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专题13 特殊句式【2019年高考考纲解读】特殊句式比较杂乱，掌握起来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点，强调句是高考的难点。同时，祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合把握语言知识的能力。【重点、难点剖析】一 、倒装句(一)完全倒装(Full Inversion)谓语动词完全放在主语之前的句子便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有：1表示方式、方位的副词或介词短语，如here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首，且主语是名词时。如：In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。South of the river lies a small factory.一个小型工厂坐落在河的南岸。Out rushed the children.孩子们冲了出去。2such置于句首时。如：Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.这就是艾伯特爱因斯坦，一个朴实的人，也是20世纪最伟大的科 如果not until引导的是句子，until从句不可倒装，只是主句需要倒装。(7)hardly.when.，no sooner.than.“刚就”等引导两个句子时，前一个句子用部分倒装，后一个句子不倒装。Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.他一听到这个消息就哭了。(三)形式倒装(Formal Inversion)形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是，只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。这样的结构较多，但尤其要注意as, though引导让步状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况。1表语的倒装Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.尽管他很累，他还是继续工作。2谓语动词的倒装Try as he might，he didnt pass the exam.尽管很用功，但他考试还是不及格。3状语的倒装 Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it.他虽然很喜欢那辆自行车，但不想买它。警示如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语，不再用冠词。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是孩子，但他懂得很多。Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.他虽然是我们班年龄最小的，但英语说得最好。二、强调It is/was被强调部分that句子剩余成分(一)强调人时可用who/that来连接，强调事物时用that来连接。被强调的可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语和状语，但不能是定语或谓语。如：It is I who/that am right. 我才是对的。(强调主语)(二)强调句的特殊句式强调句的特殊句式结构构成一般疑问句Is/Was it被强调部分that/who句子其他部分？特殊疑问句特殊疑问词is/was itthat句子其他部分？not until句式It is/was not until.that句子其他部分not.but.句式It is not.that.，but./It is not.but.that.Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天给我打电话是什么时候？What is it that you want me to do?你要我做什么？I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 直到她摘掉墨镜我才认出她是著名影星。(三)用助动词do，does或did来强调谓语动词，用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中，do还可以用于祈使句。Do be careful while crossing the street.过马路时一定要当心。三、省略(一)定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom常可以省略。(二)状语从句中的省略现象1当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.当我正在沿着大街走时，我听见有人叫我的名字。The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.展览比预料的更有趣。He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.他张了张嘴好像有话要说。2当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if, unless, when, whenever)形容词。如：Unless (it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没必要，你最好别查词典。另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有“ifso/not”省略句式：If so和If not。He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note.他那时也许不在家。如果不在家的话，给他留下个便条。(三)不定式的省略1单独使用不定式符号to，代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后边。如：I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.2否定形式的省略用not to。Shall I go instead of him?I prefer you not to.我可以代替他去吗？我宁可你不去。3如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：Are you a sailor?No, but I used to be.你是个海员吗？不是，但我以前是。He hasnt finished yet.Well, he ought to have.他还没完成。哦，他早该完成了。(四)宾语从句中的省略1由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句，可全部或部分省去，只保留引导词。Please pass me one of these books, I dont care which(you pass me)请递给我一本书，随便哪一本。He will come back, but he doesnt know when (he will come back)他会回来的，但他不知道什么时候回来。2由that引导的宾语从句，连词that可省略，若带有多个宾语从句，只有第一个that可省略，其余不能。He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.他说这篇课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。四、主谓一致(一)并列主语的主谓一致1两个单数名词用and连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词常用复数形式。如：Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。