、青少年、成年人和一些退休的人为例，论述了人们有时难以长时间专注于一种活动。41根据上文“As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine (常规) basis.”可知，此处指的是我们能够看到这一原则起作用。故选A。42根据下文列举的例子可知，这一原则适用于各个年龄阶段的人。故选D。43根据常识并结合空格后的“with their new toys”可知，此处指孩子们对玩新玩具感到兴奋，动词短语play_with意为“玩弄”。故选C。44根据第47空后的“interest”可知，此处指孩子们对新玩具的兴趣很快就会消退。故选B。45此处指到一月份的时候，同样的那些玩具就被发现被弃置在地下室里了。故选A。46根据下文的“unfinished models”可推断，此处指世界上充满了没有完成的集邮册。故选D。47结合上文中的“But their _44_ soon wears off”可知，此处指的是短暂的/一时的兴趣。故选B。48此处指当父母把宠物带回家的时候，他们的孩子会很高兴地为宠物洗澡和梳理毛发。故选C。49此处指不久照料动物的重担就交给父母了。burden意为“负荷/重担”，符合语境。故选B。50此处指青少年刚进入高中的时候很兴奋。故选D。51根据上文中的“but are soon looking forward to”的转折可知，青少年十分兴奋地进入高中，但是不久就开始盼望着毕业。故选A。52根据下文“complain (抱怨) about the long drives to work”可判断，空格处指的是具有驾驶资格的成年人。故选C。53根据设空后的“drove for hours at a time when they first”可推断，他们刚拿到驾照时渴望连续几个小时驾车。故选B。49A.promise BburdenCright Dgame50A.courage BcalmnessCconfusion Dexcitement51A.graduation BindependenceCresponsibility Dsuccess52A.children BstudentsCadults Dretirees53A.carefully BeagerlyCnervously Dbravely54A.required BobtainedCnoticed Ddiscovered55A.need BlearnCstart Dplan56A.great BstrangeCdifficult Dcorrect57A.time BmoneyCskills Dknowledge58A.only BwellCeven Dsoon59A.lost BchoseCleft Dquit60A.pets BtoysCfriends Dcolleagues54.根据下文中的“their drivers licenses (执照)”可知，此处指的是成年人刚获得/得到他们的驾照。故选B。55在退休前，人们计划做很多在工作时没时间做的事情。故选D。56根据下文的“the golfing, the fishing, the reading”可知，这些都是美好的事情。故选A。57此处指计划退休后做的事都是工作时没有时间做的。故选A。58此处指退休后不久，他们感到打高尔夫、钓鱼、读书和所有其他的消遣方式都和曾经的工作一样变得无聊了。故选D。59这些想做的事就像他们退休时离开的那份工作一样变得索然无味了。they left是定语从句，修饰限定the_jobs。故选C。60根据上文“like the child in January”可知，就像在一月份的孩子，他们又去寻找新的玩具了。故选B。过关检测(限时：45分钟)(2019安徽师大附中期中)In a world where comparisons happen nonstop, it is difficult to look outside yourself and to ever be _1_ with who you are. Theres always someone whos a bit _2_. The only solution is to reach _3_ and measure against what Warren Buffett calls your own inner yardstick. There is no more _4_ measure for comparison than who you were yesterday, last week or last decade, when you were at your _5_.Nothing useful ever comes from comparison to others. _6_ you see yourself better than someone and you get _7_， or you see someone else better than you and you feel like all your hard work is for _8_. It is a fools game. Not one of us is exactly _9_. The only direct and honest comparison is _10_ yourself. Everything else is apples to oranges.My opinion is that you are only _11_ to compare yourself to someone else if their life _12_ is the same as your own. Good luck finding that match. And one thing is for sure. No matter how hard you work and how _13_ you are, there will always be someone who can run a little faster, jump a little higher, score a little better or look a little nicer in a swimsuit. And if theres not, you can _14_ someone is coming up fast behind you. So how can you always win in life? Become your best _15_.Having an image of your most recent past limits is the perfect thing to _16_ you to the next level. If you ran 7 flights of stairs yesterday, then do 8 today. Who _17_ if the guy next to you did 15? It doesnt make a bit of _18_. You are a more fit person today than you were yesterday. Your own _19_ is all you need.If you _20_ to a slightly higher standard of yourself every day, you will always be at the top of your game.