2015年高中英语 Unit17 虚拟语气 语法考点超级归纳素材

Unit17 虚拟语气 语法考点超级归纳语气（Mood）是动词的一种形式，表明说话的意图和目的。英语中有四种语气：陈述语气（The Indicative Mood），疑问语气（The Interrogative Mood），祈使语气（The Imperative Mood）和虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood）。语气概念例句陈述语气陈述语气表示所说的话是一个事实或一个想法People will give too much attention to a band-note of this amount. 这么大面值的钞票会特别引人注意的。疑问语气疑问语气用来提出问题Tom, can you suggest any good books for my project? 汤姆，你能提供一些和我的作业有关的好参考书吗？祈使语气祈使语气表示所说的话是请求、邀请、警告或命令等；祈使句中的谓语动词都用动词原形Leave the motor on. 让发动机开着。Sit down, please! 请坐！Be careful when you cross the street. 过街要小心。Work hard and you will make progress. 努力学习，你就会取得进步。虚拟语气虚拟语气表示所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假想或建议等I wish I had not done this terrible thing. I wish I was dead. 我真希望我没有做这件可怕的事，但愿我死了。They have suggested that the general public be encouraged to help with the problem. 他们建议应该鼓励公众来帮助解决这个问题。If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到他了。考点一：虚拟语气用于条件句英语的条件句有两种：真实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）和虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）。真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，也就是我们通常所说的含有条件状语从句的复合句，从句和主句皆用陈述语气。例如：On the earth if I fall from a tree I will fall to the ground. 在地球上，如果我从树上落下，会落到地上。If they are not given anything, the children might play a trick. 如果不给孩子任何东西，他们就可能捉弄人了。虚拟条件句所表示的假设是不可能发生或实现的，条件从句和主句皆用虚拟语气。见下表：条件从句的谓语主句的谓语与现在事实相反过去式（be的过去式一般用were）would/should/could/might动词原形与过去事实相反had过去分词would/should/could/mighthave过去分词与将来事实相反过去式（be的过去式一般用were） were to动词原形 should动词原形would/动词原形注：1）传统的英国英语中，结果状语从句中的谓语第一人称用should，第二人称和第三人称用would，当代英国英语和美国英语不管什么人称，皆用would。2）在当代英语中，尤其在口语里，If I were you等句中的系动词be的虚拟式were可用was替代。虚拟条件句例句与现在事实相反If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这里，一切就好办了。If I knew his telephone number, Iwould tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你了。与过去事实相反If he had followed my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job.如果他听了我的建议，他就不会失业的。We would have won if wed had thousands of fans screaming. 如果我们有成千上万的球迷呐喊助威，我们就会赢了。与将来事实相反If everyone decided to be cloned, there would be a population explosion. 如果人人都决定去克隆，就会出现人口急剧增长。They believed that it would be better for everybody if cars werent allowed in the city centre and only bicycles were. 他们认为如果不允许汽车而只许自行车进入市中心的话，这对每个人都有好处。If this computershould break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.如果这台电脑一年内坏了话，我们免费维修。注意：类别用法说明例句错综时间条件句有时条件从句和主句所表示的时间并不一致，这类句子称作错综时间条件句If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt be in such trouble now. 如果你听了我的话，你现在也不会有这样的麻烦了。Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs in the 1988Olympics. 本约翰逊如果没有在1988年的奥运会上被查出服用药品，他仍会是100米世界纪录的保持者。含蓄条件句有时句中没有条件从句，其内容暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句But for your help I wouldnt have completed the task in time. 要不是有你帮助，我就不会及时完成任务。It would have been impossible to find my daughter without the help of Friends Reunited. 要是没有“亲友团聚”的帮忙，我就不可能找到我的女儿。省略if的条件句在书面语中，引导条件从句的连词if可以省略，这时谓语中的were，had或should等移到主语之前Were I in your position, I wouldnt do that silly thing. 如果我处于你的位置，我就不会做那种傻事。Another thing is, should you come to Brunei, you would have to take off your shoes before going into someones house. 另外一件事是，如果你来到文莱，在进别人家之前你得脱鞋。Had they known their neighbour was a drummer, they wouldnt have moved into the building. 要是他们知道自己的邻居是一个鼓手，他们是不会搬进这栋楼的if only引导的虚拟条件句if only常用来引导省略主句的虚拟条件句，这种条件句常表示不可能实现的愿望If only I were ten years younger. 我若年轻10岁就好了。If onlyI could fly like a bird! 我要是像鸟那样能飞就好了！情态动词表达虚拟语气情态动词should, would, could, might等，在口语中用得很多，使语气变得客气婉转，有的语法学家认为这也是虚拟语气Would you mind closing the door? 劳驾把门关上好吗？I should be glad to go with you. 我愿意同你一起去。Could you lend me your car? 你可以把汽车借我用一下吗？Might I ask for a photo of your son? 我可以要一张你儿子的照片吗？