2两个单数名词用and连接，表示同一人、同一物、同一个概念或表示不可分割的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。3被every, each, many a, no等限定的单数名词由and连接时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。其中，后一个限定词可省略。如：Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.每个男孩和每个女孩都有一个苹果。 【变式探究】Only when Lily walked into the office _ that she had left the contract at home. Ashe realized Bhas she realized Cshe has realized Ddid she realize 答案：D【举一反三】It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.我们在回到家时才意识到帮助有困难的人是多么的令人高兴。答案that【变式探究】Not only _the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well.【答案】do【解析】考查倒装句。句意：护士们不仅希望涨工资，还希望减少工时。not only.连接并列分句置于句首时，其后要用倒装。【变式探究】Only when he apologizes for his rudeness _ to him again.(I will speak, will I speak)【答案】will I speak【解析】考查倒装句和动词时态。句意：只有他为他的粗鲁道歉时，我才会再跟他讲话。only时间状语从句放在句首时，句子要部分倒装。【举一反三】Not once _ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.(it occurred, did it occur)【答案】did it occur【解析】考查倒装句。句意：迈克尔从来没想到有一天他会成为班上的尖子生。否定副词not置于句首用于强调时，句子要用部分倒装，故答案为did it occur。解答这类题目需要了解用于倒装的各种前提，准确理解句子含义。【变式探究】Never before _ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.Ahad she Bshe had Chas she Dshe has【答案】C【解析】考查倒装结构和时态。句意：她以前从来没见过其他人打网球像Robert打得那么好。never before表示否定意义，置于句首时，主句要进行部分倒装。再结合后面定语从句中的时态可知，主句应用现在完成时。【变式探究】Only after Mary read her composition the second time _ the spelling mistake.Adid she notice Bshe noticedCdoes she notice Dshe has noticed【答案】A 【变式探究】 For a moment nothing happened.Then _ all shouting together.Avoices had come Bcame voicesCvoices would come Ddid voices come【答案】B【解析】副词then，away，out，in等位于句首，且主语是名词时，句子用全部倒装，故选B。解题的关键是识别全部倒装句的标志词，即注意放在句首的一些副词。如here，there，then，up，down，out，in，away，off等副词位于句首时，就很可能是考查全部倒装句的。【归纳总结】完全倒装与部分倒装(1)完全倒装：当状语here，there，down，up，now，out，off等方位副词或介词短语in the room，on the way等置于句首时，句子全部倒装，但当主语是代词时，主谓不倒装。(2)部分倒装：only修饰副词、介词短语、状语从句，且放在句首时；否定词、半否定词never，nor，neither，hardly，seldom，little等置于句首时；so/nor/neither助动词或情态动词主语，表示也(不)；Soadj./adv.助动词或情态动词主语that.Not only.，but also.连接句子时，Not only后是主谓倒装，but also后是正常语序。题型二、强调句【例2】It was when I got back to my apartment _ I first came across my new neighbours.Awho Bwhere Cwhich Dthat 【变式探究】You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel _ the coach picks up tourists.【答案】that【解析】句意：你等错地方了。长途汽车来宾馆接游客。本题考查强调句型：It is/was被强调部分that/who其他。本句中at the hotel是被强调部分，缺强调句式中的that，故填that。【举一反三】Bach died in 1750，but it was not until the early 19th century _ his musical gift was fully recognized. Awhile Bthough Cthat Dafter 解析：考查强调句型。巴赫于1750年去世，但是直到19世纪早期他的音乐天赋才被完全承认。it is/was.that.是强 调 句型，本题被强调部分是时间状语not until the early 19th century。 答案：C【举一反三】It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.我们在回到家时才意识到帮助有困难的人是多么的令人高兴。答案that【变式探究】It was the culture, rather than the language, _made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.【答案】that【解析】本题考查强调句型的判定。句意：是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。从理解思路上先看本句是不是强调句型：It is/was被强调部分that其他部分。强调句型的判断方法是将It is/was与that去掉，来验证此句是不是一个成分完整的句子。经判断句子“The culture, rather than the language, made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.”成分完整，由此可以断定本句是强调句型，所以空格处应用that。【变式探究】 It was not until near the end of the letter _ she mentioned her own plan.【答案】that【解析】考查强调句。句意：直到快写到信的结尾的时候，她才提到了自己的计划。本题考查强调句型：It is/was被强调部分that其他成分。句中被强调的部分是时间状语not until near the end of the letter。【举一反三】It was only after he had read the papers _ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.【答案】that【变式探究】It was not until I came here _ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.Awho Bthat Cwhere Dbefore【答案】B 【解析】考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知，此句是一个强调句，其结构为“it is/was.that.”，被强调的部分是“not until I came here”，如果将该强调句还原成正常语序应该是：I didnt realize this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather until I came here.