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。作者在文中论述了和别人比较没有意义。我们要和过去的自己比较，每天进步一点点，自己才能超越别人，稳步向前，胜利属于自己。1A.patient BstrictCcontent Dconcerned答案：C由前一句所述这个世界充满对比可知，我们总是无法对自己满意。content “满意的”符合语境。2A.stronger BwiserClazier Dbetter答案：D由第13空后的描述可知，这里泛指总会有人比你好。故选D项。3A.out BupCinside Doutside答案：C根据本句中的“your own inner yardstick”可知，此处表述唯一的解决办法就是深入我们的内心，按照我们自己的内在的衡量标准来衡量自己。 故选C。4A.accurate BcarefulCuseful Dpowerful答案：A除了和过去的你相比，没有更为精确的衡量标准了。accurate “精确的”，符合语境。5A.end BbestCside Dconvenience答案：B人们要和自己过去比的话，应该是和过去最佳时期进行比较。at ones best “处于最佳状态”，符合语境。6A.Whether BIfCOnce DEither答案：D由第7空后的“or”及语境可知，此处构成either . or . 结构，故选D项。7A.lazy BinspiredCbusy Dsatisfied答案：A由“or”连接的下一分句中的“all your hard work”可知，前一分句表示：要么你看到自己比别人强的时候，你会变得懒惰，不思进取。故lazy “懒惰的”符合语境。8A.fun BnothingCsure Dsuccess答案：B此处表示第二种情况：要么你看到别人比你好，你会觉得你所有的努力都没价值。for nothing意为“徒然地，没有结果地”。9A.equal BuniqueCalike Dcommon答案：C和别人去比较是傻子的游戏，所以文章强调不要和别人去比，因为人和人不同。alike “相似的”符合语境。10A.to BbyCfor Dwithin答案：D文章第一段最后提到要和昨天的自己、上周的自己或者是10年前的自己去比较，用自己内在的衡量标准去衡量自己，所以在此应该是自己内在的比较，故D项正确。11A.allowed BsuggestedCinstructed Ddirected答案：A此处表述你只可以与那些和你生活状况一样的人去比较。即允许自己和别人相比较。allow “允许”符合句意。12A.position BsituationCoccasion Daccommodation答案：B和别人比较要在同等情况下进行比较，也就是生活境况(situation)相同的，否则没有可比性。13A.diligent BdedicatedCoptimistic Daddicted答案：B由句中的“how hard you work”及下句中的语境可推知，此处表述不管你工作多么努力且多么投入，总是有人会跑得比你快，跳得比你高。故dedicated “专注的，献身的”符合句意。14A.declare BconcludeCannounce Dbet答案：D即使现在没人比你强，肯定也有人在背后努力会超过你的。惯用搭配you can bet意为“肯定，毫无疑问”符合语境。15A.assistant BcoachCcompetitor Dteacher答案：C作者强调不要和别人去比，要自己和自己比，要让今天的自己超越昨天的自己，所以自己才是自己的竞争对手。故选C。16A.lead BpushCexpose Dcause答案：B由下一句中关于自我超越的例子可知，此处表述对你最近能达到的最大限度有所了解可以推动自己朝下一个高度前进。push “推；推动”，符合语境。17A.wonders BsaysCcares Dasks答案：C从上文可知，作者要人们自己给自己设定目标，每天进步一点点超越自己，而不去和别人比。who cares if . 表示不在意某事，故选C。18A.difference BsenseCchange Deffort答案：A别人做得再好和我们也毫无关系，我们只和自己比较，所以即使你跑7段楼梯，别人跑15段，那也和我们一点关系都没有。make a difference意为“有关系，有影响”。故选A项。19A.benefit BresultChabit Dprogress答案：D从上下文可知，此处是指我们没必要去和别人比，去看别人的成绩，只要我们自己每天都在进步，那么我们就是一个成功的人，你的进步就是你需要的东西。故progress “进步，进展”符合语境。20A.commit BdevoteCtend Dcontribute答案：A如果你保证每天都有所提高，那么你将永远都是胜利者。commit “保证”符合语境。(2019江西省高三毕业班新课程教学质量监测)There are too many fat people in America, so many Americans are fighting against overweight. But the _1_ thing is that the French, who consume rich food, _2_ to stay thin. Now a _3_ by Cornell University suggests _4_ life style and decisions about _5_ may affect weight. Researchers concluded that the French tend to stop eating when they feel _6_. However, Americans tend to stop when their _7_ are empty or their favorite TV show is over.According to Dr Joseph Mercola, a _8_ expert, the French see eating _9_ an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a _10_ time at the table, while Americans see eating as _11_ to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans _12_ the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have _13_. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and _14_ foods for the week. The French, _15_ tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers markets where they have a _16_ of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as highquality meats for each meal.After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Dont Get Fat, decided to _17_ about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid _18_. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style _19_ may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity (肥胖)or extreme overweightamong adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains _20_ and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%and is growing.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过对比，介绍了法国人吃大量油腻食品，但仍然保持苗条身材的原因：生活方式和饮食习惯。1A.present Bnatural Cstrange Dmodern答案：C与空前面的“There are too many fat people in America”很多美国人超重对比，令人奇怪的是，法国人，他们吃大量的油腻食品，但却持续保持很瘦的身材。故选C。2A.continue Bmove Ctry Dexpand答案：A根据该空前面的“that the French, who consume rich food”可知，令人奇怪的是，法国人，他们吃大量的油腻食品，但却持续保持很瘦的身材。选A。3A.research Bnovel Cbook Dnewspaper答案：A由下文中的“Researchers”可知，Cornell大学做的一个研究表明生活方式和决定可能会影响体重。A项正确。4A.that Bwhat Chow Dwhen答案：A设空处引导从句作suggest的宾语，该从句结构意思完整，故应用that引导。选A。5A.working Bliving Cstudying Deating答案：D由该空后面的“affect weight”可推知，生活方式和饮食习惯可能会影响体重。选D。6A.sensitive Bsad Chappy Dfull答案：D当法国人感到吃饱了的时候，他们就不再吃东西了。选D。7A.pockets Brefrigerators Chouses Dplates答案：D由下文“are empty or their favorite TV show is over”可知，与法国人形成对照的是，美国人只有在盘子里空了(即没有东西可吃了)或者他们最喜欢的电视剧结束的时候他们才停止吃东西。选D。8A.education Bhealth Cliterature Dspeech答案：B由下文中“Dr Joseph Mercola”的观点可知，他是一位健康专家。选B。9A.into Bas Cinside Dto答案：B法国人将吃看作是他们生活方式中非常重要的一部分。see . as . 意为“将看作”，是固定搭配。故选B。10A.fairly long Bquite short Cvery exciting Drather fast答案：A法国人喜欢食物，所以他们花了相当长的时间在餐桌旁。选A。11A.anything Bsomething Ceverything Dnothing答案：B根据该空后面的“to be squeezed between the other daily activities”可知， 美国人将吃看作是一件在其他日常活动中挤出来的事情。选B。12A.get Bbring Close Dreceive答案：C由下文中的“they keep eating long”可知，当美国人实际上已经饱了的时候，他们感觉不到(自己已经吃饱了)。指他们丧失了这种能力。故选C。13A.kept Benjoyed Cwent Dstopped答案：D美国人丧失了感觉自己吃饱的能力，所以当法国人(感到饱了而)停止吃食物时，美国人还会一直吃很长时间。D项正确。14A.hot Bcool Cwarm Dfrozen答案：D根据上文“Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned”可知，美国人往往会开车去大超市买一周吃的罐装和冷冻食品。选D。15A.therefore Binstead Chowever Dmerely答案：B与前面的美国人往往会开车去大超市买一周吃的罐装和冷冻食品对比，相反地(instead)，法国人却每天都去购物，步行到小的商店去买新鲜的水果、蔬菜和鸡蛋等食物。选B。16A.choice Bmessage Corder Dnumber答案：A结合该空后面的“of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as highquality meats for each meal”可知，法国人往往会选择新鲜水果、蔬菜和鸡蛋等食物。选A。17A.write Bread Cspeak Dthink答案：A由该空前面的“author of French Women Dont Get Fat”可知，Mireille Guiliano是一位作家，所以她决定写关于知道何时停止吃东西的重要性。选A。18A.fruit Bfood Coil Degg答案：B根据语境可知Mireille Guiliano决定写关于知道何时停止吃东西的重要性而不是建议人们如何避免吃某些食物。选B。19A.examples Btradition Cchanges Dstories答案：C由下文讲法国青少年对传统饮食习惯的抛弃和肥胖率的增加可知，此处表明最近的生活方式的改变可能会影响法国人的饮食习惯。