考点二：虚拟语气用于名词性从句【真题点击】从句类别用法说明例句主语从句在It is (was) important / necessary / possible / essential / natural / better / best + that这种结构的主语从句中，其谓语用“should动词原形（或shouldhave过去分词）或只用动词原形”表示虚拟It is necessary that we should master at least one foreign language. 我们有必要至少掌握一门外语。It is strange that he should have acted towards his parents like that. 他竟然那样对待他的父母，这太奇怪了。It is suggested thatthe meetingbe put off. 有人建议会议延期举行。宾语从句在wish后的宾语从句中，使用虚拟语气表示愿望。表示与现在事实相反的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词则用过去完成式；I wish I knew what to do!我真希望自己知道该怎么做。How I wish every family had a large house with a beautiful garden!我多么希望每一个人家都有一座带漂亮花园的大房子！We wish you had come to our New Years Party. 我们真希望你当时来参加我们的新年联欢会。I wish you would be quiet. 但愿你能安静下来。在demand, suggest, insist, order, command, request, require, desire, propose, recommend等后的宾语从句中，使用虚拟语气表示建议、要求或命令等。宾语从句中的谓语动词用should动词原形或只用动词原形The policeman insisted that he should have a look.警察坚持要查看一下。They have recommended that the site be closed and repaired. 他们建议这个网站应该关闭并修整。would rather意为“宁愿”，其后宾语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示现在或将来的情况；用“had过去分词”表示过去的情况 Would you mind if I smoke here? 我在这里吸烟你介意吗？ Id rather you didnt. 我希望你别抽。Id rather you hadnt done it. 我宁愿你没做这件事。表语从句在that引导的表语从句中，谓语是should动词原形或只用动词原形；句子主语常常是suggestion, advice, idea, proposal等名词；在as if引导的表语从句中（系动词为be/look/feel），表示与现在事实相反，从句中的谓语动词用过去时；表示与过去事实相反，从句中的谓语动词则用过去完成时；表示与将来事实相反时，从句谓语动词用would/could + 动词原形My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production. 我的建议是我们应该尽力降低生产量。My second piece of advice is that he should buy a bicycle as soon as possible. 我的第二条建议是他应该尽快买一辆自行车。He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 他感到仿佛他一个人要对所发生的一切承担责任。The tree looked as if it hadnt been watered for a long time. 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。I felt as if I had done something wrong. 我感觉自己好像做错了什么。同位语从句在that引导的同位语从句中，谓语是should动词原形或只用动词原形。同位语从句前的名词常常是suggestion, idea, proposal等名词She put forward a suggestion that we should go for an outing this Sunday. 她提出了一项建议：这个星期天我们去郊游。Mr. Butchers suggestion that we bring back the death penalty is even worse. 布彻先生关于我们应该恢复死刑的建议更糟糕。注：1）as if 引导的表语从句若表示真实的情况时，可用陈述语气。例如：It looked as if there was about 500 there. 看起来好像那里约有500英镑。2）注意：当suggest表示“暗示；表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”之意时，从句中应用陈述语气。例如：The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。The man insisted that he hadnt stolen her wallet.那个人坚持说他没偷她的钱包。小贴士：I wish 和I hope的区别：两者都表示一种愿望，I wish表示不能实现的愿望，所以其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，I hope表示能够实现的愿望，其后的宾语从句要用陈述语气。试比较：I wish you could help me. 但愿你能帮助我。（对方不能帮忙）I hope you can help me. 希望你能帮助我。（对方能帮忙）考点三：虚拟语气用于定语从句和状语从句从句类别用法说明例句定语从句在It is(high/ about) time that句型中，that为关系代词，引导定语从句时，从句谓语动词用过去时或should + 动词原形In my opinion, it is about time we had new computers. 在我看来，我们该有新电脑了。As a society, its high time that we took these issues more seriously. 作为一个社会，是我们严肃对待这些问题的时候了。It is high time that measures should be taken to prevent pollution. 是该采取措施防止污染的时候了。as if引导的方式状语从句在as if引导的方式状语从句中，表示与现在事实相反，从句中的谓语动词用过去时；表示与过去事实相反，从句中的谓语动词则用过去完成时He talks as if he knew everything. 他谈起话来仿佛无所不知。She talked about Africa as if she had been there. 她谈起非洲好像她去过似的。even if引导的让步状语从句在even if 或even though引导的让步状语从句中，其虚拟语气的使用同虚拟条件句But even if his only contribution to history had been the Mona Lisa, it would have been genius enough for all time. 但即使他对历史的唯一贡献是一幅蒙娜丽莎，这也已经是恒久的天才作品。so that / in order that引导的目的状语从句在so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语动词用情态动词can (could)或may (might)She took a taxi so that/in order that she could get there on time. 她打的就是为了能准时到那里。注：有些祝愿的话语中要使用虚拟语气，动词多用原形。例如：God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！Long live peace! 和平万岁！May you succeed! 祝你成功！May you be happy! 祝你幸福！May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！May you live a long and healthy life! 祝你健康长寿！