【变式探究】(2014四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school _ Mr. Smith got angry?【答案】that【解析】考查强调句。句意：史密斯先生生气是因为杰克上学迟到了吗？强调句用来引起他人注意，其结构是：“It is/was被强调的部分that/who. . . ”，可译为：“正是”或“就是”。强调句的一般疑问句结构是：Is/Was it.that/who.？本题中是对原因状语从句“because Jack came late for school”进行强调。【变式探究】It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do _ benefits our work most.Awho Bwhich Cthat Dwhat【答案】C【解析】考查强调句型。分析句子结构可知此句是强调句型“It is.that.”，被强调部分是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”。句意：给我们工作带来最大益处的不是我们做了多少而是我们将多少爱投入到我们所从事的事业中。由于此题题干长(除空格外有21个单词)、成分复杂(含有表语从句2个、宾语从句1个)，试题难度大，不少考生容易选错。【归纳总结】1被强调部分是人时，连接词that/who；非人时，用that。2特殊疑问词is/wasitthat/who其他部分。3含not.until.的强调句型为：It is/was not until被强调的部分that/who其他部分。4把句子中的“It is/was.that/who”去掉之后，句子依然成立，就是强调句，否则就不是强调句。5如果需要强调谓语，应用助动词do，does或did。考点三、反意疑问句【例3】I dont believe you can do todays job with yesterdays methods and be in tomorrows business, _？【答案】can you【变式探究】 There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent，_？Ais there Bisnt there Cis he Disnt he【答案】A【解析】陈述部分中含有表示否定意义的词little，所以简短问句用肯定形式，首先排除B、D两项；陈述部分为there be句型，故简短问句应用is there，故选A项。【变式探究】 I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did，_？Acould he Bdidnt ICdidnt you Dcould they【答案】B【解析】句意：我告诉他们并非每个人都可以跑得和你一样快，不是吗？在反意疑问句中，若陈述部分是一个主从复合句，附加疑问句一般要与主句一致。本句含有一个宾语从句且主句为“I told them.”，故选B。【变式探究】 He must be helping the old man to water the flowers，_？Ais he Bisnt heCmust be Dmustnt he【答案】B【解析】must在此表猜测，是“一定”之意，此时反意疑问句部分以must之后的动词为准，所以B项正确。【归纳总结】反意疑问句的特殊情况(1)含must的反意疑问句。当must意为“必须”时，反意疑问部分用neednt；当mustnt为“不允许，禁止”时，反意疑问部分用must/may；当must表推测时，反意疑问部分的动词形式根据其后面的动词及其句子的时间状语确定。(2)含宾语从句的反意疑问句。反意疑问部分一般与主句保持一致，但是当主句是I think，I believe，I expect，I imagine，I suppose等时，反意疑问部分与宾语从句保持一致。考点四、主谓一致【例4】The basketball coach，as well as his team，_ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.Awere Bwas Cis Dare【答案】B【变式探究】It is important to remember that success _ a sum of small efforts made each day and often _ years to achieve. Ais；takes Bare；takes Care；take Dis；take 解析：考查主谓一致。句意：重要的是要记住，成功是每天所做的一些小小的努力的总和，它常常需要很多年的时间才能实现。此处success是不可数名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数，故选A项。 答案：A 【变式探究】All we need _(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.【答案】is【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：所有我们需要的是我们在一年中生长的季节能种植各种各样果树的一小块土地。All we need相当于All that we need，作主语，谓语动词用单数；且本句表达的是客观需要，故用一般现在时。【变式探究】 Look! From opposite the street _， screaming in panic.(two kids are coming, come two kids)【答案】come two kids【举一反三】Dont make such a noise again.Sorry. Oh, look, away _(fly) the rest of the birds!【答案】fly【解析】考查倒装和主谓一致。副词away置于句首且主语是名词，句子应采用完全倒装结构。注意：该类倒装句中不能用进行时态；又主语the rest of the birds表示复数意义，谓语动词应用复数形式。故用fly。【变式探究】Walmart，which is one of the largest American supermarket chains，_ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.Akeeps Bkeep Chave kept Dhad kept【答案】A【解析】句意：沃尔玛是美国最大的连锁超市之一，部分店从星期一到星期六24小时营业。根据句中的“is”可知，此处应用一般现在时，主语为Walmart，谓语动词要用第三人称单数，故选A。【变式探究】 All the scientific evidence _ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health.Ashow；are Bshows；are Cshow；is Dshows；is【答案】D【解析】evidence作“证据，证明”讲时是不可数名词，故第一空用shows；increasing use of chemicals in farming是动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数，故第二空用is。【归纳总结】“主谓一致”三原则(1)语法一致原则主语和谓语通常在语法形式上一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。(2)意义一致原则意义一致原则是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语根据意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语根据意义亦用单数形式。如有些集合名词，如public，goverment，family，class，team，group等。(3)就近原则就近原则是指谓语动词的人称和数常常与其邻近的名词或代词保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的有or，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also，not.but等。12
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