change “改变；变化”。选C。20A.failure Bsuccess Cacceptance Drejection答案：C由该空后面的“the young reject older traditions”可知，法国的年轻人拒绝传统食物，由此可知，他们越来越接受美国的快餐。故选C。强化特训10议论文和说明文(一)(限时：35分钟)1Expressive arts therapy is a form of therapy that uses dance, drama, music, poetry, and art to enhance ones overall wellbeing. The arts are used to let go, _1_ and to release.People have been using the arts as tools for _2_for many centuries. In the early 1940s expressive arts therapy became formally _3_ and has since provided meaningful therapeutic _4_ for people of all ages in a variety of treatment settings. There is no right or wrong way in the arts and clients are encouraged to be _5_ with selfexpression. Expressive arts therapy focuses on the _6_ of making art and exploring _7_ the piece means to the individual, _8_ the final product.Through the arts, people can _9_ ideas and feelings that may be hard to put into words, such as negative memories and stress. It has been _10_ that use of the arts can help people develop social skills, _11_ anxiety, manage behavior, and increase selfconfidence. A free form of expression makes clients _12_ of their own work by reducing the need to compare themselves to others, an unfortunate problem seen today.Expressive arts therapists are professionally _13_. Anyone can be an expressive art therapist provided that they get the appropriate training. Knowledge in psychology is _14_ to all training, but from there training _15_ includes getting a masters degree in counseling with specialized instruction in implementing (实施) the art, music, poetry, and dance/movement therapeutically. Some professionals extend their _16_ and obtain a PhD in expressive therapy._17_ expressive arts therapy is unique, the clinical goal is _18_ to other mental health professions. This _19_ is to facilitate clients growth and _20_ change.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。在心理学上，表达性艺术治疗借助舞蹈、戏剧、音乐、绘画等方式，把内心的真实状况表达出来，从而达到心理治疗的目的。1A.admit BexpressCexamine Dtrust答案：B根据该空前后的“Expressive arts therapy”和“let go”以及“release”可知，该空填express符合语境。2A.explaining BprovingChealing Djudging答案：C根据文章开头的“Expressive arts therapy”可知，它是一种治疗的方法，故填healing。3A.recognized BrelievedCaffected Dcontrolled答案：A在20世纪40年代早期，表达性艺术治疗被正式认可(recognized)，自此以后，该治疗手法就给各类人提供了重要的治疗体验经历(experiences)。4A.results BexperiencesCcauses Dquestions答案：Bexperience “经历”，符合语境。5A.angry BboredCstrict Dfree答案：D根据第12空格前的“A free form of expression”可知，表达性艺术治疗鼓励人们自由(free)地表达自我，并没有对错之分。6A.secret BtechniqueCdifficulty Dprocess答案：D根据第8空格后的“the final product”可知，表达性艺术治疗注重创作艺术的过程(process)，注重作品对于个人的意义所在(what)，而非(rather than)最终的作品。7A.when BwhichCwhat Dwhere答案：C此处用what表示“什么”，引导宾语从句。8A.as to Bor ratherCrather than Dother than答案：Crather than “而不是”，符合语境。9A.communicate BproduceCreject Dtest答案：A根据该空格后的“be hard to put into words”可知，通过表达性艺术治疗，人们可以将那些无法诉诸语言的想法和情感表达(communicate)出来。10A.offered BshownCguided Ddriven答案：B根据该空格后的运用表达性艺术治疗的好处可知，填shown符合语境。11A.create BfeelCreduce Drecall答案：C根据该空格前后内容可知，该句在谈运用表达性艺术治疗的好处，故填reduce符合语境。12A.tired BproudCafraid Dunaware答案：B根据该空格后的“reducing the need to compare themselves to others”可知，自由表达的方式让人们对自己的作品感到自豪(proud)。13A.hired BservedCawarded Dtrained答案：D根据下一句中的“get the appropriate training”可知，该空填trained。14A.basic BenoughCimpossible Dstrange答案：A根据该空格后的内容可知，心理学知识是所有培训的基本(basic)内容。15A.finally BtypicallyCluckily Dhardly答案：B根据该空格后列出的培训内容可知，这些都是比较有典型意义的培训内容，故填typically。16A.visit BlifeCeducation Dmoney答案：C根据该空格后的“obtain a PhD in expressive therapy”可知，一些专家扩展教育(education)内容。17A.If BAlthoughCUnless DSince答案：B虽然(Although)表达性艺术治疗很独特，但是临床目标与其他的心理健康行业是相似的(similar)。18A.unequal BfriendlyCknown Dsimilar答案：Dbe similar to “与相似”，符合语境。19A.goal BprofessionCclinic Dtheory答案：A根据该空格前一句中的“the clinical goal”可知，该空填goal。20A.unwelcome BseasonalCpositive Dcultural答案：C根据该空格前的growth可知，该空填positive符合语境。2I asked my grandpa what it feels like to grow old. He pondered (深思) this _1_ while he gazed out the window and looked at his yard, which has gone into a state of _2_ in recent years. Grandpa no longer possesses the _3_ to maintain its former splendor (光辉)Grandpa took a sip of his tea, still pondering my question on _4_. Then he asked me a question. “Have you ever been in a hot shower when the water ran _5_？”I told him I had. “Thats what aging _6_，” he says. “In the beginning of your life, its like youre taking a hot shower. _7_ the water is too warm, but you get used to the _8_ and begin enjoying it. When youre _9_， you think its going to be this way forever.“_10_ you begin to feel it somewhere between your 40s and 50s. The water temperature drops just the slightest bit. You try to _11_ you dont feel it, but you still turn the faucet (龙头) up to stay _12_. But the water keeps going lukewarm. One day you _13_ the faucet cant go up any farther, and from here on the temperature begins to dropyou _14_ feel the warmth leaving your body.“Its a rather _15_ feeling. The water is still pleasant, but you know itll soon become cold and theres nothing you can do. I knew a few people who decided to _16_ the shower. They knew it was _17_ going to get warmer, so why prolong the inevitable (必然的)? I was able to stay in because I contented myself by _18_ the showers of my youth.”Later on that day, after dinner, I saw him _19_ in the chair. I thought about waking him up but decided not to disturb him. I hoped he was _20_ the dreams of his youth and remembering the warmth of days gone by, the days before the water ran cold.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。记住那些温暖的过往岁月，坦然面对岁月的流逝，生命的苍老。1A.result BquestionCprocess Dmethod答案：B根据第一句可知，作者提出一个问题，故填question。2A.shock BdepressionCdecline Demergency答案：C由下文可知，由于祖父没有精力(energy)去维持庭院昔日的光辉，所以庭院处于衰败(decline)的状态。3A.energy BfortuneCtalent Dspace答案：Aenergy “精力”，符合语境。4A.loss BagingCyard Dtea答案：B根据第一段第一句中的“grow old”可知，作者的问题是有关衰老(aging)的。5A.strong BdryCshort Dcold答案：D根据文章最后一段中的“ran cold”可知该空答案为D。6A.relies on Bcomes upCslows down Dfeels like答案：D根据下文可知，祖父认为那就是所谓的衰老，故填feels like。7A.At least BAbove allCAt first DAfter all
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